Anti-leishmania antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and the dog is its most important reservoir. The clinical features in dogs include loss of weight, lymphadenopathy, renal failure, skin lesions, fever, hypergammaglobulinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and, rarely, neurological symptoms. Most infected animals develop active disease, characterized by high anti-leishmania antibody titers and depressed lymphoproliferative ability. Antibody production is not primarily important for protection but might be involved in the pathogenesis of tissue lesions. An ELISA test was used to determine if there is an association between neurological symptoms and the presence of anti-L. chagasi antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Thirty serum and CSF samples from symptomatic mixed breed dogs (three with neurological symptoms) from a region of high incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil were examined for antibody using total parasite antigen and anti-dog IgG peroxidase conjugate. A high level of L. chagasi antibodies was observed in sera (mean absorbance ± SD, 1.939 ± 0.405; negative control, N = 20, 0.154 ± 0.074) and CSF (1.571 ± 0.532; negative control, N = 10, 0.0195 ± 0.040) from all animals studied. This observation suggests that L. chagasi can cause breakdown of filtration barriers and the transfer of antibodies and antigens from the blood to the CSF compartment. No correlation was observed between antibody titer in CSF and neurological symptoms.

Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited disease characterized by a malformation complex which includes cystically dilated tubules in the kidneys and ductal plate malformation in the liver. The disorder is observed primarily in infancy and childhood, being responsible for significant pediatric morbidity and mortality. All typical forms of ARPKD are caused by mutations in a single gene, PKHD1 (polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1). This gene has a minimum of 86 exons, assembled into multiple differentially spliced transcripts and has its highest level of expression in kidney, pancreas and liver. Mutational analyses revealed that all patients with both mutations associated with truncation of the longest open reading frame-encoded protein displayed the severe phenotype. This product, polyductin, is a 4,074-amino acid protein expressed in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane and primary apical cilia, a structure that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different polycystic kidney diseases. In fact, cholangiocytes isolated from an ARPKD rat model develop shorter and dysmorphic cilia, suggesting polyductin to be important for normal ciliary morphology. Polyductin seems also to participate in tubule morphogenesis and cell mitotic orientation along the tubular axis. The recent advances in the understanding of in vitro and animal models of polycystic kidney diseases have shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cyst formation and progression, allowing the initiation of therapeutic strategy designing and promising perspectives for ARPKD patients. It is notable that vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists can inhibit/halt the renal cystic disease progression in an orthologous rat model of human ARPKD.

Cost Reduction of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

Electrical machine drives are the most electrical energy-consuming systems worldwide. The largest proportion of drives is found in industrial applications. There are, however many other applications that are also based on the use of electrical machines, because they have a relatively high efficiency, a low noise level, and do not produce local pollution. Electrical machines can be classified into several categories. One of the most commonly used electrical machine types (especially in the industry) is induction motors, also known as asynchronous machines. They have a mature production process and a robust rotor construction. However, in the world pursuing higher energy efficiency with reasonable investments not every application receives the advantage of using this type of motor drives. The main drawback of induction motors is the fact that they need slipcaused and thus loss-generating current in the rotor, and additional stator current for magnetic field production along with the torque-producing current. This can reduce the electric motor drive efficiency, especially in low-speed, low-power applications. Often, when high torque density is required together with low losses, it is desirable to apply permanent magnet technology, because in this case there is no need to use current to produce the basic excitation of the machine. This promotes the effectiveness of copper use in the stator, and further, there is no rotor current in these machines. Again, if permanent magnets with a high remanent flux density are used, the air gap flux density can be higher than in conventional induction motors. These advantages have raised the popularity of PMSMs in some challenging applications, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), wind turbines, and home appliances. Usually, a correctly designed PMSM has a higher efficiency and consequently lower losses than its induction machine counterparts. Therefore, the use of these electrical machines reduces the energy consumption of the whole system to some extent, which can provide good motivation to apply permanent magnet technology to electrical machines. However, the cost of high performance rare earth permanent magnets in these machines may not be affordable in many industrial applications, because the tight competition between the manufacturers dictates the rules of low-cost and highly robust solutions, where asynchronous machines seem to be more feasible at the moment. Two main electromagnetic components of an electrical machine are the stator and the rotor. In the case of a conventional radial flux PMSM, the stator contains magnetic circuit lamination and stator winding, and the rotor consists of rotor steel (laminated or solid) and permanent magnets. The lamination itself does not significantly influence the total cost of the machine, even though it can considerably increase the construction complexity, as it requires a special assembly arrangement. However, thin metal sheet processing methods are very effective and economically feasible. Therefore, the cost of the machine is mainly affected by the stator winding and the permanent magnets. The work proposed in this doctoral dissertation comprises a description and analysis of two approaches of PMSM cost reduction: one on the rotor side and the other on the stator side. The first approach on the rotor side includes the use of low-cost and abundant ferrite magnets together with a tooth-coil winding topology and an outer rotor construction. The second approach on the stator side exploits the use of a modular stator structure instead of a monolithic one. PMSMs with the proposed structures were thoroughly analysed by finite element method based tools (FEM). It was found out that by implementing the described principles, some favourable characteristics of the machine (mainly concerning the machine size) will inevitable be compromised. However, the main target of the proposed approaches is not to compete with conventional rare earth PMSMs, but to reduce the price at which they can be implemented in industrial applications, keeping their dimensions at the same level or lower than those of a typical electrical machine used in the industry at the moment. The measurement results of the prototypes show that the main performance characteristics of these machines are at an acceptable level. It is shown that with certain specific actions it is possible to achieve a desirable efficiency level of the machine with the proposed cost reduction methods.

In silico analysis identifies a C3HC4-RING finger domain of a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase located at the C-terminus of a polyglutamine-containing protein

Almost identical polyglutamine-containing proteins with unknown structures have been found in human, mouse and rat genomes (GenBank AJ277365, AF525300, AY879229). We infer that an identical new gene (RING) finger domain of real interest is located in each C-terminal segment. A three-dimensional (3-D) model was generated by remote homology modeling and the functional implications are discussed. The model consists of 65 residues from terminal position 707 to 772 of the human protein with a total length of 796 residues. The 3-D model predicts a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) as a binding site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2). Both enzymes are part of the ubiquitin pathway to label unwanted proteins for subsequent enzymatic degradation. The molecular contact specificities are suggested for both the substrate recognition and the residues at the possible E2-binding surface. The predicted structure, of a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3, enzyme class number 6.3.2.19, CATH code 3.30.40.10.4) may contribute to explain the process of ubiquitination. The 3-D model supports the idea of a C3HC4-RING finger with a partially new pattern. The putative E2-binding site is formed by a shallow hydrophobic groove on the surface adjacent to the helix and one zinc finger (L722, C739, P740, P741, R744). Solvent-exposed hydrophobic amino acids lie around both zinc fingers (I717, L722, F738, or P765, L766, V767, V733, P734). The 3-D structure was deposited in the protein databank theoretical model repository (2B9G, RCSB Protein Data Bank, NJ).

There is no difference in hepatic fibrosis rates of patients infected with hepatitis C virus and those co-infected with HIV

Some studies have suggested that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection modifies the natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, accelerating the progression of fibrosis and the development of cirrhosis. Our objective was to evaluate the fibrosis progression rate (FPR) in HCV/HIV-co-infected patients, and to identify factors that may influence it. HCV-mono-infected and HCV/HIV-co-infected patients with a known date of HCV infection (transfusion or injection drug use) and a liver biopsy were included. The FPR was defined as the ratio between the fibrosis stage (Metavir score) and the estimated length of infection in years and the result was reported as fibrosis units per year. The factors studied were gender, age at infection, consumption of alcohol, aminotransferase levels, histological activity grade, HCV genotype and viral load, CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, and the use of antiretroviral therapy. Sixty-five HCV-infected (group 1) and 53 HCV/HIV-co-infected (group 2) patients were evaluated over a period of 19 months. The mean FPR of groups 1 and 2 was 0.086 ± 0.074 and 0.109 ± 0.098 fibrosis units per year, respectively (P = 0.276). There was a correlation between length of HCV infection and stage of fibrosis in both groups. The age at infection, the aspartate aminotransferase level (r = 0.36) and the inflammatory activity grade were correlated with the FPR (P < 0.001). No difference in FPR was found between HCV-mono-infected and HCV/HIV-co-infected patients.

Om äng- och åkerskiötzel i Österbotn

Invokaatio: I.J.N.

Från ung till vuxen i omställningens tid : en longitudinell studie av värderingar med utgångspunkt i Ingleharts teori om den tysta revolutionen

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Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1906/02/18 (Numéro 796).

L'Écho de Paris

1886/05/17 (Numéro 796).

Correspondance de la cour d'Espagne sur les affaires des Pays-Bas au XVIIe siècle. Tome 1 / Recueil commencé par Henri Lonchay,... ; et continué par Joseph Cuvelier ; avec la collaboration de Joseph Lefèvre

Collection : Académie royale de Belgique. Commission royale d'histoire

Correspondance de la cour d'Espagne sur les affaires des Pays-Bas au XVIIe siècle. Tome 2 / Recueil commencé par Henri Lonchay,... ; et continué par Joseph Cuvelier ; avec la collaboration de Joseph Lefèvre

Collection : Académie royale de Belgique. Commission royale d'histoire

« Recueil de plusieurs procez criminels qui ne sont point imprimez ».

Contient : 1 « Procès criminel fait à messire Gilles de Rays, marechal de France, condamné et executé à mort en l'année 1440, au mois de septembre » ; 2 ; « Arrest prononcé contre sire Jacques Coeur à Lezignan, le 29e jour de may 1453 » ; « Revision du procès demandé par Jean Coeur, archevêque de Bourges, pretendant son père estre clerc, qui contient les appellations du patriarche et evêque de Poitiers et ses vicaires, et aussy dudit archevêque de Bourges contre les griefs faits à l'Eglise en la personne dudit Jacques Coeur ». 1453 ; 3 « Arrest du parlement contre le duc de Lorraine » Charles Ier « et ses complices, pour plusieurs pilleries, meurtres et autres crimes et delits ». 1412 ; 4 « Question si le roy peut estre interrogé et examiné en fait de crimes » ; 5 « Plaintes et poursuites faites en la cour de parlement contre le chancelier Du Prat, et les lettres escrittes par laditte cour à madame la regente » Louise de Savoie « et aux pairs de France, pour se trouver en laditte cour. En 1525 ». Juillet-septembre ; 6 « Arrêt rendu contre messire Guillaume Poyet, chancelier de France, Mre Jean de Royer, conseiller en châtelet, et Louis Martine, substitut du procureur du roy aud. châtelet, du 24 avril 1545, en la salle de Saint Louis » ; 7 « Arrest d'innocence de monsieur l'amiral de Châtillon » Gaspard de Coligny, « de la mort de monsieur de Guise », François de Lorraine. 1567 ; 8 « Histoire memorable de la très damnable conjuration faite par Charles Ridicauve d'attenter à la personne du... roy [Henri IV], fidellement extraite des actes du procès ». 1599 ; 9 Récit du procès, condamnation et exécution du duc de Biron. 1602 ; 10 « Discours sur la conspiration » contre le roi Henri IV de Henriette de Balsac, marquise de Verneuil, et du comte d'Auvergne (Charles de Valois, fils naturel de Charles IX et de Marie Touchet), frère utérin de ladite marquise. 1604-1605 ; 11 Interrogatoires faits à François Ravaillac, assassin de Henri IV, et relation de ce qui se passa lors de l'exécution à mort dudit Ravaillac. 1610 ; 12 « Arrest de la cour contre Jean Particelly, banqueroutier et faussaire, et autres complices ». 1620 ; 13 « Relation des particularités plus remarquables arrivées, tant à l'instruction du procès de messieurs de Sainct Mars et de Thou, qu'à leur mort ». 1642 ; 14 « Documents concernant l'affaire du cardinal de Bouillon et l'histoire généalogique de la maison d'Auvergne ; a Lettre dudit cardinal EMMANUEL THEODOSE DE LA TOUR D'AUVERGNE au roi Louis XIV. Arras, 22 mai 1710 ; b Lettre du même à M. le président de Maisons, Claude de Longueil. 25 juin 1710 ; c Lettre de LOUIS XIV au cardinal de La Trémoille. 26 mai 1710 ; d Réponse d'un anonyme à la lettre anonyme du cardinal de Bouillon au président de Maisons ; e Arrêt du conseil d'État du roi contrel' « Histoire genealogique de la maison d'Auvergne » par Etienne Baluze. Versailles, 1er juillet 1710 ; f « Declaration du roi concernant la disposition des bénéfices qui sont à la nomination du cardinal de Bouillon ». Versailles, 7 juillet 1710. Pièce imprimée ; g « Arrest du conseil et lettres patentes sur icelluy, portant qu'il sera pourvu par le parlement de Paris à la régie et administration de tous les biens, fruits et revenus du cardinal de Bouillon. Des 7 et 15 juillet 1710. Registrez en parlement le 30 juillet 1710 ». Pièce imprimée ; h Arrêt de la cour pour la destruction du mausolée que le cardinal de Bouillon avait fait faire dans l'église de Cluny. 2 janvier 1711 ; i « Memoire en faveur de monsieur le cardinal de Bouillon ». Ce mémoire, copie d'un imprimé annoncé comme se vendant à Tournay et daté de 1710, se compose : 1° d'un avis au lecteur ; 2° du texte (commenté dans le sens de la défense dudit cardinal) de la requête du procureur général au parlement de Paris H. F. d'Aguesseau, en date du 28 mai 1710, contre le cardinal ; 3° du commentaire de l'arrêt du même parlement, rendu le 20 juin 1710, portant prise de corps contre le cardinal et contre le père de Monthiers et le chevalier de Serte ; j « Memoire sur l'« Histoire genealogique de la maison d'Auvergne ». Dans une note qui précède ce titre, on lit que « ce memoire a esté copié sur l'original de Mr SORIN, qui a examiné par ordre de M. le chancelier la nouvelle edition de l'« Histoire genealogique de La Tour d'Auvergne », composée par monseigneur Baluze, laquelle edition a esté suprimée et mise au pilon par arrest du conseil » ; k « Copie d'un Receuil imprimé de quelques lettres escrites » depuis « le 14 de juin 1709 jusqu'au 24 de may 1710, concernant Son Altesse Eminentissime le cardinal de Bouillon, doyen du sacré collège, etc. 1710 ». Ce recueil contient : (pages 891-895) un « Avis au lecteur », daté du 1er juillet 1710 ; (pages 895-896) « lettre du marquis DE TORCY, ministre et secretaire d'Estat de France, au cardinal de Bouillon, doyen du sacré collège », datée de « Marly, ce 14 juin 1709 » ; (pages 896-900) « lettre du cardinal DE BOUILLON au marquis de Torcy », datée d'« Orléans, le 8 mars 1710 » ; (pages 900-903) lettre faisant suite à la précédente du même au même, datée d'« Orléans, le 9 mars 1719 » ; (pages 903-904) « route que le cardinal de Bouillon tiendra d'Orleans pour aller habiter les environs de Rouen, dans le present mois de mars 1710 » ; (pages 904-906), lettre du même cardinal au marquis de Torcy, datée d'« Orléans, le 8 mars 1710 » ; (pages 906) « lettre du marquis DE TORCY au cardinal de Bouillon, à Versailles, le 11 mars 1710 » ; (pages 907-908) « lettre du cardinal DE BOUILLON au marquis de Torcy », datée d' « Ormesson, ce jeudy 3 avril 1710 » ; (pages 908-909) lettre dudit cardinal au marquis de Torcy, datée d' « Arras, le 22 de may 1710 » ; (pages 909-912) « lettre escrite de Tournay, le 24 may 1710 », relative aux honneurs rendus par le prince Eugène et le duc de Marlborough au cardinal de Bouillon, à son passage au milieu des troupes de l'armée des alliés, le dit cardinal se rendant de l'abbaye de Saint Riquier près d'Abbeville, à l'abbaye de Vicoigne près Valenciennes, mais pour le moment arrêté à Tournay