The use of liquid crystals as electrorheological fluids in microsystems: Model and measurements

Fluids with controllable flow properties have gained considerable interest in the past few years. Some of these fluids such as magnetorheologic fluids are now widely applied to active dampers and valves. Although these fluids show promising properties for microsystems, their applicability is limited to the microscale since particles suspended in these fluids tend to obstruct microchannels. This paper investigates the applicability of electrorheologic liquid crystals (LCs) in microsystems. Since LCs do not contain suspended particles, they show intrinsic advantages over classic rheologic fluids in micro-applications. This paper presents a novel physical model that describes the static and the dynamic behaviour of electrorheologic LCs. The developed model is validated by comparing simulations and measurements performed on a rectangular microchannel. This assessment shows that the model presented in this paper is able to simulate both static and dynamic properties accurately. Therefore, this model is useful for the understanding, simulation and optimization of devices using LCs as electrorheological fluid. In addition, measurements performed in this paper reveal remarkable properties of LCs, such as high bandwidths and high changes in flow resistance. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

P>Semen sample was collected from two captive adult Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) during physical examination. One individual was aged about 9 years with body length 143 cm (total length) and body weight 46.1 kg in 2003. The age of the other was unknown and its body length was 147 cm and body weight was 43 kg in 2004. Ultrastructure of their spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscope. The sperm concentration was 4.17 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ml by the cytometer. The approximate dimensions of the spermatozoa were as follows: head length, 3.366 +/- 0.140 mu m (mean +/- SE, n = 15); head width, 1.896 +/- 0.099 mu m (n = 15); and neck length, 1.004 +/- 0.074 mu m (n = 10). The tail included midpiece, principal piece and terminal piece. The length of the midpiece was 1.882 +/- 0.077 mu m (n = 9). There is no apparent boundary between the principal piece and the terminal piece, so the length of the principal piece and the terminal piece was 44.612 +/- 3.485 mu m (n = 5). Total length of the spermatozoa was 53.314 +/- 4.580 mu m (n = 10). The acrosome covered approximately 45.8% of the anterior portion of the head.

Trajectory control based on discrete full-range dynamics

There has been an increasing interest in the use of mechanical dynamics, (e.g., assive, Elastic, And viscous dynamics) for energy efficient and agile control of robotic systems. Despite the impressive demonstrations of behavioural performance, The mechanical dynamics of this class of robotic systems is still very limited as compared to those of biological systems. For example, Passive dynamic walkers are not capable of generating joint torques to compensate for disturbances from complex environments. In order to tackle such a discrepancy between biological and artificial systems, We present the concept and design of an adaptive clutch mechanism that discretely covers the full-range of dynamics. As a result, The system is capable of a large variety of joint operations, including dynamic switching among passive, actuated and rigid modes. The main innovation of this paper is the framework and algorithm developed for controlling the trajectory of such joint. We present different control strategies that exploit passive dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate a significant improvement in motion control with respect to the speed of motion and energy efficiency. The actuator is implemented in a simple pendulum platform to quantitatively evaluate this novel approach.

Genome mapping in aquatic animals: Progress and future perspectives

The genome of aquatic animals is poorly understood and information from different taxonomic groups is sketchy. While there have been intensive genomic studies on some fish models, investigations on other fishes and invertebrates have been scarce. Yet there are recently some coordinated studies on genome mapping in a number of aquaculture animals of economic importance. This review summarizes information available on genome mapping of the important fish models and aquaculture animals. The future perspectives of this field of studies are discussed.

A differential recursive scheme for suppression of Peak to average power ratio for OFDM

A differential recursive scheme for suppression of Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) for Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is proposed in this thesis. The pseudo-randomized modulating vector for the subcarrier series is differentially phase-encoded between successive components in frequency domain first, and recursion manipulates several samples of Inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) output in time domain. Theoretical analysis and experimental result exhibit advantage of differential recursive scheme over direct output scheme in PAPR suppression. And the overall block diagram of the scheme is also given.

Optical transitions in cubic GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs (100) substrate

Photoluminescence measurements have been performed on cubic GaN films with carrier concentration as low as 3 x 10(13) cm(-3). From the temperature and excitation intensity dependence, the emission lines at 3.268, 3.150 and 3.081 eV were assigned to the excitonic, donor-acceptor pair, and free-to-acceptor transitions, respectively Additionally, we observed two additional emission lines at 2.926 and 2.821 eV, and suggested that they belong to donor-acceptor pair transitions. Furthermore, from the temperature dependence of integral intensities, we confirmed that three donor-acceptor pair transitions (3.150, 2.926, and 2.821 eV) are from a common shallow donor to three different accepters. The excitonic emission at 3.216 eV has a full-width-at-half-maximum value of 41 meV at room temperature, which indicates a good optical quality of our sample.

Fabrication of InGaAs quantum dots with an underlying InGaAlAs layer on GaAs(100) and high index substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

In this paper, InGaAs quantum dots with an adjusting InGaAlAs layer underneath are grown on (n 1 1)A/B (n = 2-5) and the reference (1 0 0) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Small and dense InGaAs quantum dots are formed on (1 0 0) and (n 1 1)B substrates. A comparative study by atomic force microscopy shows that the alignment and uniformity for InGaAs quantum dots are greatly improved on(5 1 1)B but deteriorated on (3 1 1)B surface, demonstrating the great influence of the buried InGaAlAs layer. There is an increase in photoluminescence intensity and a decrease in the full-width at half-maximum when n varies from 2 to 5. Quantum dots formed on (3 1 1)A and (5 1 1)A surfaces are large and random in distribution, and no emission from these dots can be detected. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Substrate surface atomic structure influence on the growth of InAlAs quantum dots

We have examined the influence of substrate surface orientation on self-assembled InAlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots grown on (0 0 1) and (n 1 1) A/B (n = 3, 5) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Preliminary characterizations have been performed using photoluminescence (PL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PL emission energies of quantum dots on high Miller index surface are found to be strongly dependent on the atomic-terminated surface (A or B surface) of the substrate. We observed that there were planar ordering larger islands on (3 1 1)B surface compared to (0 0 1) surface, in contrast, a rough interface and smaller "grains" on (3 1 1)A surface, this result is identical with PL emission energy from these islands. We propose that the rapid strain-induced surface "roughening" impedes the formation of 3D islands on A surface, and indicating that this is a promising approach of the realization of ordering distribution on (3 1 1)B plane for devices such as red-emitting semiconductor quantum dots lasers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

基于TPM的可信文件系统CIVFS的研究和实现

本文提出一种利用可信计算技术增强文件系统可信性的方法，以Linux为基础，设计实现了一个可信文件系统原型CIVFS。CIVFS是一个结合加密和完整性校验两种保护措施的文件系统，它借助堆式文件系统技术，嵌入在Linux内核中，添加了文件加密和完整性校验模块，利用TPM芯片提供的可信计算和安全存储等功能，增强了对系统安全组件和数据的安全保护。

Study on biomass circulation and gasification performance in a clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed gasifier

We investigated the solid particle flow characteristics and biomass gasification in a clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed reactor. The effect of fluidization velocity on particle circulation rate and pressure distribution in the bed showed that fluidization velocities in the high and low velocity zones were the main operational parameters controlling particle circulation. The maximum internal circulation rates in the low velocity zone came almost within the range of velocities in the high velocity zone, when uH/umf = 2.2-2.4 for rice husk and uH/umf = 3.5-4.5 for quartz sand. In the gasification experiment, the air equvalence ratio (ER) was the main controlling parameter. Rice husk gasification gas had a maximum heating value of around 5000 kJ/m3 when ER = 0.22-0.26, and sawdust gasification gas reached around 6000-6500 kJ/m3 when ER = 0.175-0.24. The gasification efficiency of rice husk reached a maximum of 77% at ER = 0.28, while the gasification efficiency of sawdust reached a maximum of 81% at ER = 0.25.

Phase mismatching analysis of third harmonic generation in BBO crystal

对BBO晶体三次谐波转换过程中相位失配情况进行了研究。当BBO 晶体按Ⅰ类相位匹配(oo→e)进行三次谐波转换时，如果保持基频光正入射，当倍频光从两个相互独立的平面方向(晶体主截面及主截面的垂面)偏离预期方向时，相位失配将出现变化，并且在两个面内的偏离量对转换效率的影响程度不同。我们分别数值模拟了两个方向上的相位失配情况，并给出了谐波转换效率同入射角度偏差的关系。数值模拟结果表明，在主截面内的相位匹配容限角为0.2°，在主截面垂面内的相位匹配容限角为4.5°。同时，开展了实验研究，实验结果与数值模拟结果高度吻合，表明在主截面内的角度偏差对转换效率的影响更大。

稀土催化剂合成窄分子量分布聚异戊二烯的研究

本论文利用传统的稀土催化剂组成，探讨了稀土催化剂的配制方式，配制出稳定的均相催化剂；深入探讨了影响聚异戊二烯分子结构的因素，合成了高顺式、高分子量、窄分子量分布且具有与天然橡胶相似的拉伸结晶特点的聚合物；讨论了催化剂活性中心的形成机理；均相催化剂用于丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚合可制备窄分子量分布的无规共聚物。 1. NdCl3•3iPrOH/MMAO催化体系：可在较低的MMAO (Al/Nd < 40)用量下，高收率地合成高的顺式-1,4含量(> 96%)、非常高的分子量(Mn > 100×104)、相当窄的分子量分布(Mw/Mn < 2.0)的聚异戊二烯。与烷基铝助催化剂如Al(i-Bu)3和Al(i-Bu)2H相比，在顺-1,4含量相同的情况下，MMAO体系所得聚合物的分子量最高，分子量分布最窄。催化剂形成配位阳离子性质的活性中心。 2. Nd(vers)3/Al(i-Bu)2H/Al(i-Bu)2Cl催化体系：可在适当的陈化条件下配制出稳定的均相催化剂，该均相催化剂可在较低的Al/Nd用量(Al/Nd = 10)和催化剂用量([Nd] = 0.20 mM)下，高收率(> 80%)地合成高顺式-1,4含量(> 96%)、高分子量(Mn > 50×104)、窄分子量分布(Mw/Mn < 3.0)的聚合物。均相催化剂的活性中心为配位阳离子性质的单活性中心。 3. Nd(vers)3/MMAO/Al(i-Bu)2H/Al(i-Bu)2Cl催化体系：在相当低的MMAO用量(Al/Nd = 10，总铝量Al/Nd = 20)下，仍具有高的催化活性，所得聚合物的分子量较高(Mn 52.4×104)，分子量分布较窄(Mw/Mn < 3.0)，顺-1,4结构含量可达96%。通过调节Al(i-Bu)2H和MMAO用量可以控制聚合物的分子量及分子量分布。 4. Nd(vers)3/Al(i-Bu)3/Al(i-Bu)2Cl催化体系：用Al(i-Bu)3代替Al(i-Bu)2H作助催化剂，可在各种加料方式下高收率地获得高顺-1,4含量(96%)、非常高分子量(Mn > 100×104)、窄分子量分布(Mw/Mn < 3.0)的聚异戊二烯，且所得异戊橡胶在高顺-1,4含量(96%)、高分子量(Mn ≥ 90×104)、窄分子量分布(Mw/Mn ≤ 2.1)时存在拉伸结晶现象，性能接近甚至超过天然橡胶。 5. Nd(vers)3/AlR3(Al(i-Bu)2H, Al(i-Bu)3)/Al(i-Bu)2Cl催化体系在一定条件下，可获得高顺式-1,4含量(丁二烯和异戊二烯的顺-1,4含量均可达99.9%)、高分子量(Mn > 50×104)、窄分子量分布(Mw/Mn < 3.0)的丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚物。只是用Al(i-Bu)3作助催化剂时，均相和非均相催化剂均可得到高顺式、更高分子量(Mn > 100×104)、更窄分子量分布(Mw/Mn < 1.8)的共聚物。两单体的竞聚率为：对于Al(i-Bu)2H体系，rBD = 0.923，rIP = 0.612；对于Al(i-Bu)3体系，rBD = 1.02，rIP = 0.919。表明聚合物为无规共聚物。