Fat oxidation kinetics : effect of exercise

ABSTRACT Fat oxidation kinetics: effect of exercise. During graded exercise, absolute whole body fat oxidation rates increase from low to moderate intensities, and then markedly decline at high intensities, implying an exercise intensity (Fatmax) at which the fat oxidation rate is maximal (MFO). The main aim of the present work was to examine the effect of exercise on whole body fat oxidation kinetics. For this purpose, a sinusoidal mathematical model (SIN) has been developped in the first study to provide an accurate description of the shape of fat oxidation kinetics during graded exercise, represented as a function of exercise intensity, and to determine Fatmax and MFO. The SIN model incorporates three independent variables (i.e., dilatation, symmetry, and translation) that correspond to main expected modulations of the basic fat oxidation curve because of factors such as mode of exercise or training status. The results of study 1 showed that the SIN model was a valuable tool to determine Fatmax and MFO, and to precisely characterize and quantify the different shape of fat oxidation kinetics through its three variables. The effectiveness of the SIN model to detect differences in fat oxidation kinetics induced by a specific factor was then confirmed in the second study, which quantitatively described and compared fat oxidation kinetics in two different popular modes of exercise: running and cycling. It was found that the mean fat oxidation kinetics during running was characterized by a greater dilatation and a rightward asymmetry compared with the symmetric parabolic curve in cycling. In the two subsequent studies, the effect of a prior endurance exercise of different intensities and durations on whole body fat oxidation kinetics was examined. Study 3 determined the impact of a 1-h continuous exercise bout at an exercise intensity corresponding to Fatmax on fat oxidation kinetics during a subsequent graded test, while study 4 investigated the effect of an exercise leading to a more pronounced muscle glycogen depletion. The results of these two latter studies showed that fat oxidation rates, MFO, and Fatmax were enhanced following endurance exercise, but were increased to a greater extent with a more severe mucle glycogen depletion, inducing therefore modifications in the postexercise fat oxidation kinetics (i.e., greater dilatation and rightward asymmetry). In perspective, further studies have been suggested 1) to assess physiological meaning of the three independent variables of the SIN model; and 2) to compare the effect of two different training programs on fat oxidation kinetics in obese subjects.

Estado nutricional da cultura de cana-de-açúcar (cana-planta) em experimentos com 15N

Estudos com isótopos estáveis são cada vez mais comuns pela qualidade e confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e por não apresentarem risco ao homem e ao ambiente. No entanto, é necessário o uso de microparcelas para diminuir o custo do projeto. Por suas áreas serem muito reduzidas em relação à parcela onde está inserida, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o estado nutricional de plantas das microparcelas com as do restante das parcelas experimentais, na fase de máximo desenvolvimento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em experimentos com doses de N. Foram instalados três experimentos, no Estado de São Paulo, com três doses de N e uma testemunha, com quatro repetições, em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Nas parcelas, de 48 linhas de 15 m cada, foram instaladas microparcelas de 3 m² com fertilizante-15N. Na época de máximo desenvolvimento da cultura foram coletadas folhas-diagnóstico para a avaliação de seu estado nutricional em todas as parcelas e microparcelas. Nessas folhas foram determinados os teores de macronutrientes, e os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Foram comparados, em cada área experimental e de forma conjunta, os resultados das parcelas com os das microparcelas quanto aos teores foliares dos nutrientes e, quando significativo o efeito das doses de N na variação desses, foram feitas regressões. Não houve diferença entre os teores de N, P, Ca, Mg e S das folhas-diagnóstico entre as parcelas e as microparcelas, as quais foram consideradas representativas da área experimental. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou os teores dos nutrientes nas folhas-diagnóstico, o que deve ser considerado na avaliação nutricional da cultura quando este tipo de experimento for realizado.

Seeds enriched with phosphorus and molybdenum improve the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to common bean as estimated by 15n isotope dilution

Seeds with a high concentration of P or Mo can improve the growth and N accumulation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but the effect of enriched seeds on biological N2 fixation has not been established yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seeds enriched with P and Mo on growth and biological N2 fixation of the common bean by the 15N isotope dilution technique. An experiment was carried out in pots in a 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design in randomized blocks with four replications, comprising two levels of soil applied P (0 and 80 mg kg-1), three N sources (without N, inoculated with rhizobia, and mineral N), two seed P concentrations (low and high), and two seed Mo concentrations (low and high). Non-nodulating bean and sorghum were used as non-fixing crops. The substrate was 5.0 kg of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) previously enriched with 15N and mixed with 5.0 kg of sand. Plants were harvested 41 days after emergence. Seeds with high P concentration increased the growth and N in shoots, particularly in inoculated plants at lower applied P levels. Inoculated plants raised from high P seeds showed improved nodulation at both soil P levels. Higher soil P levels increased the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in bean leaves. Inoculation with the selected strains increased the %Ndfa. High seed P increased the %Ndfa in inoculated plants at lower soil P levels. High seed Mo increased the %Ndfa at lower soil P levels in plants that did not receive inoculation or mineral N. It is concluded that high seed P concentration increases the growth, N accumulation and the contribution of the biological N2 fixation in the common bean, particularly in inoculated plants grown at lower soil P availability.

Épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura na cultura do milho em plantio direto, e alocação do nitrogênio (15n) na planta

Com o desenvolvimento de cultivares modernos, a produtividade do milho tem aumentado e, consequentemente, a demanda por N segue a mesma tendência. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da época de aplicação de N sobre a produtividade de grãos e sua distribuição nos componentes da planta de milho, na presença e ausência de adubação de molibdênio, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2006/07, na Estação Experimental de Coimbra-MG. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1, sendo três épocas de aplicação de N, na ausência e na presença de adubação com molibdênio (Mo), e uma testemunha sem fertilização. Os tratamentos consistiram de: T1- aplicação total de N 15 dias antes do plantio, sem molibdênio; T2 - aplicação total de N no plantio, sem molibdênio; T3 - aplicação total de N na época em que o milho se encontrava com quatro folhas completamente desenvolvidas, sem molibdênio; T4 - aplicação total de N 15 dias antes do plantio, com molibdênio; T5 - aplicação total de N no plantio, com molibdênio; T6 - aplicação total de N na época em que o milho se encontrava com quatro folhas completamente desenvolvidas, com molibdênio; e T7 - testemunha sem N, sem aplicação de Mo. O cultivar utilizado foi o híbrido simples AG 9010. O melhor suprimento de N ao longo do ciclo e a maior produtividade foram obtidos com a aplicação do fertilizante no estádio de quatro folhas expandidas do milho. Não foi encontrado efeito da adubação molíbdica sobre as características avaliadas. A aplicação do N na pré-semeadura do milho, 15 dias antes do plantio, demonstrou não ser recomendável para as condições de solo e clima estudadas. A parte da planta do milho de maior alocação de 15N foi o grão. A recuperação média de 15N na planta proveniente do fertilizante foi de 6 %.

Comment on "Kinetics of spinodal decomposition in the ising model with vacancy diffusion"

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. B 50, 3477 (1994)], P. Fratzl and O. Penrose present the results of the Monte Carlo simulation of the spinodal decomposition problem (phase separation) using the vacancy dynamics mechanism. They observe that the t1/3 growth regime is reached faster than when using the standard Kawasaki dynamics. In this Comment we provide a simple explanation for the phenomenon based on the role of interface diffusion, which they claim is irrelevant for the observed behavior.

Eficiência de adubação de batatinha com esterco e N mineral (15N) e efeito residual no cultivo do milheto

Os solos arenosos utilizados para o cultivo da batatinha (Solanum tuberosum) no agreste da Paraíba têm baixo teor de N. Adubações anuais com esterco e N mineral, realizadas empiricamente, têm resultado na acumulação e,ou, perda de nutrientes do solo. Por esse motivo, objetivou-se determinar a eficiência do sulfato de amônio (15N) mais esterco na adubação da batatinha e do efeito residual dessa adubação na produção e absorção de N pelo milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) cultivado em sequência. Em experimento de campo em Neossolo regolítico, foi comparada a combinação de 16 t ha-1 de esterco + 80 kg ha-1 de N, utilizada mais frequentemente na região, com doses de 11 t ha-1 de esterco combinadas com 0, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de N em aplicação única ou parcelada. O sulfato de amônio utilizado foi enriquecido em 15N (2,5 % de abundância). Em todos os tratamentos, avaliou-se a produtividade de matéria seca de tubérculos e parte aérea do milheto, assim como a composição isotópica do N nesses materiais. Demonstrou-se que a adubação tradicional é excessiva nesse solo, uma vez que a redução para 11 t ha-1 de esterco e 40 kg ha-1 de N mineral não resultou em queda de produtividade das culturas; no entanto, houve queda com a aplicação isolada de esterco. O milheto recuperou grande parte do N mineral adicionado à batatinha e mostrou ser uma alternativa como forrageira em condições de semiárido.

Kinetics of martensitic transitions in Cu-Al-Mn under thermal cycling: Analysis at multiple length scales

In this paper we study the evolution of the kinetic features of the martensitic transition in a Cu-Al-Mn single crystal under thermal cycling. The use of several experimental techniques including optical microscopy, calorimetry, and acoustic emission, has enabled us to perform an analysis at multiple scales. In particular, we have focused on the analysis of avalanche events (associated with the nucleation and growth of martensitic domains), which occur during the transition. There are significant differences between the kinetics at large and small length scales. On the one hand, at small length scales, small avalanche events tend to sum to give new larger events in subsequent loops. On the other hand, at large length scales the large domains tend to split into smaller ones on thermal cycling. We suggest that such different behavior is the necessary ingredient that leads the system to the final critical state corresponding to a power-law distribution of avalanches.

Kinetics of phosphorus sorption in soils in the state of Paraíba¹

The soil P sorption capacity has been studied for many years, but little attention has been paid to the rate of this process, which is relevant in the planning of phosphate fertilization. The purpose of this experiment was to assess kinetics of P sorption in 12 representative soil profiles of the State of Paraíba (Brazil), select the best data fitting among four equations and relate these coefficients to the soil properties. Samples of 12 soils with wide diversity of physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were agitated in a horizontal shaker, with 10 mmo L-1 CaCl2 solution containing 6 and 60 mg L-1 P, for periods of 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 420, 720, 1,020, and 1,440 min. After each shaking period, the P concentration in the equilibrium solution was measured and three equations were fitted based on the Freundlich equation and one based on the Elovich equation, to determine which soil had the highest sorption rate (kinetics) and which soil properties correlated to this rate. The kinetics of P sorption in soils with high maximum P adsorption capacity (MPAC) was fast for 30 min at the lower initial P concentration (6 mg L-1). No difference was observed between soils at the higher initial P concentration (60 mg L-1). The P adsorption kinetics were positively correlated with clay content, MPAC and the amount of Al extracted with dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate. The data fitted well to Freundlich-based equations equation, whose coefficients can be used to predict P adsorption rates in soils.

Effect of 15n-labeled hairy vetch and nitrogen fertilization on maize nutrition and yield under no-tillage¹

This study evaluated the effect of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as cover crop on maize nutrition and yield under no tillage using isotope techniques. For this purpose, three experiments were carried out: 1) quantification of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in hairy vetch; 2) estimation of the N release rate from hairy vetch residues on the soil surface; 3) quantification of 15N recovery by maize from labeled hairy vetch under three rates of mineral N fertilization. This two-year field experiment was conducted on a sandy Acrisol (FAO soil classification) or Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Brazilian Soil Classification), at a mean annual temperature of 18 ºC and mean annual rainfall of 1686 mm. The experiment was arranged in a double split-plot factorial design with three replications. Two levels of hairy vetch residue (50 and 100 % of the aboveground biomass production) were distributed on the surface of the main plots (5 x 12 m). Maize in the sub-plots (5 x 4 m) was fertilized with three N rates (0, 60, and 120 kg ha-1 N), with urea as N source. The hairy vetch-derived N recovered by maize was evaluated in microplots (1.8 x 2.2 m). The BFN of hairy vetch was on average 72.4 %, which represents an annual input of 130 kg ha-1 of atmospheric N. The N release from hairy vetch residues was fast, with a release of about 90 % of total N within the first four weeks after cover crop management and soil residue application. The recovery of hairy vetch 15N by maize was low, with an average of 12.3 % at harvest. Although hairy vetch was not directly the main source of maize N nutrition, the crop yield reached 8.2 Mg ha-1, without mineral fertilization. There was an apparent synergism between hairy vetch residue application and the mineral N fertilization rate of 60 kg ha-1, confirming the benefits of the combination of organic and inorganic N sources for maize under no tillage.

Accuracy in the experimental calorimetric study of the crystallization kinetics and predicitve transformation diagrams: Application to a Ga-Te amorphous alloy

The uncertainties inherent to experimental differential scanning calorimetric data are evaluated. A new procedure is developed to perform the kinetic analysis of continuous heating calorimetric data when the heat capacity of the sample changes during the crystallization. The accuracy of isothermal calorimetric data is analyzed in terms of the peak-to-peak noise of the calorimetric signal and base line drift typical of differential scanning calorimetry equipment. Their influence in the evaluation of the kinetic parameters is discussed. An empirical construction of the time-temperature and temperature heating rate transformation diagrams, grounded on the kinetic parameters, is presented. The method is applied to the kinetic study of the primary crystallization of Te in an amorphous alloy of nominal composition Ga20Te80, obtained by rapid solidification.

Distribuição do Nitrogênio do Sulfato de Amônio (15N) no sistema solo-planta, em uma sucessão de culturas, sob sistema plantio direto

O aproveitamento do N pelo milho (Zea mays, L.) é influenciado pelas doses de adubo nitrogenado. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em um solo de textura arenoargilosa (Hapludox) e teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de utilização do N pela cultura de milho, em uma sucessão de culturas, utilizando-se sulfato de amônio marcado com 15N (5,5 átomos %), em diferentes doses; e o efeito residual desse fertilizante nas duas culturas subsequentes em sucessão (braquiária e milho), sob sistema plantio direto. As avaliações foram feitas em dois cultivos de milho safrinha - o primeiro no ano agrícola 2006 e o segundo em 2007 - e um de braquiária na entressafra. Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de N de 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1, na forma de sulfato de amônio marcado (15N). Esse adubo foi aplicado em subparcelas, previamente definidas, apenas no primeiro cultivo do milho (safra 2006). Foram avaliados: N-total acumulado; N nas plantas de milho e braquiária proveniente do fertilizante, N no solo proveniente do fertilizante e recuperação de N-fertilizante pelas plantas e pelo solo. O maior aproveitamento do N-fertilizante pelo milho foi obtido no tratamento com 120 kg ha-1 de N, e o maior efeito residual do N-fertilizante pela braquiária e milho subsequente, no tratamento com 180 kg ha-1 de N. Após a sucessão de culturas, a recuperação de N pelo solo foi de 32, 23 e 27 % para os tratamentos com 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N.