Dame la mano : libro de trabajo para los usos de la escritura.

Título original: Dame la mano - Escritura

Cine formativo : una estrategia innovadora en la enseñanza.

Reflexión sobre el uso del cine como estrategia de enseñanza y su finalidad educativa. Se pretende la aplicación de un procedimiento didáctico que facilite aprender del medio cinematográfico y tomar conciencia de la influencia del cine en la transmisión de valores. Se sugiere una lista de más de 100 películas comerciales para su utilización en la formación psicopedagógica de los docentes. Se describe el modelo didáctico de Observar, Relacionar y Aplicar (ORA) a partir del cual se comentan las películas cinematográficas que se ofrecen como ejemplos en la segunda parte del trabajo.

Clases de cine : compartir miradas en femenino y en masculino.

Incluye CD-ROM con recursos y fichas de las películas comentadas en el libro

Actitudes de los alumnos de Universidad ante las drogas.

Conocer la actitud de la población encuestada, estudiantes universitarios, hacia el consumo de drogas desde una cuádruple perspectiva: actitud de rechazo hacia el consumo de drogas. Actitud positiva, complaciente hacia el consumo de drogas. Actitud de tolerancia hacia el consumo de drogas. Desconocimiento del peligro de la habituación al consumo de drogas. Aleatoria y estratificada de 1.057 Alumnos de una población de 14.095 de matricula oficial. Estadísticamente significativa al nivel de confianza del 95'5 por ciento con un márgen de error ñ 2'9 por ciento. De la muestra el 37'7 por ciento son hombres y el 62'2 por ciento mujeres. Las variables utilizadas se recogen en los cuatro apartados en que se divide la encuesta que corresponden a las cuatro actitudes enunciadas en los objetivos. Se ha tenido en cuenta también el sexo, el nivel de estudios de los padres, tendencias politicas de los alumnos. Las drogas se han dividido en tres categorías: alcohol, tabaco y drogas 'ilegales'. Encuesta 'ad hoc' compuesta por 27 ítems agrupados en cuatro apartados que corresponden a las cuatro actitudes que se pretenden estudiar. Porcentaje global de aceptación-rechazo, tolerancia social hacia las drogas, desconocimiento del peligro de habituación. También se ha realizado un análisis sobre la posible asociación entre actitudes hacia las drogas y el sexo, tendencias políticas de los alumnos y el nivel de estudios de los padres. El 17'8 por ciento de los encuestados muestra una actitud positiva hacia el alcohol, tabaco el 18'1 por ciento, drogas ilegales el 10'5 por ciento. Tienen actitud negativa, el 74 por ciento hacia el alcohol, hacia el tabaco el 49'6 por ciento y el 87'1 por ciento hacia las drogas ilegales. Una actitud de tolerancia hacia el alcohol el 25'3 por ciento, un 16'5 por ciento hacia el tabaco y el 18'2 por ciento hacia las drogas ilegales. Desconocen el peligro de la habituación del alcohol el 36'5 por ciento, del tabaco el 32'6 por ciento y de las drogas ilegales el 7'4 por ciento. Se pone de manifiesto la escasa o nula incidencia de las variables familiares o componentes ideológicos de los alumnos en sus actitudes hacia los distintos tipos de drogas. También se refleja la existencia de un colectivo considerable de alumnos potencialmente consumidores de drogas, desde el desconocimiento de los efectos que el consumo puede producir.

Mujer y educaci??n en Espa??a 1939-1975 : una perspectiva sociohist??rica del caso de Toro

Analizar a trav??s de la educaci??n recibida por la mujer en Espa??a entre 1939 - 1975, tanto a nivel institucional como en el entorno social, c??mo ha influido en el trabajo que desempe??a, la ocupaci??n del tiempo libre, las aspiraciones y la dependencia e independencia personal. Partido Judicial de Toro, con 24 municipios y 2.057 mujeres. Sexo, edad, estado civil, educaci??n, actividad profesional, dependencia o independencia, ocio y tiempo libre, asociacionismo, aspiraciones. Entrevistas. An??lisis estad??stico. Las mujeres de postguerra fueron orientadas a desempe??ar un papel de madres y esposas dentro del hogar, dedic??ndose a las labores del hogar. Las ??nicas actividades que aprendieron fueron las propias de la mujer, con repercusiones en la actualidad al no saber c??mo ocupar su tiempo libre. Es imposible ahora desarrollar h??bitos que no adquirieron en su infancia. Casi todas casadas, dependen del marido en lo econ??mico, lo ps??quico y lo social. Conscientes de su situaci??n quer??an que sus hijos lo consiguiesen y proyectan en ellos sus aspiraciones frustradas. Prevalecen las escuela unitarias en malas condiciones, con mesas grupales, que no favorec??an las relaciones interpersonales. Asistencia escolar escasa. Con gran depuraci??n y control de la ense??anza, con diferencia entre sexos, no se admite la coeducaci??n. El maestro era del mismo sexo que los alumnos que ense??aba. La relaci??n con los padres era m??nima. Preparaci??n educativa muy b??sica. En los 70 abre sus horizontes y consigue una mayor integraci??n social. Se preparan y entran en el mundo laboral. Muchas j??venes no casadas, no trabajan y dependen del n??cleo familiar. Han adquirido h??bitos en la infancia de c??mo ocupar su tiempo libre. Prevalecen las escuelas comarcales mejor equipadas que en d??cadas anteriores, favorecedora de la interacci??n maestro-alumno y alumno-alumno. Se establece la coeducaci??n, se tiende a la igualdad. Hay una relaci??n m??s abierta con los padres. La relaci??n escuelas-medio no destaca en ninguno de los dos grupos, produci??ndose una leve mejora en los a??os 70. A todas les gustar??a hacer otras actividades en su tiempo libre, tienen otras aspiraciones. La educaci??n recibida por la mujer ha influido en el trabajo que desempe??a, la ocupaci??n del tiempo libre, las aspiraciones y la dependencia e independencia personal. Es muy importante el considerar que lo que se aprende en la escuela y en el entorno, influyen en la lecci??n de su carrera, profesi??n, capacidad de decisi??n, aspiraciones, etc; en definitiva dirige a cada uno de los miembros que componen la sociedad.

El Extra: las marcas de la infamia; aproximaciones a la prensa sensacionalista

Este trabajo explora el carácter “popular” y ambivalente del sensacionalismo. Analiza al Extra: las relaciones entre su producción y consumo, las prácticas y relaciones que se dan en y a propósito de él. En la primera parte, la hipótesis central es que este diario hace una incorporación distorsionante de lo popular, como negocio y negociación cultural, que produce una sintaxis “popular”. Además, hay una visibilización ambivalente de los sectores populares: son protagonistas cotidianos de la noticia, pero con un enfoque estigmatizador. Sin embargo, el Extra tiene una función impugnadora por la exposición masiva del lado oscuro de la sociedad. En la segunda parte se hace una aproximación al newsmaking del Extra para entender la lectura que el medio hace del acontecer y la lógica de sus representaciones de los sectores populares; también al consumo y percepciones de sus lectores y no-lectores para establecer la negociación del diario con las matrices culturales y expectativas populares, sus conexiones con la complejidad y tensiones de la cultura popular y sus prácticas; y a los gustos y disgustos que su consumo provoca. En suma, el autor propone que, si bien en el Extra hay una sintaxis “popular” y tiene un carácter impugnador, también infama a los sectores populares desde la picota de una visibilización abyecta. Y, en el proceso, ubica a la estigmatización de su consumo como una marca de la infamia.

Physico-chemical controls on phosphorus cycling in two lowland streams. Part 1 - the water column

This paper investigates phosphorus (P) transport and transformation dynamics in two contrasting sub-catchments of the River Kennel, England. Samples were collected daily under baseflow and hourly under stormflow conditions using autosamplers for 2 years and analysed for a range of determinands (full P fractionation, suspended sediment (SS), cations, pH, alkalinity, temperature and oxygen). Concentrations of SRP, SUP, PP and SS were higher in the flashy River Enborne (means of 0.186, 0.071, 0.101 and 34 mg l(-1), respectively) than the groundwater-fed River Lambourn (0.079, 0.057, 0.028 and 9 mg l(-1), respectively). A seasonal trend in the daily P dataset was evident, with lower concentrations during intermediate flows and the spring (caused by a dilution effect and macrophyte uptake) than during baseflow conditions. However, in the hourly P dataset, highest concentrations were observed during storm events in the autumn and winter (reflecting higher scour with increased capacity to entrain particles). Storm events were more significant in contributing to the total P load in the River Enborne than the River Lambourn, especially during August to October, when dry antecedent conditions were observed in the catchment. Re-suspension of P-rich sediment that accumulated within the channel during summer low flows might account for these observations. It is suggested that a P-calcite co-precipitation mechanism was operating during summer in the River Lambourn, while adsorption by metal oxyhydroxide groups was an important mechanism controlling P fractionation in the River Enborne. The influence of flow conditions and channel storage/release mechanisms on P dynamics in these two lowland rivers is assessed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of diets based on maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity and fed to steers

Advancing maize crop maturity is associated with changes in ear-to-stover ratio which may have consequences for the digestibility of the ensiled crop. The apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention of three diets (Early, Mid and Late) containing maize silages made from maize of advancing harvest date [dry matter (DM) contents of the maize silages were 273, 314 and 367 g kg(-1) for the silages in the Early, Mid and Late diets respectively], together with a protein supplement offered in sufficient quantities to make the diets isonitrogenous, were measured in six Holstein-Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin square design with four periods. Dry-matter intake of maize silage tended to be least for the Early diet and greatest for the Medium diet (P=0(.)182). Apparent digestibility of DM and organic matter did not differ between diets. Apparent digestibility of energy was lowest in the Late diet (P = 0(.)057) and the metabolizable energy concentrations of the three silages were calculated as 11(.)0, 11(.)1 and 10(.)6 MJ kg(-1) DM for the Early, Medium and Late diets respectively (P = 0(.)068). No differences were detected between diets in starch digestibility but the number of undamaged grains present in the faeces of animals fed the Late diet was significantly higher than with the Early and Mid diets (P = 0(.)006). The apparent digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre of the diets reduced significantly as silage DM content increased (P = 0(.)012) with a similar trend for the apparent digestibility of acid-detergent fibre (P = 0(.)078). Apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) was similar for the Early and Mid diets, both being greater than the Late diet (P = 0(.)035). Nitrogen retention did not differ between diets. It was concluded that delaying harvest until the DM content is above 300 g kg(-1) can negatively affect the nutritive value of maize silage in the UK.

Chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of grain and different parts of the stover from maize land races harvested at different growing periods in two zones of central Mexico

The objective of this work was to determine the rumen fermentation characteristics of maize land races used as forage in central Mexico. In vitro gas production (ml per 200 mg dry matter (DM)) incubations were carried out, and cumulative gas volumes were fitted to the Krishnamoorthy et al. (1991) model. The trial used a split-plot design with cultivation practices associated with maize colour (COL) as the main plot with three levels: white, yellow and black maize; growing periods (PER) were the split plots where PER1, PER2 and PER3 represented the first, second and third periods, respectively and two contrasting zones (Z1 = valley and Z2 = mountain) were used as blocking factors. The principal effects observed were associated with the maturity of the plants and potential gas production increased (P < 0.05) in stems (PER 1 = 51.8, PER2 = 56.3, PER3 = 58.4 ml per 200 mg DM) and in whole plant (PER 1 = 60.9, PER2 = 60.8, PER3= 70.9 ml per 200 mg DM). An inverse effect was observed with fermentation rates in leaves (P < 0.01) with 0.061, 0.053 and 0.0509 (per h) and in whole plant (P < 0.05) with 0.068, 0.057, 0.050 (per h) in PER1, PER2 and PER3 respectively. The digestibility of the neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) decreased with maturity especially in leaves (P < 0.05) with values of 0.71, 0.67 and 0.66 g/kg; in rachis (P < 0.01) 0.75, 0.72, and 0.65 in PER1, PER2 and PER3 respectively. The NDF content in leaves in leaves (668, 705 and 713 g/kg DM for PER1, PER2 and PER3, respectively), stems (580, 594 and 644 g/kg DM) and, husk (663, 774 and, 808 g/kg DM) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing plant maturity, rachis were significantly different between periods (P < 0.01). The structure with-the best nutritive characteristics was the husk, because it had the lowest fibre contents, especially in acid-detergent lignin, with values of 22.6, 28.6 and 37.6 g/kg DM in PER1, PER2 and PER3, respectively.

Can a consecutive double turn conformation be considered as a peptide based molecular scaffold for supramolecular helix in the solid state?

Helices and sheets are ubiquitous in nature. However, there are also some examples of self-assembling molecules forming supramolecular helices and sheets in unnatural systems. Unlike supramolecular sheets there are a very few examples of peptide sub-units that can be used to construct supramolecular helical architectures using the backbone hydrogen bonding functionalities of peptides. In this report we describe the design and synthesis of two single turn/bend forming peptides (Boc-Phe-Aib-Ile-OMe 1 and Boc-Ala-Leu-Aib-OMe 2) (Aib: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) and a series of double-turn forming peptides (Boc-Phe-Aib-IIe-Aib-OMe 3, Boc-Leu-Aib-Gly-Aib-OMe 4 and Boc-gamma-Abu-Aib-Leu-Aib-OMe 5) (gamma-Abu: gamma-aminobutyric acid). It has been found that, in crystals, on self-assembly, single turn/bend forming peptides form either a supramolecular sheet (peptide 1) or a supramolecular helix (peptide 2). unlike self-associating double turn forming peptides, which have only the option of forming supramolecular helical assemblages. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mathematical modelling of competitive LDL/VLDL binding and uptake by hepatocytes

Elevated levels of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the plasma are a well-established risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Plasma LDL-C levels are in part determined by the rate at which LDL particles are removed from the bloodstream by hepatic uptake. The uptake of LDL by mammalian liver cells occurs mainly via receptor-mediated endocytosis, a process which entails the binding of these particles to specific receptors in specialised areas of the cell surface, the subsequent internalization of the receptor-lipoprotein complex, and ultimately the degradation and release of the ingested lipoproteins' constituent parts. We formulate a mathematical model to study the binding and internalization (endocytosis) of LDL and VLDL particles by hepatocytes in culture. The system of ordinary differential equations, which includes a cholesterol-dependent pit production term representing feedback regulation of surface receptors in response to intracellular cholesterol levels, is analysed using numerical simulations and steady-state analysis. Our numerical results show good agreement with in vitro experimental data describing LDL uptake by cultured hepatocytes following delivery of a single bolus of lipoprotein. Our model is adapted in order to reflect the in vivo situation, in which lipoproteins are continuously delivered to the hepatocyte. In this case, our model suggests that the competition between the LDL and VLDL particles for binding to the pits on the cell surface affects the intracellular cholesterol concentration. In particular, we predict that when there is continuous delivery of low levels of lipoproteins to the cell surface, more VLDL than LDL occupies the pit, since VLDL are better competitors for receptor binding. VLDL have a cholesterol content comparable to LDL particles; however, due to the larger size of VLDL, one pit-bound VLDL particle blocks binding of several LDLs, and there is a resultant drop in the intracellular cholesterol level. When there is continuous delivery of lipoprotein at high levels to the hepatocytes, VLDL particles still out-compete LDL particles for receptor binding, and consequently more VLDL than LDL particles occupy the pit. Although the maximum intracellular cholesterol level is similar for high and low levels of lipoprotein delivery, the maximum is reached more rapidly when the lipoprotein delivery rates are high. The implications of these results for the design of in vitro experiments is discussed.

Influence of apoA-V gene variants on postprandial triglyceride metabolism: impact of gender

Although apolipoprotein AN (apoA-V) polymorphisms have been consistently associated with fasting triglyceride (TG) levels, their impact on postprandial lipemia remains relatively unknown. In this study, we investigate the impact of two common apoA-V polymorphisms (-1131 T>C and S19W) and apoA-V haplotypes on fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism in adults in the United Kingdom (n = 259). Compared with the wild-type TT, apoA-V -1131 TC heterozygotes had 15% (P = 0.057) and 21% (P = 0.002) higher fasting TG and postprandial TG area under the curve (AUC), respectively. Significant (P = 0.038) and nearly significant (P = 0.057) gender X genotype interactions were observed for fasting TG and TG AUC, with a greater impact of genotype in males. Lower HDL-cholesterol was associated with the rare TC genotype (P = 0.047). Significant linkage disequilibrium was found between the apoA-V -1131 T>C and the apoC-III 3238 C>G variants, with univariate analysis indicating an impact of this apoC-III single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on TG AUC (P = 0.015). However, in linear regression analysis, a significant independent association with TG AUC (P = 0.007) was only evident for the apoA-V -1131 T>C SNP, indicating a greater relative importance of the apoA-V genotype.

A study of the effects of adjunct cultures on the aroma compounds of Feta-type cheese

The influence of adjunct brine cultures on the volatile compounds in Feta-type cheeses made from bovine milk was studied. Four batches of brine were produced: one with no added adjuncts, a second containing Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, a third containing Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei plus Debaryomyces hansenii and a fourth with Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei plus Yarrowia lipolytica. All the cultures were isolated from commercial Feta brines. Aroma compounds were analysed by dynamic headspace analysis, on-line coupled with GC/MS. The most important volatile compounds were quantified in the experimental cheeses; it was concluded that the use of Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei and D. hansenii as adjuncts in the manufacture of Feta-type cheeses contribute to the formation of a richer pattern of aroma compounds, namely alcohols, aldehydes and esters. The inclusion of Y. lipolytica resulted in the production of undesirable aroma compounds that are not part of the usual volatile profile of high quality Feta cheeses. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Urban microclimate and renewable energy use in cities

This paper presents an experimental measurement campaign of urban microclimate for a building complex located in London, the United Kingdom. The experiment was carried out between 19 July and 16 August, 2010 at the Elephant & Castle site. The wind and solar energy distributions within the London urban experimental site were assessed in detail for their potential use in areas of high-rise urban building complexes. The climatic variables were measured at every five minutes for the air temperature, the wind speed and direction, the air humidity and the global solar radiation for a period of four weeks. The surface temperatures were also measured on the asphalt road, pavement and building walls at every hour for the first week of the campaign period. The effect of the building complex on the urban microclimate has been analyzed in terms of the solar radiation, the air temperature and velocity. The information and observation obtained from this campaign will be useful to the analysis of renewable energy implementations in dense urban situations.

Case study on the whole life carbon cycle in buildings

Global temperatures are expected to rise by between 1.1 and 6.4oC this century, depending, to a large extent, on the amount of carbon we emit to the atmosphere from now onwards. This warming is expected to have very negative effects on many peoples and ecosystems and, therefore, minimising our carbon emissions is a priority. Buildings are estimated to be responsible for around 50% of carbon emissions in the UK. Potential reductions involve both operational emissions, produced during use, and embodied emissions, produced during manufacture of materials and components, and during construction, refurbishments and demolition. To date the major effort has focused on reducing the, apparently, larger operational element, which is more readily quantifiable and reduction measures are relatively straightforward to identify and implement. Various studies have compared the magnitude of embodied and operational emissions, but have shown considerable variation in the relative values. This illustrates the difficulties in quantifying embodied, as it requires a detailed knowledge of the processes involved in the different life cycle phases, and requires the use of consistent system boundaries. However, other studies have established the interaction between operational and embodied, which demonstrates the importance of considering both elements together in order to maximise potential reductions. This is borne out in statements from both the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and The Low Carbon Construction Innovation and Growth Team of the UK Government. In terms of meeting the 2020 and 2050 timeframes for carbon reductions it appears to be equally, if not more, important to consider early embodied carbon reductions, rather than just future operational reductions. Future decarbonisation of energy supply and more efficient lighting and M&E equipment installed in future refits is likely to significantly reduce operational emissions, lending further weight to this argument. A method of discounting to evaluate the present value of future carbon emissions would allow more realistic comparisons to be made on the relative importance of the embodied and operational elements. This paper describes the results of case studies on carbon emissions over the whole lifecycle of three buildings in the UK, compares four available software packages for determining embodied carbon and suggests a method of carbon discounting to obtain present values for future emissions. These form the initial stages of a research project aimed at producing information on embodied carbon for different types of building, components and forms of construction, in a simplified form, which can be readily used by building designers in optimising building design in terms of minimising overall carbon emissions. Keywords: Embodied carbon; carbon emission; building; operational carbon.