949 resultados para 10 min average
Resumo:
Initially, all major factors that affect the rate of the AldH-catalyzed reaction (enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH) were investigated. Optimal activity was observed between pH values of 7.5 and 9.5 in the temperature range of 25 to 50 ºC. Kinetic parameters, such as Km (2.92 µmol L-1) and Vmax (1.33 10-2 µmol min-1) demonstrate a strong enzyme-substrate affinity. The sensors were based on screen-printed electrodes modified with the Meldola Blue-Reinecke salt (MBRS) combination. Operational conditions (NAD+ and substrate contents, enzyme loading and response time) were optimized. Also, two enzyme immobilization procedures were tested: entrapment in poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ) and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Chronoamperometry was employed to observe the biosensor responses during enzymatic hydrolysis of propionaldehyde and also to construct inhibition curves with maneb and zineb fungicides. Best results were found with the following conditions: [NAD+] = 0.25 mmol L-1; [propionaldehyde] = 80 µmol L-1; enzyme loading = 0.8 U per electrode; response time = 10 min, and inhibition time = 10 min. Current intensities around 103 ± 13 nA with the sensors and good stability was obtained for both immobilization procedures. Detection limits, calculated using 10% inhibition were 31.5 µg L-1 and 35 µg L-1 for maneb and zineb, respectively. Results obtained with other MBRS-modified electrodes consisting of mono and bi-enzymic sensors were compared. The ability to catalyze NADH oxidation by MB was also highlighted.
Resumo:
A new titrimetric method for the determination of phosphite in fertilizer samples, based on reaction of H3PO3 with standard iodine solution in neutral media, is proposed. Diluted samples containing ca. 0.4% m/v P2O5 are heated and titrated with 0.05 mol L-1 iodine standard until the solution becomes faint yellow. Back titration is also feasible: a slight excess of titrant is added followed by starch indicator and titration is completed taking as the end point the change in color from blue to colorless. The influence of chemical composition and pH of buffers, temperature and foreign species on waiting time and end-point detection were investigated. For the Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 6.8) at 70 °C, the titration time was 10 min, corresponding to about 127 mg iodine, 200 mg KI and 174 mg Na2HPO4 and 176 mg NaH2PO4 consumed per determination. Accuracy was checked for phosphite determination in seven fertilizer samples. Results obtained by the proposed procedure were in agreement with those obtained by spectrophotometry at 95% confidence level. The R.S.D. (n=10) for direct and back titration was 0.4% and 1.3% respectively.
Resumo:
An enzymatic method was used for obtaining protein extracts from wheat flour using an alkaline protease. Some parameters were evaluated aiming the optimization of this method: temperature (40-50 ºC); time (2-5 h); physical treatment of the sample (no treatment, ultra-turrax/16,000 rpm/5 min and ultrasound/120 W/10 min); enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S) of 5:100 - 10:100 and concentration of wheat flour (1:3, 1:5 and 1:10 w/v). The results showed that the best condition for protein extraction was that using the sample concentration of 1:3 (w/v), ultra-turrax, E:S of 10:100, at 40 ºC, 2 h, having reached an extraction yield of 88.53%.
Resumo:
Pyrohydrolysis is proposed for fossil fuels sample preparation for further fluorine and chlorine determination. Samples were heated during 10 min at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Water vapor was passed through the reactor and the volatile products were condensed and collected in NH4OH solution. Fluoride was determined by potentiometry using an ion selective electrode (ISE) and Cl by ICP OES and DRC-ICP-MS. The results are in good agreement with certified values and the precision is better than 10% (n = 4). Sample preparation by means of pyrohydrolysis is relatively simple, whereas chlorine and fluorine can be determined at low concentrations.
Resumo:
This work presents the optimization of the microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of [Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n . The reactions were carried out at the fixed temperature of 120 ºC for 10, 20, 30 and 40 min. Pure crystalline [Zn(BDC)(H2O)2]n was obtained in high yield (ca. 90%) with a reaction time of 10 min. The phase obtained and its purity was confirmed by Rietveld refinement, with a final value for Rwp/Rexp equal to 1.48. Increased reaction times (20, 30 and 40 min) favored the formation of unwanted by products, resulting in mixtures of several crystalline phases.
Resumo:
This study describes a simple, fast and reproducible method using RP-HPLC-UV, in a gradient system, for quantification of reserpine in Rauvolfia sellowii stem bark. The analysis were carried out on a C18 column; mobile phase was water and acetonitrile, and separations were carried out in 10 min, flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1, 25 ºC and 268 nm. The validation data showed that the method was specific, accurate, precise and robust. Results were linear over a range of 0.625-40.0 μg mL-1, and the mean recovery was 95.1%. The amount of reserpine found in the dried stem bark was 0.01% (m/m).
Resumo:
Two methods using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry were developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and BTEX. Best results were obtained using DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, with 10 min extraction at 25 °C and 0.15 min desorption at 260 °C (BTEX), and PDMS/DVB fiber, with 60 min extraction at 90 °C, 10% NaCl and 5 min desorption at 270 °C (PAH). LOD intervals were 3x10-2 - 5x10-2 µg L-1 (BTEX) and 1.6x10-3 - 1.4 µg L-1 (PAH). The methods were applied to forty-five groundwater samples from monitoring wells of gas stations and only benzene level exceeded the limit established by Brazilian regulations.
Resumo:
Bacterial cellulose produced from Gluconacetobacter xilinus was used to produce cellulose nanocrystals by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was performed with 64% sulfuric acid at 50 ºC with the hydrolysis time ranging between 5 and 90 min. The production of nanocrystals was observed to have size distributions that were dependent on hydrolysis times up to 10 min, after which time the suspensions showed distributions closer in size. Results from thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction showed that the amorphous cellulose was removed, leaving only the crystalline portion. Self-supported films were formed from the suspension of nanocrystals and had iridescence characteristics. The films were characterized by microscopy measures and specular reflectance.
Resumo:
Serological techniques are of great importance for plant virus identification and characterization. The major limiting factor for using these techniques for plant virus identification is the requirement of a good virus purified preparation to be used in immunizing animals for antiserum production. In the present study, two New Zealand rabbits were orally immunized with extracts from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants systemically infected with Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and with extracts from papaya (Carica papaya) infected with Papaya lethal yellowing virus (PLYV). The leaf extracts were prepared in saline solution 0.15 M in the rate of 1:1 (w/v) and clarified by a centrifugation of 10,000 g for 10 min. The clarified extracts containing the viruses were orally administered to the New Zealand rabbits in two series of five daily doses of 1.0 ml each. The obtained policlonal antisera were shown to be very specific to their respective viruses in double immunodiffusion and indirect ELISA. These seem to be the first antisera specific for plant virus obtained by rabbit oral immunization. The results open up some possibilities for producing antisera to plant viruses of difficult purification. It is a simple, fast and inexpensive method for production of antisera for plant viruses when compared to the traditional techniques that involve rabbit injections with purified virus preparations.
Resumo:
The objective of this research was to develop a primer for a polymerase chain reaction specific for Xylella fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's Disease (PD) in grapes (Vitis vinifera). The DNA amplification of 23 different strains of X. fastidiosa, using a set of primers REP1-R (5'-IIIICGICGIATCCIGGC-3') and REP 2 (5'-ICGICTTATCIGGCCTAC-3') using the following program: 94 ºC/2 min; 35 X (94 ºC/1 min, 45 ºC/1 min and 72 ºC/1 min and 30 s) 72 ºC/5 min, produced a fragment of 630 bp that differentiated the strains that cause disease in grapes from the other strains. However, REP banding patterns could not be considered reliable for detection because the REP1-R and REP 2 primers correspond to repetitive sequences, which are found throughout the bacterial genome. The amplified product of 630 bp was eluted from the agarose gel, purified and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence information was used to identify and synthesize an specific oligonucleotide for X. fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's Disease denominated Xf-1 (5'-CGGGGGTGTAGGAGGGGTTGT-3') which was used jointly with the REP-2 primer at the following conditions: 94 ºC/2 min; 35 X (94 ºC/1 min, 62 ºC/1 min; 72 ºC/1 min and 30 s) 72 ºC/10 min. The DNAs isolated from strains of X. fastidiosa from other hosts [almond (Prumus amygdalus), citrus (Citrus spp.), coffee (Coffea arabica), elm (Ulmus americana), mulberry (Morus rubra), oak (Quercus rubra), periwinkle wilt (Catharantus roseus), plums (Prunus salicina) and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)] and also from other Gram negative and positive bacteria were submitted to amplification with a pair of primers Xf-1/REP 2 to verify its specificity. A fragment, about 350 bp, was amplified only when the DNA from strains of X. fastidiosa isolated from grapes was employed.
Resumo:
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da irradiação UV-C no controle in vitro de Monilinia fructicola e Rhizopus stolonifer e no controle das doenças causadas por estes fungos em pêssegos inoculados com ferimento. No experimento in vitro, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial dos fungos em meio BDA após a exposição nas doses de UV-C de 0, 0,26, 0,52, 1,04, 3,13, 5,22, 10,44, 15,66, e 31,32 kJ.m-2 num equipamento com quatro lâmpadas com taxa de fluência de 1,74 mW.cm-2. Nos experimentos in vivo, os frutos foram tratados com irradiação UV-C de forma protetora e curativa. No tratamento protetor, os frutos foram expostos a 1,04 kJ.m-2 por 1 min. e foram inoculados imediatamente após e 16, 24 e 40 h após. No tratamento curativo, os frutos foram inoculados, incubados e irradiados com doses de UV-C de 0, 1,04, 5,22, 10,44, 15,66 e 31,32 kJ.m². Avaliou-se a incidência das doenças e a severidade da podridão parda. No experimento in vitro, apenas as doses aplicadas durante 1 e 10 min. de exposição reduziram o crescimento micelial de M. fructicola enquanto que a aplicação da luz UV-C entre 10-15 minutos reduziu o crescimento micelial de R. stolonifer e a dose aplicada durante 30 minutos inibiu completamente o crescimento micelial deste fungo. Não houve efeito protetor da luz UV-C no controle das doenças. Não houve controle curativo da podridão parda. A irradiação UV-C foi eficiente no controle curativo da podridão mole e o tempo de exposição de 10 min. foi o que apresentou melhor resultado.
Resumo:
Objetivou-se estudar os potenciais dos tratamentos térmico e químico em sementes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã, preconizados como eficientes na superação da dormência física das mesmas, na redução do inóculo de carvão (Ustilago operta). Amostras de sementes foram expostas ao ácido sulfúrico por tempo variando de 0 a 10 min, ou imersas em água à temperatura variável (27 a 60 ºC) por 5 ou 10 min. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos tratamentos no número de teliósporos de U. operta remanescentes e na freqüência de germinação das sementes tratadas. À medida que se prolongou a escarificação química das sementes se evidenciou decréscimo do inóculo de carvão. Menor número de teliósporos foi observado nas sementes submetidas à quimioterapia por 10 min. Em geral, a exposição das sementes ao H2SO4 não levou ao decréscimo da capacidade germinativa das mesmas. Os resultados da termoterapia não foram tão evidentes como os observados para a quimioterapia, sejam na redução do número de teliósporos ou na superação da dormência. É provável que o tempo de exposição das sementes não tenha sido o suficiente. Paralelamente, verificou-se a eficiência da aplicação de fungicidas na parte aérea das plantas no controle da incidência do carvão. Foram testados os fungicidas: 1 - tiofanato metílico + chlorothalonil; 2 - mancozeb; 3 - tebuconazole; 4 - triadimenol; 5 - azoxystrobin + cyproconazole; 6 - pyraclostrobin + epoxyconazole; 7 - trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole; 8 - carboxin + thiram; 9 - tiofanato metílico + flutriafol; 10 - carbendazin, e 11 - difenoconazole. Mesmo com a ocorrência de baixa incidência de carvão na área experimental (máximo de 15%), observaram-se diferenças entre os fungicidas quanto ao controle da doença. O fungicida tebuconazole e as formulações pyraclostrobin + epoxyconazole e trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole foram os mais promissores.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estabelecimento de um protocolo de regeneração in vitro de mudas de Aspidosperma polyneuron (peroba-rosa), a partir de segmentos nodais de material juvenil. Brotações apicais de mudas de dois anos de idade foram desinfestadas com 0,25% de hipoclorito de sódio ou 0,05% de cloreto de mercúrio, durante 10 min, visando ao estabelecimento de culturas assépticas. A indução de brotações múltiplas foi realizada em meio de cultura WPM, suplementado com BAP, ZEA ou CIN (2,2-8,8 miM), no cultivo inicial e nos dois subcultivos subseqüentes. Para indução de brotações alongadas foram testadas as combinações de fitorreguladores: 2,25 miM de BAP, ZEA ou CIN, associadas com 1,25 miM de AIB. A indução de raízes foi avaliada com tratamentos em soluções de AIB (2,5-10 mM), durante 5 ou 15 min. As mudas enraizadas foram transplantadas para casa de vegetação. A desinfestação das brotações apicais foi eficiente com 0,25% de NaOCl ou 0,05% de HgCl2, durante 10 min, obtendo-se 72,89 e 84,10% de sobrevivência, respectivamente. As maiores taxas médias de regeneração de brotações axilares (4 a 5) foram obtidas em meio de cultura suplementado com ZEA ou BAP (4,4-8,8 miM), após o segundo subcultivo. Concentrações mais reduzidas de BAP ou ZEA (2,25 miM) e 1,25 miM de AIB proporcionaram, em média, três brotações mais alongadas (1,5-2,5 cm de comprimento). Tratamentos com soluções de 10 mM de AIB, durante 15 min, foram eficientes na indução de raízes (80%), e as mudas transplantadas apresentaram taxas de sobrevivência superiores a 90% em casa de vegetação.
Resumo:
O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Sementes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, objetivando avaliar tratamentos para acelerar a germinação e reduzir a deterioração de sementes de Ormosia nitida. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. No primeiro estudo, feito em papel substrato, os tratamentos foram sementes intactas, escarificação mecânica e escarificação química com H2SO4 durante 10 min. No segundo estudo feito em placas de Petri, os tratamentos utilizados foram sementes intactas (controle); escarificação mecânica; escarificação mecânica + pré-embebição por 24 horas; H2O2 no substrato; e escarificação química com H2SO4 durante 1, 5, 10,15, 20, 25 e 30 min. Foram avaliados o vigor, através do índice de velocidade de germinação, e a germinação, através da porcentagem de plântulas normais. A todos os tratamentos pré-germinativos foram apresentados respostas positivas na porcentagem e velocidade de germinação em relação ao controle. A escarificação mecânica e o H2O2 no substrato proporcionaram aumento significativo na velocidade e porcentagem de germinação das sementes, com redução da deterioração.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de fibras (epicarpo) de babaçu (Orbignya spp) em combinação com partículas de Pinus elliottii em diferentes proporções na confecção de chapas de madeira aglomerada, bem como avaliar o efeito de dois teores de adesivo à base de uréia-formaldeído. As chapas foram prensadas a 160 ºC, utilizando-se dois níveis de resinas (6 e 8%, base peso seco de partículas) e tempo de prensagem de 10 min, obtendo-se oito tratamentos. Para cada tratamento foram feitas três repetições, totalizando 24 chapas, com densidade nominal de 0,70 g/cm³. As propriedades avaliadas foram: flexão estática - módulo de ruptura (MOR) e módulo de elasticidade (MOE); tração perpendicular-ligação interna (LI); estabilidade dimensional - inchamento em espessura (IE) 2 e 24 horas e absorção de água (AA) 2 e 24 horas, de acordo com a norma ASTM D 1037-91. O aumento do teor de fibras de babaçu associado ao aumento no teor de adesivo contribuiu para a redução nos valores de inchamento em espessura e absorção de água. O aumento do teor de adesivo de 6 para 8% foi fundamental para a melhoria das propriedades inchamento em espessura, absorção em água, módulo de ruptura e módulo de elasticidade. Utilizando até 30% de fibras de babaçu na composição das chapas, os valores de MOR foram superiores aos estabelecidos pela CS 236-66.