El mito Roosevelt para América Latina (1901-1909)

La figura de Theodore Roosevelt, presidente de los Estados Unidos de 1901 a 1909, ha sido alimentada negativamente sin comprender que su política exterior respondió a las necesidades de la nación estadounidense en pleno proceso de expansión imperialista. Este personaje se ha convertido en un mito histórico no sólo por haber definido el papel de Estados Unidos en el mundo a partir del interés nacional sino, también, por su política intervensionista en América Latina. El análisis histórico en la larga duración permite el estudio de aspectos ideológicos, culturales y su vinculación con la política exterior. Nuestro personaje, y el establishment del que era parte, vivió una época marcada por la expansión económica, un darwinismo social tergiversado, el racialismo, un sentido de destino manifiesto y la misión civilizadora. Este trabajo intenta establecer esa diferenciación que tuvo Theodore Roosevelt entre Centroamérica y América del Sur para la aplicación de su política exterior, que no puede ser llamada «política del gran garrote», pues se caería en la generalización, sino más bien diplomacia del control y de la fuerza. El análisis del discurso de este personaje evidencia cómo él percibió unas zonas al sur de Estados Unidos, como «civilizadas», en contraposición a aquellas que consideraba «bárbaras», en Centroamérica.

Ideología, cultura y política exterior estadounidense hacia América Latina: un estudio en torno a los mitos y estereotipos durante el gobierno de Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

Este trabajo es un estudio de factores de carácter político, ideológico y cultural que intervinieron y aún se dejan notar en la relación Estados Unidos y América Latina. TEMA: IDEOLOGÍA, CULTURA Y POLÍTICA EXTERIOR ESTADOUNIDENSE HACIA AMÉRICA LATINA: UN ESTUDIO EN TORNO A LOS MITOS Y ESTEREOTIPOS DURANTE EL GOBIERNO DE THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1901-1909) El desarrollo de la presente investigación parte de la figura de Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919), como modo de proyectarse al análisis de toda una época para explicar la relación existente entre la ideología estadounidense y su política exterior hacia América Latina durante el gobierno de Teddy Roosevelt (1901 – 1909) quien por un azar en la historia llego a ser presidente de los Estados Unidos debido a la inesperada muerte del presidente Mackinley. Roosevelt ocupó una posición histórica única en el enfoque de los Estados Unidos a las Relaciones Internacionales. Como señala Kissinger, ningún otro presidente definió tan cabalmente el papel mundial de los Estados Unidos por su interés nacional, ni identificó tan completamente el interés nacional con el equilibrio de poder. Nuestro objetivo es centrarnos en la relación existente entre mitos, estereotipos y política exterior estadounidense frente a América Latina, a partir del estudio del personaje ya mencionado. En ningún momento pretendemos afirmar que el curso de los asuntos internacionales ha sido inevitable o bien determinado por un hombre o por fuerzas sobre las cuales este hombre no ha ejercido control, más bien pretendemos hacer notar la interrelación entre los actores y las fuerzas a través de los mitos y estereotipos que se han ido forjando en los actores.

Historicizing counterurbanization: in-migration and the reconstruction of rural space in Berkshire (UK), 1901-51

This article uses census data for Berkshire to argue that large-scale counterurbanization began much earlier than is generally recognized in some parts of southern England. This was not just movement down the urban hierarchy, which as Pooley and Turnbull have demonstrated was a long-term feature of England’s settlement system, but in some cases at least amenity-driven migration to rural areas of the kind increasingly recognized as a core component of recent counterurbanization. Despite a reduction of acreage Berkshire’s rural districts saw a 54% rise in population between 1901 and 1951. The sub-regional pattern of growth is assessed to gauge whether ‘clean break’ migration to the remote west of the county (which remained effectively out of commuting range from London throughout the period) was taking place, or whether counterurbanization was confined to the more accessible eastern districts. However, whilst population did increase in both west and east, it was in fact the central districts that grew most impressively. Three case study parishes are investigated in order to gauge the nature and consequences of counterurbanization at a local level. Professional and business migrants figure prominently, seeking to preserve and promote the rural attributes of their new communities, without however cutting their ties to urban centres. It is argued that migration to rural Berkshire in the first half of the twentieth century cannot adequately be described either as a form of extended suburbanization or an anti-metropolitan ‘clean break’. Rather, early counterurbanization marks the first stage on the long road to a post-productivist countryside, in which countryside becomes detached from agriculture, there is socio-economic convergence between town and country, and the ‘rural’ increasingly becomes defined by landscape and identity rather than economic function.

Trends in office rents in the City of London: 1867-1959

This paper details the construction and analysis of a dataset of office lettings, which is used to produce a rent index for the City of London spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It advances prior research through application of a modern version of the repeat measures technique and in coverage of years where office rents have not been previously measured. Results show that there has been no real growth in rents over the period as a whole. However, there have been distinct phases of rental growth and decline that correspond with the wider economic fortunes of the City.

Observing crosswind over urban terrain using scintillometer and Doppler lidar

In this study, the crosswind (wind component perpendicular to a path, U⊥) is measured by a scintillometer and estimated with Doppler lidar above the urban environment of Helsinki, Finland, for 15 days. The scintillometer allows acquisition of a path-averaged value of U⊥ (U⊥), while the lidar allows acquisition of path-resolved U⊥ (U⊥ (x), where x is the position along the path). The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of scintillometer U⊥ estimates for conditions under which U⊥ (x) is variable. Two methods are applied to estimate U⊥ from the scintillometer signal: the cumulative-spectrum method (relies on scintillation spectra) and the look-up-table method (relies on time-lagged correlation functions). The values of U⊥ of both methods compare well with the lidar estimates, with root-mean-square deviations of 0.71 and 0.73 m s−1. This indicates that, given the data treatment applied in this study, both measurement technologies are able to obtain estimates of U⊥ in the complex urban environment. The detailed investigation of four cases indicates that the cumulative-spectrum method is less susceptible to a variable U⊥ (x) than the look-up-table method. However, the look-up-table method can be adjusted to improve its capabilities for estimating U⊥ under conditions under for which U⊥ (x) is variable.

Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae : Mygalomorphae : Theraphosidae) from Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ

Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 are described from Brazil: Pamphobeteus crassifemur sp. nov. and Pamphobeteus grandis sp. nov.; Pamphobeteus nigricolor, formerly described from Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia, is recorded from Brazil and its distribution in Ecuador and Bolivia is questioned. A new type of stridulatory organ is described from legs III and IV of P. crassifemur sp. nov. The structure consists of spiniform setae. Stridulation occurs when the spider moves the legs III and IV, sometimes while shedding urticating hairs.

Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae)

We revalidate the theraphosid genus Pterinopelma Pocock 1901, describe the female of P. vitiosum for first time and Pterinopelma sazimai sp. nov. from Brazil. These two species were included in a matrix with 35 characters and 32 taxa and were analyzed both with all characters having same weight and with implied weights. Searches considering all characters non-additive or some additive were also carried out. The preferred tree, obtained with implied weights, concavity 6 and all characters non-additive shows that Pterinopelma is a monophyletic genus sister to the clade Lasiodora (Vitalius + Nhandu). The presence of denticles on the prolateral inferior male palpal bulb keel is a synapomorphy of the genus.

Tatler (Volume 3 1901)

The Winthrop yearbook was published from 1898 to 2002. It has been known as the Tatler since its inception except for 1904 (Lang Syne) and 1918 (Tatler a la Guerre). No yearbook was published in 1900, 1902, 1903, 1905,1906.