Panorama de la Inserción Internacional de América Latina y el Caribe 2010-2011: la región en la década de las economías emergentes

Incluye Bibliografía

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2010-2011: The region in the decade of the emerging economies

Incluye Bibliografía

Regional perspectives on digital disaster management in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Information on disaster risk management: case study of five countries: Jamaica

Incluye Bibliografía

Información para la gestión de riesgo de desastres: Estudio de caso de cinco países: Colombia

Incluye Bibliografía

Água: um estudo sobre as representações sociais de alunos do ensino fundamental

Em vista de em minha trajetória acadêmica ter tido um ensino tradicional, no qual era desestimulada a participar das aulas, não emitindo minhas idéias e opiniões, procurei como professora, construir um percurso de diálogo com meus alunos, valorizando os seus conhecimentos sobre o tema em foco e articulando-os aos veiculados na escola. Assim, norteada pela idéia de resgatar/valorizar os conhecimentos que os alunos apreendem no seu meio familiar e cultural, delineei esta dissertação como um estudo sobre as representações sociais de água de alunos de 4ª série do ensino fundamental da Escola de Aplicação da Universidade Federal do Pará, no ano de 2007. Utilizei como suporte teórico metodológico a teoria das Representações Sociais formulada por Serge Moscovici articulada com a teoria do Núcleo Central de Jean-Claude Abric. A metodologia, caracterizada por uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, teve como técnicas de coleta de dados, o questionário, a evocação livre a partir da palavra indutora água, complementados pela entrevista. A pesquisa teve como sujeitos 110 estudantes da 4ª série, na faixa etária de nove a treze anos, sendo 60 do sexo feminino. A análise dos resultados revelou aspectos importantes sobre os alunos e suas representações e me possibilitou identificar que os conteúdos da representação social de água estão relacionados aos seguintes significados e sentidos: 1) ao consumo de água nos hábitos cotidianos de higiene e na alimentação; 2) a paisagem natural, formada de recursos hídricos; 3) aos fenômenos naturais, como a chuva e tsunami; 4) ao seu valor e a sua importância, como fonte de vida e de saúde; 5) as atitudes e ações concretas de tratamento da água; 6) ao cuidado e conservação do patrimônio hídrico natural; 7) ao seu simbolismo: a água como objeto de contemplação, beleza e de lazer e 8) as suas características. Quanto à estrutura da representação social de água, o núcleo central foi constituído pelas categorias semânticas: banho, beber, vida, limpa, rio e chuva e o sistema periférico, pelas categorias: economizar, poluição, lavar os alimentos, cachoeira, fazer comida, cristalina, diversão, mar, paz, tsunami, útil, poço e gota. A compreensão das representações dos alunos sobre a água foi fundamental para minhas reflexões sobre esse tema e pela possibilidade de elaboração de novas práticas pedagógicas embasadas no desafio de formar alunos-cidadãos que reconheçam a necessidade do uso responsável da água como bem finito que precisa ser conservado e preservado.

Contaminação radioativa: aspectos fundamentais associados à poluição nuclear

Since its discovery, radioactivity has brought numerous benefits to human societies. It has many applications in medicine, serving as a tool for non-invasive methods for diagnosis and therapies against diseases such as cancer. It also applies to technologies for energy in nuclear power plants with relatively low impacts on terms of perfect security. All applications, however, have risks, requiring maximum caution to drive processes and operations involving radioactive elements because, once released into the environment, they have extremely harmful effects on organisms affected. This paper presents fundamental concepts and principles of nuclear physics in order to understand the effects of radioactive elements released into the environment, culminating on the issue of radioactive contamination. Literature review allowed us to understand the radioactive contamination problem on living beings. Three major nuclear accidents have happened in the last thirty years, two of them in consecutive years. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986, polluted large areas, condemning hundreds of thousands of people to live with consequences of the accident and effects of radiation, killing thousands of people throughout the years. In 1987, a major radiological accident occurred in Goiania (GO) when a source of radioactive cesium was violated, leading to the death of those who had direct or indirect contact with cesium. The most recent accident, in March, 2011, was located at the nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, after an earthquake and tsunami hit the region. There is no extensive and accurate knowledge about the consequences of the contamination entailed in that accident, although it is possible to verify signals on a global scale. An analysis of reports of contamination of large areas generated by nuclear plants with release of hazardous wastes suggests it is necessary to rethink the energy matrix of the various countries...

Geolodía 2012-Gran Canaria. Entre el fuego y el mar: un paseo por la costa norte de Gran Canaria

[ES] Guía geológica por la costa N de Gran Canaria. Se seleccionan afloramientos en los que se observa la interacción entre la actividad volcánica y el mar: desde los sedimentos de la Formacion Detritica de Las Palmas en la parada de Las Cuevas del Guincho, hasta depósitos de tsunami en el Valle de Agaete, pasando por las lavas de la erupción del volcán de la Mña. de Arucas y los depósitos volcanoclásticos del Roque Nublo.

Neogene and Pleistocene fossil brachiopods of the Eastern Islands. Current appointments.

[EN] Numerous specimens of fossil brachiopods have been found in the different fossiliferous outcrops of the Canary Islands. These fossils have been found in the deposits of Mio-Pliocene age of the eastern Canary Islands, described and illustrated in the work of Meco et ali. 2005 and in the outcrops interpreted as a tsunami deposits  in Piedra Alta, Lanzarote, belonging to the Marine Isotope Stage 11 dated to circa 330 ka. 4 species of fossil brachiopods have been identificated: Terebratula sinuous Brocchi 1814, Lacazella mediterranea Risso 1826 Terebratulina caputserpentis (Zbyszewski, 1957) and Thecidium cf . digitatum (Sowerby 1823). These fossils provides stratigraphic and paleoclimatic taxonomic information. Furthermore, in order to compare the fossil brachiopods with present in the Canary Island, a reference collection is defined with specimens obtained from marine sediment surveys at Gran Canaria, La Palma and El Hierro, identifying 3 species: Argyrotheca barrettiatia (Davidson, 1866), Megerlia truncata (Linaeus 1767 ) and Pajaudina atlantica (Logan 1988).

Climatic and stratigraphic paleoindicators from the Canary Island

[EN] The last 5 Myr  are characterized by cliamatic variations globally and are reflected in ancient fossiliferous marine deposits visible in the Canary Islands. The fossils contained are identificated as paleoecological and paleoclimatic indicators. The Mio-Pliocene Transit is represented by the coral Siderastrea micoenica Osasco, 1897; the gastropods Rothpletzia rudista Simonelli, 1890; Ancilla glandiformis (Lamarck, 1822); Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 and Nerita emiliana Mayer, 1872 and the bivalve Gryphaea virleti Deshayes, 1832 as most characteristic fossils  and typical of a very warm climate and littoral zone. Associated  lava flows  have been dated radiometrically  and provides a range between  8.9 and about 4.2 Kyr. In the mid-Pleistocene, about 400,000 years ago, the called Marine Isotope Stage 11, a strong global warming that caused a sea level rise happens. Remains of the MIS 11  are preserved on the coast of Arucas (Gran Canaria), and associated with a tsunami in Piedra Alta (Lanzarote). These fossilifeorus  deposits contains the bivalve Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1780), the gastropod Purpurellus gambiensis (Reeve, 1845) and the corals Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) and Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816). Both sites have been dated by K-Ar on pillow lavas (approximately 420,000 years) and by Uranium Series on corals (about 481,000 years) respectively. The upper Pleistocene starts with another strong global warming known as the last interglacial or marine isotope  stage (MIS) 5.5, about 125,000 years ago, which also left marine  fossil deposits exposed in parallel to current in Igueste of San Andrés (Tenerife),  El Altillo, the  city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria  and Maspalomas (Gran Canaria),  Matas Blancas, the Playitas and Morrojable (Fuerteventura ) and in Playa Blanca and Punta Penedo (Lanzarote ). The fossil coral Siderastrea radians (Pallas , 1766 ) currently living in the Cape Verde Islands , the Gulf of Guinea and the Caribbean has allowed Uranium series dating. The gastropods Strombus bubonius Lamarck, 1822 and Harpa doris (Röding , 1798 ) currently living in the Gulf of Guinea. Current biogeography using synoptic data obtained through satellites provided by the ISS Canary Seas provides data of Ocean Surface Temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll a (Chlor a) . This has allowed the estimation of these sea conditions during interglacials compared to today .

The use of remote sensing imagery for monitoring recovery in the aftermath of a natural disaster: the Hurricane Katrina Case

Although Recovery is often defined as the less studied and documented phase of the Emergency Management Cycle, a wide literature is available for describing characteristics and sub-phases of this process. Previous works do not allow to gain an overall perspective because of a lack of systematic consistent monitoring of recovery utilizing advanced technologies such as remote sensing and GIS technologies. Taking into consideration the key role of Remote Sensing in Response and Damage Assessment, this thesis is aimed to verify the appropriateness of such advanced monitoring techniques to detect recovery advancements over time, with close attention to the main characteristics of the study event: Hurricane Katrina storm surge. Based on multi-source, multi-sensor and multi-temporal data, the post-Katrina recovery was analysed using both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The first phase was dedicated to the investigation of the relation between urban types, damage and recovery state, referring to geographical and technological parameters. Damage and recovery scales were proposed to review critical observations on remarkable surge- induced effects on various typologies of structures, analyzed at a per-building level. This wide-ranging investigation allowed a new understanding of the distinctive features of the recovery process. A quantitative analysis was employed to develop methodological procedures suited to recognize and monitor distribution, timing and characteristics of recovery activities in the study area. Promising results, gained by applying supervised classification algorithms to detect localization and distribution of blue tarp, have proved that this methodology may help the analyst in the detection and monitoring of recovery activities in areas that have been affected by medium damage. The study found that Mahalanobis Distance was the classifier which provided the most accurate results, in localising blue roofs with 93.7% of blue roof classified correctly and a producer accuracy of 70%. It was seen to be the classifier least sensitive to spectral signature alteration. The application of the dissimilarity textural classification to satellite imagery has demonstrated the suitability of this technique for the detection of debris distribution and for the monitoring of demolition and reconstruction activities in the study area. Linking these geographically extensive techniques with expert per-building interpretation of advanced-technology ground surveys provides a multi-faceted view of the physical recovery process. Remote sensing and GIS technologies combined to advanced ground survey approach provides extremely valuable capability in Recovery activities monitoring and may constitute a technical basis to lead aid organization and local government in the Recovery management.

A comprehensive study of the 26th December 2004 Sumatra earthquake: possible implications on Earth rotation and investigations on the coseismic and postseismic stress diffusion associated with the seismic rupture

In this work a multidisciplinary study of the December 26th, 2004 Sumatra earthquake has been carried out. We have investigated both the effect of the earthquake on the Earth rotation and the stress field variations associated with the seismic event. In the first part of the work we have quantified the effects of a water mass redistribution associated with the propagation of a tsunami wave on the Earth’s pole path and on the length-of-day (LOD) and applied our modeling results to the tsunami following the 2004 giant Sumatra earthquake. We compared the result of our simulations on the instantaneous rotational axis variations with some preliminary instrumental evidences on the pole path perturbation (which has not been confirmed yet) registered just after the occurrence of the earthquake, which showed a step-like discontinuity that cannot be attributed to the effect of a seismic dislocation. Our results show that the perturbation induced by the tsunami on the instantaneous rotational pole is characterized by a step-like discontinuity, which is compatible with the observations but its magnitude turns out to be almost one hundred times smaller than the detected one. The LOD variation induced by the water mass redistribution turns out to be not significant because the total effect is smaller than current measurements uncertainties. In the second part of this work of thesis we modeled the coseismic and postseismic stress evolution following the Sumatra earthquake. By means of a semi-analytical, viscoelastic, spherical model of global postseismic deformation and a numerical finite-element approach, we performed an analysis of the stress diffusion following the earthquake in the near and far field of the mainshock source. We evaluated the stress changes due to the Sumatra earthquake by projecting the Coulomb stress over the sequence of aftershocks taken from various catalogues in a time window spanning about two years and finally analyzed the spatio-temporal pattern. The analysis performed with the semi-analytical and the finite-element modeling gives a complex picture of the stress diffusion, in the area under study, after the Sumatra earthquake. We believe that the results obtained with the analytical method suffer heavily for the restrictions imposed, on the hypocentral depths of the aftershocks, in order to obtain the convergence of the harmonic series of the stress components. On the contrary we imposed no constraints on the numerical method so we expect that the results obtained give a more realistic description of the stress variations pattern.

Bogomilismo e dualismo iranico. Il "neomanicheismo"

L’idea che il bogomilismo sia “in una qualche maniera” da riconnettere al manicheismo è di per sè molto antica. Fin da quando giunsero le prime voci su questa nuova eresia che si era diffusa in terra bulgara, i bogomili vennero etichettati come manichei. Non necessariamente però chi è più vicino ad un fenomeno, sia nello spazio sia nel tempo, vede meglio i suoi contorni, le sue implicazioni e la sua essenza. Altri campi di studio ci insegnano che la natura umana tende a inquadrare ciò che non è noto all’interno degli schemi del “già conosciuto”: è così che spesso nomi di popoli si fissano al territorio divenendo concetti geografici anche quando i popoli cambiano; non a caso tutta la regione che si estendeva ad est della Germania veniva definita Sarmazia ed i numerosi popoli che si muovevano al seguito ed agli ordini del gran qan venivano chiamati Tartari; analogamente in semantica possiamo assistere al posizionamento di etichette consolidate e particolari su “oggetti” che ne condividono tratti pur essendo sotto molti aspetti del tutto estranei a quella che si potrebbe definire la matrice: il terrorista islamico che si fa esplodere viene chiamato sui giornali kamikaze e non casualmente lo tsunami porta questo nome: l’onda anomala che può sconvolgere coste distanti migliaia di chilometri dall’epicentro di un terremoto sottomarino ricorda la più familiare onda di porto. Se il continuo riconnettere il bogomilismo al manicheismo delle fonti antiche rappresenta un indizio, ma non necessariamente una prova di certa connessione, la situazione si è notevolmente complicata nel corso del XX secolo. Dobbiamo al principe Obolensky l’introduzione del termine neomanicheismo per indicare le eresie di carattere dualistico sviluppatesi dal X secolo in avanti sul territorio europeo con particolare riferimento al bogomilismo. Il termine dal 1948 in avanti è stato ripetutamente utilizzato più o meno a proposito in svariati lavori a volte pubblicati in sedi editoriali d’eccellenza apparsi in Europa occidentale e nell’est europeo. Il problema principale resta definire il valore da attribuire al termine “neomanicheismo”: indica un forte dualismo religioso in generale, ben diffuso e studiato da tempo ad esempio nei lavori del Bianchi dedicati ai popoli siberiani e mongoli, oppure presuppone una reale catena di connessioni che ci conducono fino al manicheismo vero e proprio? A fronte di chi sostiene che il bogomilismo, così come l’eresia catara, può essere spiegato semplicemente come fenomeno interno al cristianesimo sulla base di un’interpretazione contrastante da quella ufficiale dei testi sacri vi è chi ritiene che sia stato un contatto diretto con gli ambienti manichei a generare le caratteristiche proprie del bogomilismo. Da qui nasce la parte più affascinante della ricerca che porta all’individuazione di possibili contatti attraverso gli spostamenti delle popolazioni, alla circolazione delle idee all’interno di quello che fu il commonwealth bizantino ed all’individuazione di quanto sia rimasto di tutto ciò all’interno della dottrina bogomila. Il lavoro è suddiviso in tre capitoli, preceduti dalla bibliografia e seguiti da un indice analitico dei nomi di persona e luogo. Il primo capitolo prende in esame le fonti sul bogomilismo, il tempo ed il luogo in cui si è manifestato e la sua evoluzione. Il secondo analizza la dottrina bogomila, i suoi possibili contatti con le dottrine iraniche ed i possibili canali di trasmissione delle idee. Il terzo capitolo è costituito da una serie di racconti popoloari bulgari di matrice dualistica e da testi antico slavi usati dai bogomili. La maggior parte di questi testi viene presentata per la prima volta qui in traduzione italiana.

The rupture process of recent tsunamigenic earthquakes by geophysical data inversion

Subduction zones are the favorite places to generate tsunamigenic earthquakes, where friction between oceanic and continental plates causes the occurrence of a strong seismicity. The topics and the methodologies discussed in this thesis are focussed to the understanding of the rupture process of the seismic sources of great earthquakes that generate tsunamis. The tsunamigenesis is controlled by several kinematical characteristic of the parent earthquake, as the focal mechanism, the depth of the rupture, the slip distribution along the fault area and by the mechanical properties of the source zone. Each of these factors plays a fundamental role in the tsunami generation. Therefore, inferring the source parameters of tsunamigenic earthquakes is crucial to understand the generation of the consequent tsunami and so to mitigate the risk along the coasts. The typical way to proceed when we want to gather information regarding the source process is to have recourse to the inversion of geophysical data that are available. Tsunami data, moreover, are useful to constrain the portion of the fault area that extends offshore, generally close to the trench that, on the contrary, other kinds of data are not able to constrain. In this thesis I have discussed the rupture process of some recent tsunamigenic events, as inferred by means of an inverse method. I have presented the 2003 Tokachi-Oki (Japan) earthquake (Mw 8.1). In this study the slip distribution on the fault has been inferred by inverting tsunami waveform, GPS, and bottom-pressure data. The joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data has revealed a much better constrain for the slip distribution on the fault rather than the separate inversions of single datasets. Then we have studied the earthquake occurred on 2007 in southern Sumatra (Mw 8.4). By inverting several tsunami waveforms, both in the near and in the far field, we have determined the slip distribution and the mean rupture velocity along the causative fault. Since the largest patch of slip was concentrated on the deepest part of the fault, this is the likely reason for the small tsunami waves that followed the earthquake, pointing out how much the depth of the rupture plays a crucial role in controlling the tsunamigenesis. Finally, we have presented a new rupture model for the great 2004 Sumatra earthquake (Mw 9.2). We have performed the joint inversion of tsunami waveform, GPS and satellite altimetry data, to infer the slip distribution, the slip direction, and the rupture velocity on the fault. Furthermore, in this work we have presented a novel method to estimate, in a self-consistent way, the average rigidity of the source zone. The estimation of the source zone rigidity is important since it may play a significant role in the tsunami generation and, particularly for slow earthquakes, a low rigidity value is sometimes necessary to explain how a relatively low seismic moment earthquake may generate significant tsunamis; this latter point may be relevant for explaining the mechanics of the tsunami earthquakes, one of the open issues in present day seismology. The investigation of these tsunamigenic earthquakes has underlined the importance to use a joint inversion of different geophysical data to determine the rupture characteristics. The results shown here have important implications for the implementation of new tsunami warning systems – particularly in the near-field – the improvement of the current ones, and furthermore for the planning of the inundation maps for tsunami-hazard assessment along the coastal area.

Maremoti in bacini limitati

The work of my thesis is focused on the impact of tsunami waves in limited basins. By limited basins I mean here those basins capable of modifying significantly the tsunami signal with respect to the surrounding open sea. Based on this definition, we consider limited basins not only harbours but also straits, channels, seamounts and oceanic shelves. I have considered two different examples, one dealing with the Seychelles Island platform in the Indian Ocean, the second focussing on the Messina Strait and the harbour of the Messina city itself (Italy). The Seychelles platform is differentiated at bathymetric level from the surrounding ocean, with rapid changes from 2 km to 70 meters over short horizontal distances. The study of the platform response to the tsunami propagation is based on the simulation of the mega-event occurred on 26 December 2004. Based on a hypothesis for the earthquake causative fault, the ensuing tsunami has been numerically simulated. I analysed synthetic tide gauge records at several virtual tide gauges aligned along the direction going from the source to the platform. A substantial uniformity of tsunami signals in all calculated open ocean tide-gauge records is observed, while the signals calculated in two points of the Seychelles platform show different features both in terms of amplitude and period of the perturbation. To better understand the content in frequency of different calculated marigrams, a spectral analysis was carried out. In particular the ratio between the calculated tide-gauge records spectrum on the platform and the average tide-gauge records in the open ocean was considered. The main result is that, while in the average spectrum in the open ocean the fundamental peak is related to the source, the platform introduces further peaks linked both to the bathymetric configuration and to coastal geometry. The Messina Strait represents an interesting case because it consists in a sort of a channel open both in the north and in the south and furthermore contains the limited basin of the Messina harbour. In this case the study has been carried out in a different way with respect to the Seychelles case. The basin was forced along a boundary of the computational domain with sinusoidal functions having different periods within the typical tsunami frequencies. The tsunami has been simulated numerically and in particular the tide-gauge records were calculated for every forcing function in different points both externally and internally of the channel and of the Messina harbour. Apart from the tide-gauge records in the source region that almost immediately reach stationarity, all the computed signals in the channel and in the Messina harbour present a transient variable amplitude followed by a stationary part. Based exclusively on this last part, I calculated the amplification curves for each site. I found that the maximum amplification is obtained for forcing periods of approximately 10 minutes.