Un sistema di monitoring SLA a livello applicativo

In questo lavoro si vuole studiare il problema del monitoring di quei parametri del SLA che riguardano aspetti definiti a livello applicativo, nei contesti dell’erogazione di servizi business-to-business.

Modellazione multibody di veicoli ferroviari: sviluppo ed implementazione di modelli innovativi per l'analisi del contatto ruota - rotaia

The wheel - rail contact analysis plays a fundamental role in the multibody modeling of railway vehicles. A good contact model must provide an accurate description of the global contact phenomena (contact forces and torques, number and position of the contact points) and of the local contact phenomena (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements). The model has also to assure high numerical efficiency (in order to be implemented directly online within multibody models) and a good compatibility with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The wheel - rail contact problem has been discussed by several authors and many models can be found in the literature. The contact models can be subdivided into two different categories: the global models and the local (or differential) models. Currently, as regards the global models, the main approaches to the problem are the so - called rigid contact formulation and the semi – elastic contact description. The rigid approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. The contact is imposed by means of constraint equations and the contact points are detected during the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear algebraic differential equations associated to the constrained multibody system. Indentation between the bodies is not permitted and the normal contact forces are calculated through the Lagrange multipliers. Finally the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces respectively. Also the semi - elastic approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. However in this case no kinematic constraints are imposed and the indentation between the bodies is permitted. The contact points are detected by means of approximated procedures (based on look - up tables and simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry). The normal contact forces are calculated as a function of the indentation while, as in the rigid approach, the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces. Both the described multibody approaches are computationally very efficient but their generality and accuracy turn out to be often insufficient because the physical hypotheses behind these theories are too restrictive and, in many circumstances, unverified. In order to obtain a complete description of the contact phenomena, local (or differential) contact models are needed. In other words wheel and rail have to be considered elastic bodies governed by the Navier’s equations and the contact has to be described by suitable analytical contact conditions. The contact between elastic bodies has been widely studied in literature both in the general case and in the rolling case. Many procedures based on variational inequalities, FEM techniques and convex optimization have been developed. This kind of approach assures high generality and accuracy but still needs very large computational costs and memory consumption. Due to the high computational load and memory consumption, referring to the current state of the art, the integration between multibody and differential modeling is almost absent in literature especially in the railway field. However this integration is very important because only the differential modeling allows an accurate analysis of the contact problem (in terms of contact forces and torques, position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) while the multibody modeling is the standard in the study of the railway dynamics. In this thesis some innovative wheel – rail contact models developed during the Ph. D. activity will be described. Concerning the global models, two new models belonging to the semi – elastic approach will be presented; the models satisfy the following specifics: 1) the models have to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the models have to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the models have to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the models have to evaluate the number and the position of the contact points and, for each point, the contact forces and torques 4) the models have to be implementable directly online within the multibody models without look - up tables 5) the models have to assure computation times comparable with those of commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail) and compatible with RT and HIL applications 6) the models have to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The most innovative aspect of the new global contact models regards the detection of the contact points. In particular both the models aim to reduce the algebraic problem dimension by means of suitable analytical techniques. This kind of reduction allows to obtain an high numerical efficiency that makes possible the online implementation of the new procedure and the achievement of performance comparable with those of commercial multibody software. At the same time the analytical approach assures high accuracy and generality. Concerning the local (or differential) contact models, one new model satisfying the following specifics will be presented: 1) the model has to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the model has to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the model has to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the model has to able to calculate both the global contact variables (contact forces and torques) and the local contact variables (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) 4) the model has to be implementable directly online within the multibody models 5) the model has to assure high numerical efficiency and a reduced memory consumption in order to achieve a good integration between multibody and differential modeling (the base for the local contact models) 6) the model has to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). In this case the most innovative aspects of the new local contact model regard the contact modeling (by means of suitable analytical conditions) and the implementation of the numerical algorithms needed to solve the discrete problem arising from the discretization of the original continuum problem. Moreover, during the development of the local model, the achievement of a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency turned out to be very important to obtain a good integration between multibody and differential modeling. At this point the contact models has been inserted within a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle to obtain a complete model of the wagon. The railway vehicle chosen as benchmark is the Manchester Wagon the physical and geometrical characteristics of which are easily available in the literature. The model of the whole railway vehicle (multibody model and contact model) has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The multibody model has been implemented in SimMechanics, a Matlab toolbox specifically designed for multibody dynamics, while, as regards the contact models, the CS – functions have been used; this particular Matlab architecture allows to efficiently connect the Matlab/Simulink and the C/C++ environment. The 3D multibody model of the same vehicle (this time equipped with a standard contact model based on the semi - elastic approach) has been then implemented also in Simpack Rail, a commercial multibody software for railway vehicles widely tested and validated. Finally numerical simulations of the vehicle dynamics have been carried out on many different railway tracks with the aim of evaluating the performances of the whole model. The comparison between the results obtained by the Matlab/ Simulink model and those obtained by the Simpack Rail model has allowed an accurate and reliable validation of the new contact models. In conclusion to this brief introduction to my Ph. D. thesis, we would like to thank Trenitalia and the Regione Toscana for the support provided during all the Ph. D. activity. Moreover we would also like to thank the INTEC GmbH, the society the develops the software Simpack Rail, with which we are currently working together to develop innovative toolboxes specifically designed for the wheel rail contact analysis.

Progetto e realizzazione di un sistema di augment browsing per l'accessibilità del Web

Questo documento di tesi descrive il progetto e l'implementazione di un sistema di augment browsing per migliorare l'accessibilità delle pagine Web attraverso l'adattamento e la transcodifica dei contenuti.

I rifiuti da apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (RAEE) - Aspetti tecnico-gestionali e ambientali

I RAEE (Rifiuti da Apparecchiature Elettriche ed Elettroniche) costituiscono un problema prioritario a livello europeo per quanto riguarda la loro raccolta, stoccaggio, trattamento, recupero e smaltimento, essenzialmente per i seguenti tre motivi: Il primo riguarda le sostanze pericolose contenute nei RAEE. Tali sostanze, nel caso non siano trattate in modo opportuno, possono provocare danni alla salute dell’uomo e all’ambiente. Il secondo è relativo alla vertiginosa crescita relativa al volume di RAEE prodotti annualmente. La crescita è dovuta alla continua e inesorabile commercializzazione di prodotti elettronici nuovi (è sufficiente pensare alle televisioni, ai cellulari, ai computer, …) e con caratteristiche performanti sempre migliori oltre all’accorciamento del ciclo di vita di queste apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (che sempre più spesso vengono sostituiti non a causa del loro malfunzionamento, ma per il limitato livello di performance garantito). Il terzo (ed ultimo) motivo è legato all’ambito economico in quanto, un corretto trattamento dei RAEE, può portare al recupero di materie prime secondarie (alluminio, ferro, acciaio, plastiche, …) da utilizzare per la realizzazione di nuove apparecchiature. Queste materie prime secondarie possono anche essere vendute generando profitti considerevoli in ragione del valore di mercato di esse che risulta essere in costante crescita. Questo meccanismo ha portato a sviluppare un vasto quadro normativo che regolamenta tutto l’ambito dei RAEE dalla raccolta fino al recupero di materiali o al loro smaltimento in discarica. È importante inoltre sottolineare come lo smaltimento in discarica sia da considerarsi come una sorta di ‘ultima spiaggia’, in quanto è una pratica piuttosto inquinante. Per soddisfare le richieste della direttiva l’obiettivo dev’essere quello di commercializzare prodotti che garantiscano un minor impatto ambientale concentrandosi sul processo produttivo, sull’utilizzo di materiali ‘environmentally friendly’ e sulla gestione consona del fine vita. La Direttiva a livello europeo (emanata nel 2002) ha imposto ai Paesi la raccolta differenziata dei RAEE e ha definito anche un obiettivo di raccolta per tutti i suoi Stati Membri, ovvero 4 kg di RAEE raccolti annualmente da ogni abitante. Come riportato di seguito diversi paesi hanno raggiunto l’obiettivo sopra menzionato (l’Italia vi è riuscita nel 2010), ma esistono anche casi di paesi che devono necessariamente migliorare il proprio sistema di raccolta e gestione dei RAEE. Più precisamente in Italia la gestione dei RAEE è regolamentata dal Decreto Legislativo 151/2005 discusso approfonditamente in seguito ed entrato in funzione a partire dal 1° Gennaio 2008. Il sistema italiano è basato sulla ‘multi consortilità’, ovvero esistono diversi Sistemi Collettivi che sono responsabili della gestione dei RAEE per conto dei produttori che aderiscono ad essi. Un altro punto chiave è la responsabilità dei produttori, che si devono impegnare a realizzare prodotti durevoli e che possano essere recuperati o riciclati facilmente. I produttori sono coordinati dal Centro di Coordinamento RAEE (CDC RAEE) che applica e fa rispettare le regole in modo da rendere uniforme la gestione dei RAEE su tutto il territorio italiano. Il documento che segue sarà strutturato in quattro parti. La prima parte è relativa all’inquadramento normativo della tematica dei RAEE sia a livello europeo (con l’analisi della direttiva ROHS 2 sulle sostanze pericolose contenute nei RAEE e la Direttiva RAEE), sia a livello italiano (con un’ampia discussione sul Decreto Legislativo 151/2005 e Accordi di Programma realizzati fra i soggetti coinvolti). La seconda parte tratta invece il sistema di gestione dei RAEE descrivendo tutte le fasi principali come la raccolta, il trasporto e raggruppamento, il trattamento preliminare, lo smontaggio, il riciclaggio e il recupero, il ricondizionamento, il reimpiego e la riparazione. La terza definisce una panoramica delle principali metodologie di smaltimento dei 5 raggruppamenti di RAEE (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5). La quarta ed ultima parte riporta i risultati a livello italiano, europeo ed extra-europeo nella raccolta dei RAEE, avvalendosi dei report annuali redatti dai principali sistemi di gestione dei vari paesi considerati.

Sorveglianza dell'influenza aviare: studio di un sistema di rilevazione precoce della circolazione virale in popolazioni di volatili selvatici

The emergency of infection by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) subtype H5N1 has focused the attention of the world scientific community, requiring the prompt provision of effective control systems for early detection of the circulation of low pathogenic influenza H5 viruses (LPAI) in populations of wild birds to prevent outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HPAI) in populations of domestic birds with possible transmission to humans. The project stems from the aim to provide, through a preliminary analysis of data obtained from surveillance in Italy and Europe, a preliminary study about the virus detection rates and the development of mathematical models, an objective assessment of the effectiveness of avian influenza surveillance systems in wild bird populations, and to point out guidelines to support the planning process of the sampling activities. The results obtained from the statistical processing quantify the sampling effort in terms of time and sample size required, and simulating different epidemiological scenarios identify active surveillance as the most suitable for endemic LPAI infection monitoring in wild waterfowl, and passive surveillance as the only really effective tool in early detecting HPAI H5N1 circulation in wild populations. Given the lack of relevant information on H5N1 epidemiology, and the actual finantial and logistic constraints, an approach that makes use of statistical tools to evaluate and predict monitoring activities effectiveness proves to be of primary importance to direct decision-making and make the best use of available resources.