Effets des pratiques sylvicoles sur les traits fonctionnels des communautés végétales de friches arbustives

Différents modes de réhabilitation forestière des sites agricoles abandonnés peuvent affecter la diversité végétale des sites. L’analyse des traits fonctionnels des plantes pourrait permettre de révéler l’effet des différentes pratiques sylvicoles suggérées. L’étude porte sur deux communautés de friches arbustives ayant reçu la plantation de trois espèces d’arbres feuillus. La préparation des sites par un débroussaillement total ou par bande, combinés ou non d’herbicide offre l’occasion de mesurer l’effet de ces traitements sur la distribution des traits fonctionnels des communautés végétales après onze ans. Les résultats d’une analyse du 4e coin montrent un effet des traitements sur les traits fonctionnels des communautés et ce, davantage sur le site où la transmission de la lumière est supérieure. Un débroussaillement par bande permet un recul successionnel moins grand que total, avec la présence de plusieurs traits fonctionnels liés aux espèces de fin de succession tels que les phanérophytes et les espèces à semences de plus grande taille Un débroussaillement total résulte plutôt en une présence accrue des espèces exogènes et des intolérantes à la lumière. L’application d’herbicide influence peu la distribution des traits mais augmente la croissance du noyer noir lors de débroussaillement total et dans une moindre mesure lors de débroussaillement en bande. Le peu de différenciation significative de survie et de croissance en hauteur des arbres entre les traitements permet de proposer un débroussaillement par bande plutôt que total, afin de diminuer le recul successionnel, tout en nécessitant un moins grand recours à l’herbicide.

Marketing Channels in Ornamental Fish Trade in West Bengal

A lucrative export market and high domestic demand has made ornamental fish industry in West Bengal a potential source for income generation. The study aimed to identify: (i) the commercially important size groups of main ornamental fish varieties available in the state; (ii) the existing supply chain; (iii) major constraints for development of the industry; (iv) and to anlayse price spread of commercially important varieties; and (v) to evaluate the profitability of operation at different stakeholder levels in the marketing chain. Export market of ornamental fishes in the state followed a single supply channel while three different distribution channels existed in the domestic market. High electricity charges was the major problem faced by breeders (producers/rearers) whereas lack of technical knowledge regarding transportation was the major constraint for wholesalers. Lack of knowledge on proper health management inhibited the growth of retail industry. The fresh water catfish, angel, molly, arowana, gold fish, tetras, and gouramis showed comparatively higher breeders’ share in consumers’ rupee. Wholesalers were earning comparatively higher annual profit than the other stakeholders due to moderate initial investment and also due to the comparatively lower risk involved.

Length-weight relationship, relative condition factor (Kn) and morphometry of Arius subrostratus (Valenciennes, 1840) from a coastal wetland in Kerala

The length – weight relationship and relative condition factor of the shovel nose catfish, Arius subrostratus (Valenciennes, 1840) from Champakkara backwater were studied by examination of 392 specimens collected during June to September 2008. These fishes ranged from 6 to 29 cm in total length and 5.6 to 218 g in weight. The relation between the total length and weight of Arius subrostratus is described as Log W = -1.530+2.6224 log L for males, Log W = - 2.131 + 3.0914 log L for females and Log W = - 1.742 + 2.8067 log L for sexes combined. The mean relative condition factor (Kn) values ranged from 0.75 to 1.07 for males, 0.944 to 1.407 for females and 0.96 to 1.196 for combined sexes. The length-weight relationship and relative condition factor showed that the well-being of A. subrostratus is good. The morphometric measurements of various body parts and meristic counts were recorded. The morphometric measurements were found to be non-linear and there is no significant difference observed between the two sexes. From the present investigation, the fin formula can be written as D: I, 7; P: I, 12; A: 17 – 20; C: 26 – 32. There is no change in meristic counts with the increase in body length.

Bestimmung der magnetischen Streufeldstärke von künstlichen magnetischen Domänen austauschverschobener Dünnschichtsysteme und deren Einfluss auf die Selbstassemblierung organischer Moleküle

Die lokale Anlagerung molekularer Substanzen auf Oberflächen ist technologisch von großem Interesse. Die Beeinflussung selbstassemblierender Materialien bietet dabei große Vorteile, da sie kostengünstig und großflächig angewendet werden kann. Untersuchungen einer solchen Beeinflussung mithilfe von magnetischen Feldern wurden bisher jedoch noch nicht durchgeführt. Ursache hierfür ist das, insbesondere bei der Verwendung von diamagnetischen Substanzen, geringe induzierte magnetische Moment und die daraus resultierenden geringen magnetischen Kräfte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob es möglich ist, die lokale Anlagerung von selbstassemblierenden, diamagnetischen Substanzen durch die Verwendung von magnetischen Streufeldern zu beeinflussen und somit ein Schichtwachstum bevorzugt in gewünschten Bereichen eines Substrats zu erreichen. Es wurde ein austauschverschobenes Dünnschichtsystem über das Verfahren der ionenbeschuss-induzierten magnetischen Strukturierung mit einem künstlichen Domänenmuster in streifenförmiger Anordnung im Mikrometermaßstab erzeugt. Über experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden die aus diesem Schichtsystem austretenden magnetischen Streufelder erstmals quantifiziert. Die experimentell unvermeidbaren Mittelungen und technischen Limitierungen wurden mithilfe eines theoretischen Modells herausgerechnet, sodass letztlich die resultierende Magnetfeldlandschaft in allen drei Dimensionen über der Probenoberfläche erhalten wurde. Durch die Bestimmung der magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten der hier verwendeten thioethersubstituierten Subphthalocyanin-Derivate konnte somit die Berechnung der induzierten magnetischen Kräfte erfolgen, deren Vergleich mit Literaturwerten eine erfolgreiche Beeinflussung der Anlagerung dieser Substanzen erhoffen ließ. Aufgrund der Kombination diverser, anspruchsvoller Nachweisverfahren konnte der experimentelle Beweis für die erfolgreiche Positionierung der molekularen Substanzen durch die magnetischen Streufelder des Dünnschichtsystems erbracht werden. Zunächst wurde nachgewiesen, dass sich die Subphthalocyanin-Derivate auf der Probenoberfläche befinden und in einer mit der Periode der magnetischen Domänenstruktur korrelierenden Geometrie anlagern. Über Untersuchungen an Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen konnte die magnetische Streifenstruktur mit der Struktur der angelagerten Moleküle überlagert werden, sodass bekannt wurde, dass sich die Moleküle bevorzugt in den magnetisch begünstigten Bereichen anlagern. Um mögliche Einflüsse einer eventuell durch den magnetischen Strukturierungsprozess lokal modifizierten Substratoberfläche als Ursache für die lokale Molekülanlagerung ausschließen zu können, wurden zusätzliche Referenzmessungen durchgeführt. Alle Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Molekülpositionierung auf der Wechselwirkung der diamagnetischen Substanzen mit den Streufeldern des Substrats zurückzuführen ist. Der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Mechanismus der magnetischen Beeinflussung der lokalen Molekülanlagerung besagt dabei, dass insbesondere die Oberflächendiffusion der selbstassemblierenden Substanz durch die in-plane-Magnetfeldkomponente beeinflusst wird und vermutlich die Nukleationsphase der Selbstassemblierung entscheidend für die lokale Materialabscheidung ist. Es konnte in dieser Arbeit somit gezeigt werden, dass eine Beeinflussung der Selbstassemblierung von diamagnetischen Subphthalocyanin-Derivaten und somit eine lokal bevorzugte Anlagerung dieser Substanzen durch magnetische Streufelder von magnetisch strukturierten austauschverschobenen Dünnschichtsystemen erreicht werden kann. Es resultiert somit eine neue Möglichkeit die technologisch wichtigen Selbstassemblierungsprozesse nun auch über magnetische Streufelder beeinflussen und kontrollieren zu können. Durch die hohe Flexibilität bei den Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten der magnetischen Domänengeometrien der hier verwendeten austauschverschobenen Dünnschichtsysteme resultieren aus den hier gezeigten Ergebnissen vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der Beschichtungstechnik.

Ecology of an invasive fish (Silurus glanis) in Catalan reservoirs

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és aportar les primeres dades sobre l'ecologia del silur (Silurus glanis) introduït a la Península Ibèrica i estimar els seu impacte ecològic sobre la biota nativa. Es van mostrejar les comunitats de peixos de 14 embassaments catalans. El silur es troba actualment introduït a quatre conques Ibèriques: a la de l'Ebre fa uns 30 anys, a les del Ter i Tajo fa uns pocs anys i recentment al Llobregat. Hem demostrat la utilitat de comparar estadis d'invasió recents i avançats per mirar d'entendre els canvis ecològics causats per espècies invasores: les introduccions recents presenten silurs més joves, de menor mida i amb taxes de creixement superiors a les de les poblacions introduïdes anteriorment i també respecte les poblacions natives; a més, depreden majoritàriament sobre peixos, en contra de les poblacions més antigues que s'alimenten sobretot de cranc. Finalment, aportem les primeres dades publicades de telemetria del silur.

Coassembly in binary mixtures of peptide amphiphiles containing oppositely charged residues

The self-assembly in water of designed peptide amphiphile (PA) C16-ETTES containing two anionic residues and its mixtures with C16-KTTKS containing two cationic residues has been investigated. Multiple spectroscopy, microscopy, and scattering techniques are used to examine ordering extending from the β-sheet structures up to the fibrillar aggregate structure. The peptide amphiphiles both comprise a hexadecyl alkyl chain and a charged pentapeptide headgroup containing two charged residues. For C16-ETTES, the critical aggregation concentration was determined by fluorescence experiments. FTIR and CD spectroscopy were used to examine β-sheet formation. TEM revealed highly extended tape nanostructures with some striped regions corresponding to bilayer structures viewed edge-on. Small-angle X-ray scattering showed a main 5.3 nm bilayer spacing along with a 3 nm spacing. These spacings are assigned respectively to predominant hydrated bilayers and a fraction of dehydrated bilayers. Signs of cooperative self-assembly are observed in the mixtures, including reduced bundling of peptide amphiphile aggregates (extended tape structures) and enhanced β-sheet formation.

Myxobolus cordeiroi n. sp., a parasite of Zungaro jahu (Siluriformes: Pimelodiade) from Brazilian Pantanal: Morphology, phylogeny and histopathology

This work is part of an ongoing investigation into the characteristics of Myxozoan parasites of freshwater fish in Brazil and was carried out using morphology, histopathology and molecular analysis. A new Myxosporea species (Myxobolus cordeiroi) is described infecting the jau catfish (Zungaro jahu). Fifty jau specimens were examined and 78% exhibited plasmodia of the parasite. The plasmodia were white and round, measuring 0.3-2.0 mm in diameter and the development occurred in the gill arch, skin, serosa of the body cavity, urinary bladder and eye. The spores had an oval body and the spore wall was smooth. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene resulted in a total of 505 bp and the alignment of the sequences obtained from samples in different organs revealed 100% identity. In the phylogenetic analysis, the Myxobolus species clustered into two clades-one primarily parasites of freshwater fish and the other primarily parasites of marine fish. M. cordeiroi n. sp. was clustered in a basal position in the freshwater fish species clade. The histological analysis revealed the parasite in the connective tissue of the different infected sites, thereby exhibiting affinity to this tissue. The plasmodium was surrounded by an outer collagen capsule of fibers with distinct orientation from the adjacent connective tissue and an inner layer composed of delicate collagen fibrils-more precisely reticular fibers. The development of the parasite in the cornea and urinary bladder caused considerable stretching of the epithelium. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Host-parasite-environment relationship, morphology and molecular analyses of Henneguya eirasi n. sp parasite of two wild Pseudoplatystoma spp. in Pantanal Wetland, Brazil

A new myxosporean species, Henneguya eirasi n. sp., is described parasitizing the gill filaments of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) caught in the Patanal Wetland of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The parasite formed white, elongated plasmodia measuring up to 3 mm. Mature spores were ellipsoidal in the frontal view, measuring 37.1 +/- 1.8 mu m in total length, 12.9 +/- 0.8 mu m in body length, 3.4 +/- 0.3 mu m in width, 3.1 +/- 0.1 mu m in thickness and 24.6 +/- 2.2 mu m in the caudal process. Polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 5.4 +/- 0.5 mu m in length and 0.7 +/- 0.1 mu m in width. Polar filaments had 12-13 coils. Histopathological analysis revealed that the parasite developed in the sub-epithelial connective tissue of the gill filaments and the plasmodia were surrounded by a capsule of host connective tissue. The plasmodia caused slight compression of the adjacent tissues, but no inflammatory response was observed in the infection site. Ultrastructure analysis revealed a single plasmodial wall connected to the ectoplasmic zone through numerous pinocytotic canals. The plasmodial wall exhibited numerous projections and slightly electron-dense material was found in the ectoplasm next to the plasmodial wall, forming a line just below the wall. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of H. eirasi n. sp. obtained from P. fasciatum resulted in a total of 1066 bp and this sequence did not match any of the Myxozoa available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the Henneguya species clustering into clades following the order and family of the host fishes. H. eirasi n. sp. clustered alone in one clade, which was the basal unit for the clade composed of Henneguya species parasites of siluriform ictalurids. The prevalence of the parasite was 17.1% in both fish species examined. Parasite prevalence was not influenced by season, host sex or host size. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yepez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray, family Potamotrygonidae, is described from the Rio Nanay in the upper Rio Amazonas basin of Peru. Potamotrygon tigrina, n. sp., is easily distinguished from all congeners by its conspicuous dorsal disc coloration, composed of bright yellow to orange vermiculations strongly interwoven with a dark-brown to deep-black background. Additional features that in combination diagnose P. tigrina, n. sp., include the presence of a single angular cartilage, low and not closely grouped dorsal tail spines, and coloration of tail composed of relatively wide and alternating bands of creamy white and dark brown to black. Potamotrygon tigrina is closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yepez, 1958, which occurs in the Rio Negro (Brazil) and Rio Orinoco (Venezuela, Colombia). Both species are very similar in proportions and counts, and share features hypothesized to be derived within Potamotrygonidae, related to their specific angular cartilage morphology, distal tail color, dorsal tail-spine pattern, and ventral lateral-line system. To further substantiate the description of P. tigrina, n. sp., we provide a redescription of P. schroederi based on material from the Rio Negro (Brazil) and Rio Orinoco (Venezuela). Specimens from the two basins differ in number of vertebral centra and slightly in size and frequency of rosettes on dorsal disc, distinctions that presently do not warrant their specific separation. Potamotrygon tigrina is frequently commercialized in the international aquarium trade but virtually nothing is known of its biology or conservation status.

Two new species of Loricariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from main channels of the upper and middle Amazon Basin, with discussion of deep water specialization in loricariids

Hemiancistrus pankimpuju, new species, and Panaque bathyphilus, new species, are described from the main channel of the upper (Maranon) and middle (Solimoes)Amazon River, respectively. Both species are diagnosed by having a nearly white body, long filamentous extensions of both simple caudal-fin rays, small eyes, absence of an iris operculum and unique combinations of morphometrics. The coloration and morphology of these species, unique within Loricariidae, are hypothesized to be apomorphies associated with life in the dark, turbid depths of the Amazon mainstem. Extreme elongation of the caudal filaments in these and a variety of other main channel catfishes is hypothesized to have a mechanosensory function associated with predator detection.

New species of Harttia (Loricariidae, Loricariinae) from the Rio Sao Francisco Basin

A new species of the mailed catfish genus Harttia is described from the Sao Francisco River drainage, States of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of an abdominal region covered by small bony plates; plates 3-4 times in eye diameter; interorbital width 3.1-4.0 in head length and greater than eye diameter; body width at anal fin origin 6.3-8.3 in standard length; margins of the head and pectoral fin spine of mature males with elongate and conspicuous odontodes; anal fin of males longer than of females. A key to Harttia species and a comparison with other species are provided.

Metacromasia para identificação de basófilos sanguíneos em surubim híbrido: contribuição metodológica

Padua S.B. & Ishikawa M.M. [Metachromasia for blood basophils identification in hybrid surubim catfish: methodological contribution]. Metacromasia para identificacao de basofilos sanguineos em surubim hibrido: contribuicao metodologica. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 33(3):147-150, 2011. Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp/Jaboticabal Rod. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Bairro Rural, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, SP. Brasil. E-mail: santiagopadua@live.comDifferent protocols of fixation and hydrolysis of blood smears of hybrid surubim catfish for metachromasia to marking blood basophils were evaluated. For this reason, methanol, acid-alcohol and formalin vapor were tested as fixatives. For hydrolysis of blood smears, HCl, citric acid and 2-Mercaptoethanol + Urea + NaCl solutions was evaluated. After procedures, the blood smears was stained with toluidine blue (0.025%) diluted in McIlvaine buffer (pH 4). The different protocols for fixation and hydrolysis of blood smears for metachromasia influenced the quality of the reaction. Hydrolysis with 2-Mercaptoethanol + Urea + NaCl solutions provided negative results when using methanol and acid-alcohol as fixatives. The fixation with acid-alcohol associated with citric acid hydrolysis provides highest quality reason.

Identificação morfológica de organismos semelhantes à anaplasmataceae em monócitos de surubim híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x P. corruscans) – relato de caso

The aim of this study was to report the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae-like organisms in monocytes from the hybrid surubim catfish. During the hematological evaluation of fish infected by Pseudomonas sp. in a fish farm located in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul we observed into the monocytes the presence of numerous pleomorphic inclusions of various sizes, rough in appearance which presented basophilic staining. These inclusions were similar to elementary bodies, initial bodies and morule of the bacteria from Anaplasmataceae family, often diagnosed in domestic mammals. This is the first report of its occurrence possibly belonging to the family of Anaplasmataceae in cultured fish in Brazil. Additional studies are necessary for molecular characterization of this bacteria, pathogenic potential, life cycle and impact on the intensive production of fish.

Eugenol como anestésico para jundiá (Rhamdia voulezi) em diferentes pesos

The study aimed to find the better concentration of eugenol for anesthesia of silver catfish (Rhamdia voulezi) with different weights. Were used 240 catfish distributed in randomized blocks in factorial scheme (5x4) total 20 treatments, in others words, five different weights: 32,5; 75; 150; 300 e 450g and four eugenol concentrations: 50, 75, 100 e 125 mg.l(-1). For each treatment were used 12 fish randomly chosen and exposed individually for each concentration. After of anesthesia the fish were transferred for net-cage with 0,7m(3), being fed and observed by 96 hours for monitoring of mortality. The eugenol was efficient for anesthesia in silver catfish all concentrations and weights and after of 96 hours no mortality have been verified. At these experimental conditions the best concentration of eugenol for anesthetic inducing and recuperation of silver catfish with weight varying from 32,5 and 450 g is 50 mg.l(-1).

Maturidade do ovário no cascudo Hypostomus strigaticeps (Siluriformes, Loriicaridae)

This work studied the ovarian development of the armored catfish Hypostomus strigaticeps. Between July 2002 and June 2005, 332 females were collected monthly from the Corumbatai River, São Paulo State [long dash] Brazil. The ovaries were processed using routine histological techniques [long dash] paraffin inclusion and 5 pm thick sections stained in hematoxylin-cosin. Six types of oocytes were observed: Chromatin-nucleolus, Perinncleolar, Cortical-alveolus, Vitellogenic, Ripe and Atresic. Four maturity stages were created based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological observations, as well as on analysis of the gonadossomatic index (GSI): Rest, Maturation, Ripe and Spawned.