Multiple tree-ring proxies (earlywood width, latewood width and δ13C) from pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), Hungary

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of climatic factors (i.e. monthly mean temperature and total precipitation) on radial growth (earlywood width, latewood width, and total ringwidth) and on latewood stable carbon isotope composition in a pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L) stand in northeastern Hungary. Earlywood widths showed the weakest common variance and lack of statistically significant relationship to monthly precipitation and temperature. Latewood width showed the strongest common chronological signal. Correlation analysis with the monthly climate series pointed out the strongest positive/negative correlation with June precipitation for latewood width/stable carbon isotope ratio. These parameters shared the strongest climatic response also for seasonal scale since the highest correlation coefficients, 0.49 and -0.62 for latewood width and stable carbon isotope ratio, respectively, were obtained for both with a 10-month precipitation total (from previous November to current August of the growing season). A combined parameter, derived as difference between latewood width and stable carbon isotope indices showed improved statistical relationship compared to the hydroclimatic calibration target both for local and regional spatial scales. Spatial correlation analysis indicated that the hydroclimatic signal encoded in these moisture sensitive tree-ring parameters from Bakta Forest is expected to be representative for the northeastern Carpathians and for the large part of the Great Hungarian Plain. In addition, the hydroclimatic signal of latewood width chronology was compared to three independent records. Results showed that neither the strength nor the rank of the similarity of the local hydroclimate signals were stable throughout the past two centuries. Future palaeo(hydro)climatological efforts targeting the Carpathian(-Balkan) region are recommended to track carefully the spatial domains for which a given, local, proxy-derived hydroclimate reconstruction might provide useful information.

Neurovascular disturbances after implant surgery

With a steadily increasing impact of oral implant placement in daily practice, the number of reported surgical complications has also been growing. Recent studies reveal significant variation in the occurrence and morphology of neurovascular canal structures in the jaw bone. All those structures contain a neurovascular bundle, the diameter of which may be large enough to cause clinically significant damage. Therefore, it has become obvious that presurgical radiographic planning of jaw-bone surgery should pay attention to the neurovascular structures and their likely variations, in addition to examining many other factors, such as jaw-bone morphology and volume, bone trabecular structure and the absence of bone or tooth pathology. A critical review is accomplished to explore the potential risks for neurovascular complications after implant placement, with evidence derived from histologic, anatomic, clinical and radiologic studies. In this respect, cross-sectional imaging can often be advocated, as it is obvious that the inherent three-dimensional nature of jaw-bone anatomy may clearly benefit from a detailed spatial image analysis. Although this could initially be realized by conventional computed tomography, in current practice, dentomaxillofacial cone beam computed tomography might be used, as it offers high-quality images at low radiation dose levels and costs.

The diurnal variation in stratospheric ozone from the MACC reanalysis, the ERA-Interim reanalysis, WACCM and Earth observations: characteristics and intercomparison

In this study we compare the diurnal variation in stratospheric ozone derived from free-running simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) and from reanalysis data of the atmospheric service MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) which both use a similar stratospheric chemistry module. We find good agreement between WACCM and the MACC reanalysis for the diurnal ozone variation in the high-latitude summer stratosphere based on photochemistry. In addition, we consult the ozone data product of the ERA-Interim reanalysis. The ERA-Interim reanalysis ozone system with its long-term ozone parametrization can not capture these diurnal variations in the upper stratosphere that are due to photochemistry. The good dynamics representations, however, reflects well dynamically induced ozone variations in the lower stratosphere. For the high-latitude winter stratosphere we describe a novel feature of diurnal variation in ozone where changes of up to 46.6% (3.3 ppmv) occur in monthly mean data. For this effect good agreement between the ERA-Interim reanalysis and the MACC reanalysis suggest quite similar diurnal advection processes of ozone. The free-running WACCM model seriously underestimates the role of diurnal advection processes at the polar vortex at the two tested resolutions. The intercomparison of the MACC reanalysis and the ERA-Interim reanalysis demonstrates how global reanalyses can benefit from a chemical representation held by a chemical transport model. The MACC reanalysis provides an unprecedented description of the dynamics and photochemistry of the diurnal variation of stratospheric ozone which is of high interest for ozone trend analysis and research on atmospheric tides. We confirm the diurnal variation in ozone at 5 hPa by observations of the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) experiment and selected sites of the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The latter give valuable insight even to diurnal variation of ozone in the polar winter stratosphere.

Trends in mean and extreme precipitation in the Mount Kenya region from observations and reanalyses

Land and water management in semi-arid regions requires detailed information on precipitation distribution, including extremes, and changes therein. Such information is often lacking. This paper describes statistics of mean and extreme precipitation in a unique data set from the Mount Kenya region, encompassing around 50 stations with at least 30 years of data. We describe the data set, including quality control procedures and statistical break detection. Trends in mean precipitation and extreme indices calculated from these data for individual rainy seasons are compared with corresponding trends in reanalysis products. From 1979 to 2011, mean precipitation decreased at 75% of the stations during the ‘long rains’ (March to May) and increased at 70% of the stations during the ‘short rains’ (October to December). Corresponding trends are found in the number of heavy precipitation days, and maximum of consecutive 5-day precipitation. Conversely, an increase in consecutive dry days within both main rainy seasons is found. However, trends are only statistically significant in very few cases. Reanalysis data sets agree with observations with respect to interannual variability, while correlations are considerably lower for monthly deviations (ratios) from the mean annual cycle. While some products well reproduce the rainfall climatology and some the spatial trend pattern, no product reproduces both.

Maternal factors, fetal parameters and the risk of shoulder dystocia

Introduction. Shoulder dystocia is a serious complication of vaginal birth, with an incidence ranging from 0.15% to 2.1% of all births. There are approximately 4 million births per year in the United States and shoulder dystocia will be experienced by approximately 20,000 women each year. Although studies have been reported on shoulder dystocia, few studies have addressed both maternal and fetal risk factors. The purpose of this study was to identify maternal and fetal risk factors for shoulder dystocia while proposing factors that could be used to predict impending shoulder dystocia. ^ Material and methods. Articles were reviewed from Medline Pubmed using the search phrase "Risk factors of shoulder dystocia" and Medline Ovid using the search words "Dystocia", "Shoulder" and "Risk factors". Rigorous selection criteria were used to identify articles to be included in the study. Data collected from identified articles were transferred to STATA 10 software for trend analysis of the incidence of shoulder dystocia and the year of publication and a pair wise correlation was also determined between these two variables. ^ Results. Among a total of 343 studies identified, only 20 met our inclusion criteria and were retained for this review. The incidence of shoulder dystocia ranged from 0.07% to 2% and there was no particular trend or correlation between the incidence of shoulder dystocia and year of publication between 1985 and 2007. Pre-gestational and gestational diabetes, postdatism, obesity, birth weight > 4000g and fundal height at last visit > 40cm were identified as major risk factors in our series of studies. ^ Conclusion. Future strategies to predict shoulder dystocia should focus on pre-gestational and gestational diabetes mellitus, postdatism, obesity, birth weight > 4000g and fundal height at last visit > 40cm. ^

Phytoplakton pigment concentrations during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXVIII/3 and SONNE cruise SO218

Diatoms are the major marine primary producers on the global scale and, recently, several methods have been developed to retrieve their abundance or dominance from satellite remote sensing data. In this work, we highlight the importance of the Southern Ocean (SO) in developing a global algorithm for diatom using an Abundance Based Approach (ABA). A large global in situ data set of phytoplankton pigments was compiled, particularly with more samples collected in the SO. We revised the ABA to take account of the information on the penetration depth (Zpd) and to improve the relationship between diatoms and total chlorophyll-a (TChla). The results showed that there is a distinct relationship between diatoms and TChla in the SO, and a new global model (ABAZpd) improved the estimation of diatoms abundance by 28% in the SO compared with the original ABA model. In addition, we developed a regional model for the SO which further improved the retrieval of diatoms by 17% compared with the global ABAZpd model. As a result, we found that diatom may be more abundant in the SO than previously thought. Linear trend analysis of diatom abundance using the regional model for the SO showed that there are statistically significant trends, both increasing and decreasing, in diatom abundance over the past eleven years in the region.

El Grado de Ruralidad del Empleo Agrario Pampeano a Comienzos del Siglo XXI : Un Análisis Espacial

En la región pampeana fue usual que la población con ocupación agraria residiera en el campo. Pero en 2001 menos de la mitad lo hacía.á Aquí se muestra que el Grado de Ruralidad del Empleo Agrario varía mucho a través de la región (del 20 al 80) y se ofrece una explicación de su distribución espacial basada en la influencia de factores mesoeconómicos (urbanización, riqueza de la población agraria y tipos de producción) sobre la transacción de trabajo. La explicación adopta conceptos y métodos de la Nueva Economía Institucional. Se deducen hipótesis específicas luego evaluadas mediante un análisis econométrico espacial

El Grado de Ruralidad del Empleo Agrario Pampeano a Comienzos del Siglo XXI : Un Análisis Espacial

En la región pampeana fue usual que la población con ocupación agraria residiera en el campo. Pero en 2001 menos de la mitad lo hacía.á Aquí se muestra que el Grado de Ruralidad del Empleo Agrario varía mucho a través de la región (del 20 al 80) y se ofrece una explicación de su distribución espacial basada en la influencia de factores mesoeconómicos (urbanización, riqueza de la población agraria y tipos de producción) sobre la transacción de trabajo. La explicación adopta conceptos y métodos de la Nueva Economía Institucional. Se deducen hipótesis específicas luego evaluadas mediante un análisis econométrico espacial

El Grado de Ruralidad del Empleo Agrario Pampeano a Comienzos del Siglo XXI : Un Análisis Espacial

En la región pampeana fue usual que la población con ocupación agraria residiera en el campo. Pero en 2001 menos de la mitad lo hacía.á Aquí se muestra que el Grado de Ruralidad del Empleo Agrario varía mucho a través de la región (del 20 al 80) y se ofrece una explicación de su distribución espacial basada en la influencia de factores mesoeconómicos (urbanización, riqueza de la población agraria y tipos de producción) sobre la transacción de trabajo. La explicación adopta conceptos y métodos de la Nueva Economía Institucional. Se deducen hipótesis específicas luego evaluadas mediante un análisis econométrico espacial

Late Miocene cyclicity and intercore correlations for ODP Sites 127-794 and 127-797

During Leg 127, the formation microscanner (FMS) logging tool was used as part of an Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) logging program for only the second time in the history of the program. Resistivity images, also known as FMS logs, were obtained at Sites 794 and 797 that covered nearly the complete Yamato Basin sedimentary sequence to a depth below 500 mbsf. The FMS images from these two sites at the northeastern and southwestern corners of the Yamato Basin thus were amenable to comparison. A strong visual correlation was noticed between the FMS logs taken in Holes 794B and 797C in an upper Miocene interval (350-384 mbsf), although the two sites are approximately 360 km apart. In this interval, the FMS logs showed a series of more resistive thin beds (10-200 cm) alternating with relatively lower resistivity layers: a pattern that was manifested by alternating dark (low resistivity) and light (high resistivity) banding in the FMS images. We attribute this layering to interbedding of chert and porcellanite layers, a common lithologic sequence throughout Japan (Tada and Iijima, 1983, doi:10.1306/212F82E7-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D). Spatial frequency analysis of this interval of dominant dark-light banding showed spatial cycles of period of 1.1 to 1.3 and 0.6 m. This pronounced layering and the correlation between the two sites terminate at 384 mbsf, coincident with the opal-CT to quartz transition at Site 794. We think the correlation in the FMS logs might well extend earlier in the middle Miocene, but the opal-CT to quartz transition obscures this layering below 384 mbsf. Although 34 m is only a small part of the core recovered at these two sites, it is significant because it represents an area of extremely poor core recovery and an interval for which a near-depositional hiatus was postulated for Site 797, but not for Site 794.

Agglomeration versus Fragmentation:A Comparison of East Asia and Europe

Inspired by the observed contrasting patterns of industrial distribution in East Asia and Europe, this paper conducts an empirical clarification of the difference in spatial relationships among countries within a region for the electric machinery industry by use of spatial econometric analysis. The results indicate that, while production in the electric machinery industry in a country is positively correlated with that of neighboring countries in East Asia, there is no significant spatial correlation in Europe. Such a difference in spatial interdependence has important implications for economic development in those regions.

Desarrollo de un modelo de formación del valor inmobiliario en áreas de crecimiento suburbano. Aplicación a la comarca de la Vega Baja del Segura en el litoral alicantino

Una de las principales líneas de investigación de la economía urbana es el comportamiento del mercado inmobiliario y sus relaciones con la estructura territorial. Dentro de este contexto, la reflexión sobre el significado del valor urbano, y abordar su variabilidad, constituye un tema de especial importancia, dada la relevancia que ha supuesto y supone la actividad inmobiliaria en España. El presente estudio ha planteado como principal objetivo la identificación de aquellos factores, ligados a la localización que explican la formación del valor inmobiliario y justifican su variabilidad. Definir este proceso precisa de una evaluación a escala territorial estableciendo aquellos factores de carácter socioeconómico, medioambiental y urbanístico que estructuran el desarrollo urbano, condicionan la demanda de inmuebles y, por tanto, los procesos de formación de su valor. El análisis se centra en valores inmobiliarios residenciales localizados en áreas litorales donde la presión del sector turístico ha impulsado un amplio. Para ello, el ámbito territorial seleccionado como objeto de estudio se sitúa en la costa mediterránea española, al sur de la provincia de Alicante, la comarca de la Vega Baja del Segura. La zona, con una amplia diversidad ecológica y paisajística, ha mantenido históricamente una clara distinción entre espacio urbano y espacio rural. Esta dicotomía ha cambiado drásticamente en las últimas décadas, experimentándose un fuerte crecimiento demográfico y económico ligado a los sectores turístico e inmobiliario, aspectos que han tenido un claro reflejo en los valores inmobiliarios. Este desarrollo de la comarca es un claro ejemplo de la política expansionista de los mercados de suelo que ha tenido lugar en la costa española en las dos últimas décadas y que derivado en la regeneración de un amplio tejido suburbano. El conocimiento del marco territorial ha posibilitado realizar un análisis de variabilidad espacial mediante un tratamiento masivo de datos, así como un análisis econométrico que determina los factores que se valoran positivamente y negativamente por el potencial comprador. Estas relaciones permiten establecer diferentes estructuras matemáticas basadas en los modelos de precios hedónicos, que permiten identificar rasgos diferenciales en los ámbitos económico, social y espacial y su incidencia en el valor inmobiliario. También se ha sistematizado un proceso de valoración territorial a través del análisis del concepto de vulnerabilidad estructural, entendido como una situación de fragilidad debida a circunstancias tanto sociales como económicas, tanto actual como de tendencia en el futuro. Actualmente, esta estructura de demanda de segunda residencia y servicios ha mostrado su fragilidad y ha bloqueado el desarrollo económico de la zona al caer drásticamente la inversión en el sector inmobiliario por la crisis global de la deuda. El proceso se ha agravado al existir un tejido industrial marginal al que no se ha derivado inversiones importantes y un abandono progresivo de las explotaciones agropecuarias. El modelo turístico no sería en sí mismo la causa del bloqueo del desarrollo económico comarcal, sino la forma en que se ha implantado en la Costa Blanca, con un consumo del territorio basado en el corto plazo, poco respetuoso con aspectos paisajísticos y medioambientales, y sin una organización territorial global. Se observa cómo la vinculación entre índices de vulnerabilidad y valor inmobiliario no es especialmente significativa, lo que denota que las tendencias futuras de fragilidad no han sido incorporadas a la hora de establecer los precios de venta del producto inmobiliario analizado. El valor muestra una clara dependencia del sistema de asentamiento y conservación de las áreas medioambientales y un claro reconocimiento de tipologías propias del medio rural aunque vinculadas al sector turístico. En la actualidad, el continuo descenso de la demanda turística ha provocado una clara modificación en la estructura poblacional y económica. Al incorporar estas modificaciones a los modelos especificados podemos comprobar un verdadero desmoronamiento de los valores. Es posible que el remanente de vivienda construida actualmente vaya dirigido a un potencial comprador que se encuentra en retroceso y que se vincula a unos rasgos territoriales ya no existentes. Encontrar soluciones adaptables a la oferta existente, implica la viabilidad de renovación del sistema poblacional o modificaciones a nivel económico. La búsqueda de respuestas a estas cuestiones señala la necesidad de recanalizar el desarrollo, sin obviar la potencialidad del ámbito. SUMMARY One of the main lines of research regarding the urban economy focuses on the behavior of the real estate market and its relationship to territorial structure. Within this context, one of the most important themes involves considering the significance of urban property value and dealing with its variability, particularly given the significant role of the real estate market in Spain, both in the past and present. The main objective of this study is to identify those factors linked to location, which explain the formation of property values and justify their variability. Defining this process requires carrying out an evaluation on a territorial scale, establishing the socioeconomic, environmental and urban planning factors that constitute urban development and influence the demand for housing, thereby defining the processes by which their value is established. The analysis targets residential real estate values in coastal areas where pressure from the tourism industry has prompted large-scale transformations. Therefore, the focal point of this study is an area known as Vega Baja del Segura, which is located on the Spanish Mediterranean coast in southern Alicante (province). Characterized by its scenic and ecological diversity, this area has historically maintained a clear distinction between urban and rural spaces. This dichotomy has drastically changed in past decades due to the large increase in population attributed to the tourism and real estate markets – factors which have had a direct effect on property values. The development of this area provides a clear example of the expansionary policies which have affected the housing market on the coast of Spain during the past two decades, resulting in a large increase in suburban development. Understanding the territorial framework has made it possible to carry out a spatial variability analysis through massive data processing, as well as an econometric analysis that determines the factors that are evaluated positively and negatively by potential buyers. These relationships enable us to establish different mathematical systems based on hedonic pricing models that facilitate the identification of differential features in the economic, social and spatial spheres, and their impact on property values. Additionally, a process for land valuation was established through an analysis of the concept of structural vulnerability, which is understood to be a fragile situation resulting from either social or economic circumstances. Currently, this demand structure for second homes and services has demonstrated its fragility and has inhibited the area’s economic development as a result of the drastic fall in investment in the real estate market, due to the global debt crisis. This process has been worsened by the existence of a marginal industrial base into which no important investments have been channeled, combined with the progressive abandonment of agricultural and fishing operations. In and of itself, the tourism model did not inhibit the area’s economic development, rather it is the result of the manner in which it was implemented on the Costa Brava, with a land consumption based on the short-term, lacking respect for landscape and environmental aspects and without a comprehensive organization of the territory. It is clear that the link between vulnerability indexes and property values is not particularly significant, thereby indicating that future fragility trends have not been incorporated into the problem in terms of establishing the sale prices of the analyzed real estate product in question. Urban property values are clearly dependent on the system of development and environmental conservation, as well as on a clear recognition of the typologies that characterize rural areas, even those linked to the tourism industry. Today, the continued drop in tourism demand has provoked an obvious modification in the populational and economic structures. By incorporating these changes into the specified models, we can confirm a real collapse in values. It’s possible that the surplus of already-built homes is currently being marketed to a potential buyer who is in recession and linked to certain territorial characteristics that no longer exist. Finding solutions that can be adapted to the existing offer implies the viability of renewing the population system or carrying out modifications on an economic level. The search for answers to these questions suggests the need to reform the development model, without leaving out an area’s potentiality.

Proposal for the Management of temporal and semantic components of Geographic Information

This poster raises the issue of a research work oriented to the storage, retrieval, representation and analysis of dynamic GI, taking into account The ultimate objective is the modelling and representation of the dynamic nature of geographic features, establishing mechanisms to store geometries enriched with a temporal structure (regardless of space) and a set of semantic descriptors detailing and clarifying the nature of the represented features and their temporality. the semantic, the temporal and the spatiotemporal components. We intend to define a set of methods, rules and restrictions for the adequate integration of these components into the primary elements of the GI: theme, location, time [1]. We intend to establish and incorporate three new structures (layers) into the core of data storage by using mark-up languages: a semantictemporal structure, a geosemantic structure, and an incremental spatiotemporal structure. Thus, data would be provided with the capability of pinpointing and expressing their own basic and temporal characteristics, enabling them to interact each other according to their context, and their time and meaning relationships that could be eventually established

Modelos de análisis econométrico espacial aplicados al desarrollo económico

Los modelos de desarrollo regional, rural y urbano arrancaron en la década de los 90 en Estados Unidos, modelando los factores relacionados con la economía que suministran información y conocimiento acerca de cómo los parámetros geográficos y otros externos influencian la economía regional. El desarrollo regional y en particular el rural han seguido diferentes caminos en Europa y España, adoptando como modelo los programas estructurales de la UE ligados a la PAC. El Programa para el Desarrollo Rural Sostenible, recientemente lanzado por el Gobierno de España (2010) no profundiza en los modelos económicos de esta economía y sus causas. Este estudio pretende encontrar pautas de comportamiento de las variables de la economía regional-rural, y como el efecto de distribución geográfica de la población condiciona la actividad económica. Para este propósito, y utilizando datos espaciales y económicos de las regiones, se implementaran modelos espaciales que permitan evaluar el comportamiento económico, y verificar hipótesis de trabajo sobre la geografía y la economía del territorio. Se utilizarán modelos de análisis espacial como el análisis exploratorio espacial y los modelos econométricos de ecuaciones simultáneas, y dentro de estas los modelos ampliamente utilizados en estudios regionales de Carlino-Mills- Boarnet. ABSTRACT The regional development models for rural and urban areas started in USA in the ´90s, modeling the economy and the factors involved to understand and collect the knowledge of how the external parameters influenced the regional economy. Regional development and in particular rural development has followed different paths in Europe and Spain, adopting structural programs defined in the EU Agriculture Common Policy. The program for Sustainable Rural Development recently implemented in Spain (2010) is short sighted considering the effects of the regional economy. This study endeavors to underline models of behavior for the rural and regional economy variables, and how the regional distribution of population conditions the economic activities. For that purpose using current spatial regional economic data, this study will implement spatial economic models to evaluate the behavior of the regional economy, including the evaluation of working hypothesis about geography and economy in the territory. The approach will use data analysis models, like exploratory spatial data analysis, and spatial econometric models, and in particular for its wide acceptance in regional analysis, the Carlino-Mills-Boarnet equations model.

Surveillance and diagnostics of the beam mode vibrations of the ringhals pwrs

Surveillance of core barrel vibrations has been performed in the Swedish Ringhals PWRs for several years. This surveillance is focused mainly on the pendular motion of the core barrel, which is known as the beam mode. The monitoring of the beam mode has suggested that its amplitude increases along the cycle and decreases after refuelling. In the last 5 years several measurements have been taken in order to understand this behaviour. Besides, a non-linear fitting procedure has been implemented in order to better distinguish the different components of vibration. By using this fitting procedure, two modes of vibration have been identified in the frequency range of the beam mode. Several results coming from the trend analysis performed during these years indicate that one of the modes is due to the core barrel motion itself and the other is due to the individual flow induced vibrations of the fuel elements. In this work, the latest results of this monitoring are presented.