Conceptualizing American power and security in a post -9/11 security context: Conflict, resistance, and global security, 2001–present

In a post-Cold War, post-9/11 world, the advent of US global supremacy resulted in the installation, perpetuation, and dissemination of an Absolutist Security Agenda (hereinafter, ASA). The US ASA explicitly and aggressively articulates and equates US national security interests with the security of all states in the international system, and replaced the bipolar, Cold War framework that defined international affairs from 1945-1992. Since the collapse of the USSR and the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the US has unilaterally defined, implemented, and managed systemic security policy. The US ASA is indicative of a systemic category of knowledge (security) anchored in variegated conceptual and material components, such as morality, philosophy, and political rubrics. The US ASA is based on a logic that involves the following security components: (1) hyper militarization, (2) intimidation,(3) coercion, (4) criminalization, (5) panoptic surveillance, (6) plenary security measures, and (7) unabashed US interference in the domestic affairs of select states. Such interference has produced destabilizing tensions and conflicts that have, in turn, produced resistance, revolutions, proliferation, cults of personality, and militarization. This is the case because the US ASA rests on the notion that the international system of states is an extension, instrument of US power, rather than a system and/or society of states comprised of functionally sovereign entities. To analyze the US ASA, this study utilizes: (1) official government statements, legal doctrines, treaties, and policies pertaining to US foreign policy; (2) militarization rationales, budgets, and expenditures; and (3) case studies of rogue states. The data used in this study are drawn from information that is publicly available (academic journals, think-tank publications, government publications, and information provided by international organizations). The data supports the contention that global security is effectuated via a discrete set of hegemonic/imperialistic US values and interests, finding empirical expression in legal acts (USA Patriot ACT 2001) and the concept of rogue states. Rogue states, therefore, provide test cases to clarify the breadth, depth, and consequentialness of the US ASA in world affairs vis-à-vis the relationship between US security and global security.

Major new mental health law long awaited

Opinion and Analysis: Major new mental health law long awaited

Strength of the Iberian intraplate lithosphere: Cenozoic deformations and seismicity

Previous studies about the strength of the lithosphere in the Iberia centre fail to resolve the depth of earthquakes because of the rheological uncertainties. Therefore, new contributions are considered (the crustal structure from a density model) and several parameters (tectonic regime, mantle rheology, strain rate) are checked in this paper to properly examine the role of lithospheric strength in the intraplate seismicity and the Cenozoic evolution. The strength distribution with depth, the integrated strength, the effective elastic thickness and the seismogenic thickness have been calculated by a finite element modelling of the lithosphere across the Central System mountain range and the bordering Duero and Madrid sedimentary basins. Only a dry mantle under strike-slip/extension and a strain rate of 10-15 s-1, or under extension and 10-16 s-1, causes a strong lithosphere. The integrated strength and the elastic thickness are lower in the mountain chain than in the basins. These anisotropies have been maintained since the Cenozoic and determine the mountain uplift and the biharmonic folding of the Iberian lithosphere during the Alpine deformations. The seismogenic thickness bounds the seismic activity in the upper–middle crust, and the decreasing crustal strength from the Duero Basin towards the Madrid Basin is related to a parallel increase in Plio–Quaternary deformations and seismicity. However, elasto–plastic modelling shows that current African–Eurasian convergence is resolved elastically or ductilely, which accounts for the low seismicity recorded in this region.

Service Loyalty: An Integrative Model and Examination across Service Contexts

Marketing academics and practitioners generally agree that customer loyalty is vital to business success. There is less agreement on the factors that determine customer loyalty, particularly in service contexts. Research on the determinants of service loyalty has taken three distinct paths: 1) quality/value/satisfaction; 2) relationship quality; and, 3) relational benefits. In this research, the authors coalesce these paths to derive a model that links dimensions of customer loyalty (cognitive, affective, intention, and behavioral) with a system of determinants. The model is tested with data from varied services (airlines, banks, beauty salons, hospitals, hotels, and mobile telephone) and 3,500 customers in China. Results are consistent across contexts and support a multidimensional view of customer loyalty. Key loyalty determinants are customer satisfaction, commitment, service fairness, service quality, trust, and a construct new to service loyalty models—commercial friendship. The research contributes to the literature by providing a more complete, integrated view of customer loyalty and its determinants in services contexts.

Growth and yield of red raspberries cultivated under open field condition vs. high tunnel or rain shelter in the northern canadian climate

La culture sous abris avec des infrastructures de type grands tunnels est une nouvelle technologie permettant d’améliorer la production de framboises rouges sous des climats nordiques. L’objectif principal de ce projet de doctorat était d’étudier les performances de ces technologies (grands tunnels vs. abris parapluie de type Voen, en comparaison à la culture en plein champ) et leur effets sur le microclimat, la photosynthèse, la croissance des plantes et le rendement en fruits pour les deux types de framboisiers non-remontants et remontants (Rubus idaeus, L.). Puisque les pratiques culturales doivent être adaptées aux différents environnements de culture, la taille d’été (pour le cultivar non-remontant), l’optimisation de la densité des tiges (pour le cultivar remontant) et l’utilisation de bâches réfléchissantes (pour les deux types des framboisiers) ont été étudiées sous grands tunnels, abris Voen vs. en plein champ. Les plants cultivés sous grands tunnels produisent en moyenne 1,2 et 1,5 fois le rendement en fruits commercialisables que ceux cultivés sous abri Voen pour le cv. non-remontant ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’ et le cv. remontant ‘Polka’, respectivement. Comparativement aux framboisiers cultivés aux champs, le rendement en fruits des plants sous grands tunnels était plus du double pour le cv. ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’ et près du triple pour le cv. ‘Polka’. L’utilisation de bâches réfléchissantes a entrainé un gain significatif sur le rendement en fruits de 12% pour le cv. ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’ et de 17% pour le cv. ‘Polka’. La taille des premières ou deuxièmes pousses a significativement amélioré le rendement en fruits du cv. ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’ de 26% en moyenne par rapport aux framboisiers non taillés. Des augmentations significatives du rendement en fruits de 43% et 71% du cv. ‘Polka’ ont été mesurées avec l’accroissement de la densité à 4 et 6 tiges par pot respectivement, comparativement à deux tiges par pot. Au cours de la période de fructification du cv. ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’, les bâches réfléchissantes ont augmenté significativement la densité de flux photonique photosynthétique (DFPP) réfléchie à la canopée inférieure de 80% en plein champ et de 60% sous grands tunnels, comparativement à seulement 14% sous abri Voen. Durant la saison de fructification du cv. ‘Polka’, un effet positif de bâches sur la lumière réfléchie (jusqu’à 42%) a été mesuré seulement en plein champ. Dans tous les cas, les bâches réfléchissantes n’ont présenté aucun effet significatif sur la DFPP incidente foliaire totale et la photosynthèse. Pour le cv. ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’, la DFPP incidente sur la feuille a été atténuée d’environ 46% sous le deux types de revêtement par rapport au plein champ. Par conséquent, la photosynthèse a été réduite en moyenne de 43% sous grands tunnels et de 17% sous abris Voen. Des effets similaires ont été mesurés pour la DFPP incidente et la photosynthèse avec le cv. Polka. En dépit du taux de photosynthèse des feuilles individuelles systématiquement inférieur à ceux mesurés pour les plants cultivés aux champs, la photosynthèse de la plante entière sous grands tunnels était de 51% supérieure à celle observée au champ pour le cv. ‘Jeanne d’Orléans’, et 46% plus élevée pour le cv. ‘Polka’. Ces résultats s’expliquent par une plus grande (près du double) surface foliaire pour les plants cultivés sous tunnels, qui a compensé pour le plus faible taux de photosynthèse par unité de surface foliaire. Les températures supra-optimales des feuilles mesurées sous grands tunnels (6.6°C plus élevé en moyenne que dans le champ), ainsi que l’atténuation de la DFPP incidente (env. 43%) par les revêtements de tunnels ont contribué à réduire le taux de photosynthèse par unité de surface foliaire. La photosynthèse de la canopée entière était étroitement corrélée avec le rendement en fruits pour les deux types de framboisiers rouges cultivés sous grands tunnels ou en plein champ.

How teachers' perceptions affect the academic and language assessment of immigrant children

Recent research evidences inconsistencies in teachers' practice regarding skills assessment of L2 students. Scientific evidence supports that less experienced teachers have lower orientation toward multiple task-tests for non-native students. Research questions: Whether school teachers as having different teaching training and unequal teaching experience with non-native students perceive differently a four-skills scale. Purpose of the study: This study intends to analyse the importance degree between the four skills/tasks: reading, writing, speaking and listening, in the perspective of school teachers. Method: 77 teachers, aged 32-62, with (and without) experience in teaching and adapting materials for immigrant students, divided into six groups according to their scientific domain. Assessment tools included a scale for judgement of four academic tasks adapted from the original “Inventory of Undergraduate and Graduate Level: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening Tasks (Rosenfeld, Leung & Ottman, 2001). Main Findings: 1) different degrees of importance attributed by teachers on tasks that should be included in academic and language test for immigrant students; 2) perceptions of teachers are determined by predictors in this order: scientific domain, experience with multicultural classes and lower prediction from teaching service and age; 3) different results between american and portuguese samples answering the same questionnaire.

SANTEE COOPER 2001 ANNUAL REPORT

Santee Cooper annually publishes a report with statistics, analysis, audit, leadership, and budget statements.

Niveles de actividad física de niños y adolescentes durante las clases de educación física en tres colegios oficiales de Bogotá

La clase de educación física es un espacio en el cual los niños y adolescentes pueden incrementar los niveles de actividad física y alcanzar las recomendaciones emitidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), sin embargo, existe poca evidencia científica a nivel nacional sobre las actividades físicas que realizan los estudiantes dentro del ámbito escolar, específicamente dentro de las clases de educación física y sus relaciones con el contexto; es por esto que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los niveles de actividad física de niños y adolescentes durante las clases de educación física en tres colegios oficiales de Bogotá, Colombia, por medio de la herramienta SOFIT. Estudio de diseño descriptivo y transversal realizado entre octubre de 2014 y mayo de 2015. Las observaciones se llevaron a cabo en tres colegios oficiales de la ciudad de Bogotá ubicados en las localidades de Tunjuelito y Ciudad Bolívar que aceptaron su participación en la investigación. Se obtuvo la aprobación para participar de 1361 estudiantes (682 niñas y 679 niños) de 5 a 17 años de los cuales 180 estudiantes (93 niños y 87 niñas) fueron seleccionados de manera aleatoria sistemática, siguiendo el protocolo SOFIT para observar su nivel de actividad física durante las clases de educación física. El 45,23% del tiempo de la clase de educación física los estudiantes mantuvieron un comportamiento sedentario; mientras que el 30.91% y el 23.86% del tiempo de la clase presentaron un nivel de actividad física moderada (AFM) y vigorosa (AFV) respectivamente. El nivel de actividad física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), fue de 54,78% es decir, 35,27 minutos de la clase. Los docentes no promovieron la actividad física en un 56,47% del tiempo de la clase y se encontró que ningún docente promovió la actividad física fuera de la clase, es decir, alentando a sus estudiantes a que practicaran cualquier forma de actividad física en horas extraescolares. El contexto de la clase que más se desarrolló fue la condición física con un 35,66% del tiempo de la clase, seguido por los contextos de generalidades 24,83% y habilidades 23,84%. El contexto de la clase generalidades está asociada significativamente y de manera negativa (β=-0,32, p=0,006) con menor porcentaje de tiempo en AFM y AFV, las variables activas de SOFIT, lo que sugiere que las clases deben invertir menos tiempo en este contexto e incrementar el porcentaje de tiempo en los otros contextos como condición física y habilidades para aumentar la cantidad de minutos de AFMV en los estudiantes.

Factores asociados al desplazamiento activo en bicicleta al colegio en el Distrito Bogotá, Colombia. Estudio FUPRECOL

Introducción: El transporte activo (TA) puede ser una oportunidad para incrementar los niveles de actividad física diarios de los niños y adolescentes, además de destacarse como una estrategia práctica, accesible y sostenible a largo plazo. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio es doble: Analizar los patrones de desplazamiento activo en bicicleta al y desde el centro educativo, y b) Identificar los factores asociados al uso de la bicicleta como TA; en una muestra de niños y jóvenes pertenecientes a escuelas oficiales de Bogotá, Colombia. Material y métodos: Se trata de un sub-análisis del estudio FUPRECOL en 8060 niños y adolescentes entre los 9-17 años de edad). El modo de desplazamiento del escolar fue determinado a través de la pregunta: “¿Durante los últimos 7 días, usaste bicicleta para ir al colegio/escuela y volver a la casa?. Dicha respuesta se categorizó en activos “Si” (si se desplazan en bicicleta) y pasivos “No” (si se desplazan en vehículo motorizado). Se midieron parámetros antropométricos de peso, talla y perímetro de cintura. El máximo nivel de estudios alcanzados por la madre/padre (no reporta, primaria o secundaria/técnico o tecnólogo/universitario o postgrado) y la composición del hogar (vive con padre/vive con madre/con ambos padres/con abuelos/otros familiares) se auto-reportó por los padres. Las relaciones entre el TA y los factores anteriormente descritos se analizaron mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: El 21,9% del total de la muestra reporta usar la bicicleta como medio de transporte y el 7,9% acumula más de 120 minutos al día. Se observó una mayor probabilidad de usar la bicicleta como medio de desplazamiento activo a la escuela en los varones, en los jóvenes entre 9 y 12 años, y en aquellos cuyo padre/madre reportaron mayor grado académico, es decir, “universitario/postgrado”. 3 Conclusión: Los hallazgos del presente estudio sugieren que es necesario promover el TA desde la niñez, poniendo mayor énfasis en el paso a la adolescencia y en las jóvenes, para así aumentar los niveles diarios de AF de estos.

Medidas de associação em estudo transversal com delineamento complexo: razão de chances e razão de prevalência

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar e discutir a utilização das medidas de associação: razão de chances e razão de prevalências, em dados obtidos de estudo transversal realizado em 2001-2002, utilizando-se amostra estratificada por conglomerados em dois estágios (n=1.958). As razões de chances e razões de prevalências foram estimadas por meio de regressão logística não condicional e regressão de Poisson, respectivamente, utilizando-se o pacote estatístico Stata 7.0. Intervalos de confiança e efeitos do desenho foram considerados na avaliação da precisão das estimativas. Dois desfechos do estudo transversal com diferentes níveis de prevalência foram avaliados: vacinação contra influenza (66,1%) e doença pulmonar referida (6,9%). Na situação em que a prevalência foi alta, as estimativas das razões de prevalência foram mais conservadoras com intervalos de confiança menores. Na avaliação do desfecho de baixa prevalência, não se observaram grandes diferenças numéricas entre as estimações das razões de chances e razões de prevalência e erros-padrão obtidos por uma ou outra técnica. O efeito do desenho maior que a unidade indicou que a amostragem complexa, em ambos os casos, aumentou da variância das estimativas. Cabe ao pesquisador a escolha da técnica e do estimador mais adequado ao seu objeto de estudo, permanecendo a escolha no âmbito epidemiológico.

Influence of alumina content on green machined electrical porcelain

The effect of alumina content on the mechanical strength of electrical porcelain manufactured by green machining of isostatically pressed blanks was examined with a view to attaining optimal mechanical properties at low sintering temperatures. Porcelain compositions were formulated with four different alumina contents, maintaining the same proportion of the other materials (kaolin, clay and feldspar). Test specimens were isostatically pressed at 70 MPa and machined at high speed into cylindrical test specimens using controlled machining parameters. These specimens were sintered at several temperatures to determine the optimal sintering temperature for each composition, after which their mechanical properties were analyzed by the flexural bend test. The results indicated a correlation between the alumina content and the sintering temperature, and between the flexural strength and its influence on the green machining conditions. An average tensile strength of 786 MPa was attained for the composition with an added content of 30 wt% of commercial alumina sintered at 1250 degrees C, pressed and machined under industrial conditions.

Removal of ammonium via simultaneous nitrification-denitrification nitrite-shortcut in a single packed-bed batch reactor

A polyurethane packed-bed-biofilm sequential batch reactor was fed with synthetic substrate simulating the composition of UASB reactor effluents. Two distinct ammonia nitrogen concentrations (125 and 250 mg l(-1)) were supplied during two sequential long-term experiments of 160 days each (320 total). Cycles of 24 h under intermittent aeration for periods of 1 h were applied, and ethanol was added as a carbon source at the beginning of each anoxic period. Nitrite was the main oxidized nitrogen compound which accumulated only during the aerated phases of the batch cycle. A consistent decrease of nitrite concentration started always immediately after the interruption of oxygen supply and addition of the electron donor. Removal to below detection limits of all nitrogen soluble forms was always observed at the end of the 24 h cycles for both initial concentrations. Polyurethane packed-bed matrices and ethanol amendments conferred high process stability. Microbial investigation by cloning suggested that nitrification was carried out by Nitrosomonas-like species whereas denitrification was mediated by unclassified species commonly observed in denitrifying environments. The packed-bed batch bioreactor favored the simultaneous colonization of distinct microbial groups within the immobilized microbial biomass. The biofilm was capable of actively oxidizing ammonium and denitrification at high ratios in intermittent intervals within 24 h cycles. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Calcium on the in vitro Growth of Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L. B. Smith Plantlets

This work investigated the influence of different concentrations of calcium on the growth of plantlets of the bromeliad Aechmea blanchetiana cultured in vitro. Seedlings of A. blanchetiana were axenically cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of calcium (Ca; 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, or 12 mM) without growth regulators. The resulting plantlets were cultured under 93 mol m-2 s-1 illumination, 12 hour photoperiod regime and 25C 1 for 120 days with subculture to fresh identical media every 30 days. The addition of calcium at 9.38 mM to MS modified medium increased the production of fresh and dry mass of plantlets, whilst chlorine from calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2 2 H2O) in excess (3.35 mM) decreased both the fresh and dry mass of plantlets.

Dietary glutamine supplementation increases the activity of peritoneal macrophages and hemopoiesis in early-weaned mice inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin

Infants who are breast-fed have been shown to have a lower incidence of certain infectious diseases compared with formula-fed infants. Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acids found in maternal milk and it is essential for the function of immune system cells such as macrophages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on the function of peritoneal macrophages and on hemopoiesis in early-weaned mice inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Mice were wearied at 14 d of age and distributed to 2 groups and fed either a glutamine-free diet (n = 16) or a glutamine-supplemented diet (+Gln (n = 16). Both diets were isonitrogenous (with addition of a mixture of nonessential amino acids) and isocaloric. At d 21, 2 subgroups of mice (n = 16) were intraperitoneally injected with BCG and all mice were killed at d 28. Plasma, muscle and liver glutamine concentrations and muscle glutamine synthetase activity were not affected by diet or inoculation with BCG. The +GIn diet led to increased leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood (P < 0.05) and granulocyte and lymphocyte counts in the bone marrow and spleen (P < 0.05). The +GIn diet increased spreading and adhesion capacities, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) syntheses and the phagocytic and fungicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages (P < 0.05). The interaction between the +GIn diet and BCG inoculation increased the area under the curve of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and TNF alpha syntheses (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the intake of glutamine increases the function of peritoneal macrophages and hemopoiesis in early-weaned and BCG-inoculated mice. These data have important implications for the design of breast milk substitutes for human infants.

Functional characterization of the Aspergillus fumigatus PHO80 homologue

Phosphate is an ion that is essential for fungal growth. The systems for inorganic phosphate (Pi) acquisition in eukaryotic cells (PHO) have been characterized as a low-affinity (that assures a supply of Pi at normal or high external Pi concentrations) and a high-affinity (activated in response to Pi starvation). Here, as an initial step to understand the PHO pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus, we characterized the PH080 homologue, PhoB(PHO80). We show that the Delta phoB(PHO80) mutant has a polar growth defect (i.e., a delayed germ tube emergence) and, by phenotypic and phosphate uptake analyses, establish a link between PhoB(PHO80), calcineurin and calcium metabolism. Microarray hybridizations carried out with RNA obtained from wild-type and Delta phoB(PHO80) mutant cells identify Afu4g03610 (phoD(PHO84)), Afu7g06350 (phoE(PHO89)), Afu4g06020 (phoC(PHO81)), and Afu2g09040 (vacuolar transporter Vtc4) as more expressed both in the Delta phoB(PHO80) mutant background and under phosphate-limiting conditions of 0.1 mM P-i. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed accumulation of poly-phosphate in Delta phoB(PHO80) vacuoles, which was independent of extracellular phosphate concentration. Surprisingly, a phoD(PHO84) deletion mutant is indistinguishable phenotypically from the corresponding wild-type strain. mRNA analyses suggest that protein kinase A absence supports the expression of PHO genes in A. fumigatus. Furthermore, Delta phoB(PHO80) and Delta phoD(PHO84) mutant are fully virulent in a murine low dose model for invasive aspergillosis. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.