The effect of temperature on the duration of spawning markers—migratory-nucleus and hydrated oocytes and postovulatory follicles—in the multiple-batch spawner Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The duration of spawning markers (e.g. signs of previous or imminent spawnings) is essential information for estimating spawning frequency of fish. In this study, the effect of temperature on the duration of spawning markers (i.e., oocytes at early migratory nucleus, late migratory nucleus, and hydrated stages, as well as new postovulatory follicles) of an indeterminate multiple-batch spawner, Japanese f lounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), was evaluated. Cannulation was performed to remove samples of oocytes, eggs, and postovulatory follicles in individual females at 2–4 hour intervals over 27–48 hours. The duration of spawning markers was successfully evaluated in 14 trials ranging between 9.2° and 22.6°C for six females (total length 484–730 mm). The durations of spawning markers decreased exponentially with temperature and were seen to decrease by a factor of 0.16, 0.36, 0.30, and 0.31 as temperature increased by 10°C for oocytes at early migratory nucleus, late migratory nucleus, and hydrated stages, and new postovulatory follicles, respectively. Thus, temperature should be considered when estimating spawning frequency from these spawning markers, especially for those fish that do not spawn synchronously in the population.

Annual fecundity, batch fecundity, and oocyte atresia of Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) in Alaskan waters

Annual potential fecundity, batch fecundity, and oocyte atresia were estimated for Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) collected in Alaskan waters during 1993−94. Atka mackerel were assumed to be determinate spawners on the basis of decreasing fecundity after batch spawning events. Histological examination of the ovaries indicated that oocytes in the vitellogenic stage and higher had been spawned in the current spawning season. For an average female of 40 cm, potential annual fecundity was estimated to be 41,994 eggs, average batch size (i.e., batch fecundity) was estimated to be 6689 eggs, and there were 6.13 batches per spawning season. Atresia was estimated by examining postspawning specimens and was found to be substantial. The average amount of atresia for a 40-cm fish was estimated to be 11,329 eggs, resulting in an estimated realized fecundity of only 30,664 eggs and 4.64 batches of eggs per spawning season.

Avaliação da eficiência do tratamento combinado de lixiviado com esgoto doméstico em estação de tratamento de esgoto.

Os lixiviados de aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos possuem um potencial poluidor que necessita de atenção por parte das autoridades no assunto Universidade, Estado, Iniciativa Privada. Atualmente têm sido pesquisadas tecnologias para esse tratamento que sejam capazes de assimilar as variações de volume e de carga orgânica dos mesmos. O tratamento biológico combinado de lixiviados em Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto mostrase uma alternativa viável. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o tratamento combinado de lixiviado e esgoto em uma Planta Piloto de lodos-ativados, instalada na ETE de Icaraí/Niterói (RJ). O estudo foi desenvolvido com percentuais de lixiviado nas proporções de 0,5 a 2,5% em relação ao esgoto (volume/volume). Em termos de carga de DQO, os percentuais foram de 1,9 a 8,7% de carga equivalente ao lixiviado adicionado. Na Planta Piloto os resultados indicaram redução média de DQO de 73% ao longo de todo o monitoramento, sendo alcançadas remoções acima de 90%. Valores médios de DQO remanescente no efluente da planta piloto variaram de 43 a 134mg/L. Quanto às remoções médias de nitrogênio amoniacal foram alcançados valores de 80 a 97%. A redução de matéria orgânica, em termos de COD foi de 73%. Também foram monitorados reatores aeróbios em bancada de modo a avaliar possíveis interferências no desenvolvimento do lodo biológico. Foram operados reatores em regime de batelada e em regime contínuo. Os reatores não indicaram prejuízos ao lodo biológico em função do acréscimo de lixiviado para os percentuais de mistura 0,5 a 2,5% de lixiviado. Foram observadas reduções de DQO acima de 80%. As remoções de nitrogênio amoniacal foram maiores no reator operado em regime de batelada (>80%). Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade técnica do tratamento combinado e não indicaram interferência negativa no tratamento, em se tratando de redução de DQO, com o aumento da percentagem de lixiviado. Problemas na sedimentabilidade do lodo biológico foram observados ao longo de todo o período de operação da planta piloto, não havendo indicação de perda de sua qualidade em função das diferentes concentrações de lixiviado na alimentação.

Review of size- and age-dependence in batch spawning: implications for stock assessment of fish species exhibiting indeterminate fecundity

Most assessments of fish stocks use some measure of the reproductive potential of a population, such as spawning biomass. However, the correlation between spawning biomass and reproductive potential is not always strong, and it likely is weakest in the tropics and subtropics, where species tend to exhibit indeterminate fecundity and release eggs in batches over a protracted spawning season. In such cases, computing annual reproductive output requires estimates of batch fecundity and the annual number of batches—the latter subject to spawning frequency and duration of spawning season. Batch fecundity is commonly measured by age (or size), but these other variables are not. Without the relevant data, the annual number of batches is assumed to be invariant across age. We reviewed the literature and found that this default assumption lacks empirical support because both spawning duration and spawning frequency generally increase with age or size. We demonstrate effects of this assumption on measures of reproductive value and spawning potential ratio, a metric commonly used to gauge stock status. Model applications showed substantial sensitivity to age dependence in the annual number of batches. If the annual number of batches increases with age but is incorrectly assumed to be constant, stock assessment models would tend to overestimate the biological reference points used for setting harvest rates. This study underscores the need to better understand the age- or size-dependent contrast in the annual number of batches, and we conclude that, for species without evidence to support invariance, the default assumption should be replaced with one that accounts for age- or size-dependence.

On a rational criterion for assigning batch number to processed products of shrimps

Investigations were conducted to find the variability of processed shrimps with respect to two quality characteristics, namely, the numbers of deteriorated and discoloured pieces. Samples were collected for three days from two arbitrarily selected processing factories from Cochin at the pre-freezing stages. Results show that both the quality characteristics vary significantly between different size-grades, but while the variation in the number of deteriorated pieces between days is not significant, the variation in the number of discoloured pieces between days is significant.

Extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from scent mark and feces in the giant panda

To expand the feasibility of applying simple, efficient, non-invasive DNA preparation methods using samples that can be obtained from giant pandas living in the wild, we investigated the use of scent markings and fecal samples. Giant panda-specific oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region as well as a portion of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and tRNA(Thr) gene region. A 196 base pair (bp) fragment in the control region and a 449 bp fragment in the cytochrome b gene and tRNA(Thr) gene were successfully amplified. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products demonstrated that the two fragments are giant panda sequences. Furthermore, under simulated field conditions we found that DNA can be extracted from fecal samples aged as long as 3 months. Our results suggest that the scent mark and fecal samples are simple, efficient, and easily prepared DNA sources. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: Implications for the peopling of South Asia

To resolve the phylogeny of the autochthonous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups of India and determine the relationship between the Indian and western Eurasian mtDNA pools more precisely, a diverse subset of 75 macrohaplogroup N lineages was chosen fo