Patterns of civil society after authoritarianism: a comparison of Portugal and Spain, 1970s-2000s. CES Papers - Open Forum #17, 2013-2014

In this paper we argue that patterns of civil society in post-authoritarian democracies are the result of divergent pathways to democracy. Through a comparison of contemporary Portugal (social revolution) and Spain (reform), we show that revolutionary pathways to democracy have a positive impact on the self-organizing abilities of popular groups, thus also contributing to a higher quality of democracy. There are three mechanisms in social revolutionary processes that contribute to this. The first stems from the fact that the masses are the key actor in the revolutionary transformation process, with the power to shape (at least partially) the new rules and institutions of the emerging democratic regime. This results in greater legal recognition and institutional embeddedness between civil society organizations and the state, making it easier, in turn, for resources to be transferred to those organizations. Secondly, as a result of changes to the social and economic structure, revolutions engender more egalitarian societies. Likewise, citizens are given more resources and capacities for collective action. Finally, revolutions tend to crystalize a political culture between elites and the masses in which the principles of egalitarian participation and social change through the action of the people are accepted. This all leads to greater opportunities, resources and legitimacy for the civic action of the common people during the subsequent democratic regime.

Shall Tunisia Succeed in Becoming a Strong Democratic State? EUSpring Arab Citizenship Review No. 13, December 2015

From the Introduction. Arab revolutions have sparked real hopes for democracy, but the situation varies from one state to another and change has taken various directions, with unpredictable outcomes in the future. In light of current events, most of these countries seem to have failed in their democratic transition and also face the dissolution of their state apparatus in bloody civil wars. This leaves the door open to interpretations associating democracy with chaos. In this view, preserving post-colonial states – authoritarian in most cases – is better than having no state at all. This partially justified the coup that took place in Egypt, where the ‘Deep State’ has recovered its capabilities in a dictatorial manner. The Arab world thus faced an impasse: the state is either stable but authoritarian or democratic yet threatened with dissolution. The dilemma results in an impossible choice between stable dictatorship or freedom ending in chaos.

Communist interference in El Salvador : documents demonstrating Communist support of the Salvadoran insurgency.

"February 23, 1981."

Geschichte der Revolutionen von niederla ndischen Aufstand bis zum Vorabend der franzosi schen Revolution.

Mode of access: Internet.

Against revolution,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Countess from Iowa,

English edition (London, Hutchinson & co.) has title: Romance and revolutions.

Can these things be!

"Second Printing."

Paris révolutionnaire.

"Suite d'études sur diverses révolutions parisiennes, anciennes et modernes, signées par: Cavaignac, Arago, Fontan, Rapail, H. Martin, Hauréau, Pyat, Dufey de l'Yonne, etc." -- Dealer's cat. (A. Margraff. number 148).

Gustav Struve's Weltgeschichte, in neun büchern..

buch 1-3. Alte geschichte. Vom anfang der geschichte bis 476 nach Christus.--buch 4-6. Geschichte des mittelalters. Vom jahre 476 bis 517.--buch 7-08. Geschichte der neu-zeit. Vom anbeginn der reformation bis 1789.--buch 9. Revolutions-zeitalter. Vom jahre 1789-1848.

Berliner Revolutionschronik : Darstellung der Berliner Bewegung im Jahre 1848 in politischer, sozialer und litterarischer Beziehung /

Mode of access: Internet.

Oslabnuvshīĭ fetish; psikhologicheskīi︠a︡ osnovy Russkoĭ revoli︠ut︡︠s︡īi.

Mode of access: Internet.

Revolution and cold war.

Mode of access: Internet.

Delle historie memorabili, che contiene le sollevationi di stato de nostri tempi /

Includes index.

Terrorismo e comunismo.

Mode of access: Internet.

A People's History of Modern Europe /

From the monarchical terror of the Middle Ages to the mangled Europe of the Twenty-first Century, A People's History of Modern Europe tracks the history of the continent through the deeds of those whom mainstream history tries to forget. Europe provided the perfect conditions for a great number of political revolutions from below. The German peasant wars of Thomas Müntzer, the bourgeoisie revolutions of the eighteenth century through to the rise of the industrial worker in England and the turbulent journey of the Russian Soviets, the role of the European working class throughout the Cold War, students in 1968 and through to the present day, where we continue to fight to forge an alternative to the barbaric economic system. With sections focusing on the role of women, this history sweeps away the tired platitudes of the privileged which our current understanding is based upon, and provides an opportunity to see our history differently.