Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

High-energy nuclear collisions create an energy density similar to that of the Universe microseconds after the Big Bang(1); in both cases, matter and antimatter are formed with comparable abundance. However, the relatively short-lived expansion in nuclear collisions allows antimatter to decouple quickly from matter, and avoid annihilation. Thus, a high-energy accelerator of heavy nuclei provides an efficient means of producing and studying antimatter. The antimatter helium-4 nucleus ((4)(He) over bar), also known as the anti-alpha ((alpha) over bar), consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons (baryon number B = -4). It has not been observed previously, although the alpha-particle was identified a century ago by Rutherford and is present in cosmic radiation at the ten per cent level(2). Antimatter nuclei with B -1 have been observed only as rare products of interactions at particle accelerators, where the rate of antinucleus production in high-energy collisions decreases by a factor of about 1,000 with each additional antinucleon(3-5). Here we report the observation of (4)<(He) over bar, the heaviest observed antinucleus to date. In total, 18 (4)(He) over bar counts were detected at the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC; ref. 6) in 10(9) recorded gold-on-gold (Au+Au) collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 200 GeV and 62 GeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. The yield is consistent with expectations from thermodynamic(7) and coalescent nucleosynthesis(8) models, providing an indication of the production rate of even heavier antimatter nuclei and a benchmark for possible future observations of (4)(He) over bar in cosmic radiation.

The Relationship between Transport Infrastructure and EconomicGrowth: An Empirical Analysis Comparing Developing and DevelopedCountries

Gross domestic product (GDP) is generally considered as the most important index and comprehensive measure of the size of economy. This paper investigates empirically the relationship between transport infrastructure (focus on highways) and GDP growth based on a production function approach. The physical stocks of transport infrastructure were used instead of monetary data to measure public capital together with several other variables (labor and private capital) that were hypothesized to affect economic growth. Then we explore a number of subsequent studies that use panel data covering the period between 1992 and 2004. An investigation was done to compare developed countries and developing countries. Results indicate that physical units are positively and significantly related to economic growth. Furthermore there was an interesting finding that the output elasticity with respect to physical units for developed countries is higher than developing countries.

Os efeitos da metodologia de Feuerstein no desempenho de trabalhadores do setor de serviços : um estudo de caso

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os resultados do método PEI – Programa de Enriquecimento Instrumental – desenvolvido por Reuven Feuerstein, em trabalhadores de baixa escolaridade e qualificação de uma empresa de serviços. A fim de compreender as demandas das empresas modernas em relação aos seus trabalhadores, buscou-se na literatura o referencial teórico das escolas de administração que acompanham a crescente complexidade do ambiente empresarial moderno. A tendência à descentralização, principalmente na área de serviços, tem exigido o desenvolvimento da capacidade cognitiva e criativa de seus colaboradores. Considerando que o processo evolucionário, mesmo coletivamente, é resultado de uma aprendizagem individual, buscou-se no trabalho do educador Reuven Feuerstein um referencial teórico e metodológico que pudesse contribuir para que este ajustamento ocorra sem prejuízos para o trabalhador. Sua abordagem partiu da proposta de Piaget e está alinhada à de Vygotsky e Paulo Freire, também estudados na Parte I deste trabalho. A Parte II apresenta o desenrolar da pesquisa na empresa de serviços terceirizados, a ANDRITA Dragagens e Limpezas, onde o método de Feuerstein foi ministrado para 19 empregados voluntários, por 22 semanas. Nela são expostas as apreciações das avaliações, baseadas em testes e entrevistas individuais, realizadas pré e pós- intervenção. Os resultados do programa foram medidos por meio da análise comparativa das avaliações efetuadas antes e depois do PEI e são explanados na Parte III. Eles indicam que o método produziu mudanças positivas para todos os participantes, embora variando de foco e intensidade. Os efeitos mais significativos apareceram na auto-estima, os quais repercutiram na visão mais otimista do futuro e na atitude mais ativa e reflexiva diante de adversidades. A grande maioria dos participantes percebeu diferenças em seu jeito de ser e agir, tais como maior controle emocional, melhor comunicação e relacionamento interpessoal. Também foram comprovados ganhos no nível intelectual e na criatividade dos participantes. Essas mudanças se refletiram nas várias esferas da vida social, principalmente profissional e doméstica, proporcionando melhora em algum aspecto do desempenho percebido por eles próprios ou pela chefia. Passaram a assumir mais a responsabilidade pelo próprio desempenho, o que é uma característica desejável em trabalhadores de serviços. Um aspecto marcante da participação no programa foi o engajamento nas tarefas propostas pelos exercícios. Há vários relatos de como mergulhavam nas atividades e esqueciam do tempo e das preocupações, o que também é esperado no programa e visa desenvolver a motivação intrínseca, pela formação do hábito de realizar atividades que desafiem a própria capacidade. As entrevistas assinalaram, ainda, opiniões quanto ao método, seus exercícios e forma de condução, permitindo levantar idéias acerca da possibilidade de enriquecimento das atividades junto aos grupos de adultos em ambiente de trabalho.

Ecologia de graxains (Carnivora : Canidae; Cerdocyon thous e Pseudalopex gymnocercus) em um remanescente de Mata Atlântica na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre - Parque Estadual de Itapuã - Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Esse trabalho foi realizado em uma remanescente de Mata Atlântica, na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Parque Estadual de Itapuã (PEI), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e teve como objetivos avaliar aspectos da ecologia dos graxains do mato Cerdocyon thous e do campo Pseudalopex gymnocercus (horário de atividade, atividade ao longo das estações do ano e fases lunares, ecologia reprodutiva, densidade na área de estudo e simpatria). Além disso, foi proposta desse estudo avaliar o uso de estações-de-cheiro para acessar informações sobre atividade e uso de hábitat de C. thous. Para isso foram utilizados diferentes métodos. Para avaliação de aspectos da ecologia dos canídeos foram realizadas transecções para observação direta dos animais. Esses dados foram georeferenciados e comparados com fatores ambientais (índice de vegetação NDVI, estação do ano, fase lunar e hora). Para o cálculo da densidade, animais foram capturados e marcados durante um ano. Utilizou-se uma estimativa da área amostral e do tamanho populacional médio através do método Jolly-Sebber. Para avaliação da ecologia reprodutiva, foram agrupadas as informações obtidas com os métodos anteriores. Com relação às estações-de-cheiro, foram montados 22 plots de areia com um metro de diâmetro e distancia de 100 metros entre si com um atrativo olfativo ao centro. As estações foram montadas e revisadas duas vezes por mês durante um ano. As informações de visitação foram cruzadas com dados ambientais (NDVI altitude, proximidade de cursos d’água, cobertura vegetal) e temporais (estação-do-ano e lua). Os principais resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: graxains-do-campo e do mato ocorrem em simpatria apenas na metade sul do PEI, sendo que os primeiros utilizam áreas com pouca vegetação e areia, enquanto o graxaim-do-mato ocupa todos os ambientes disponíveis. Ambos têm atividade preferencialmente noturna. O graxaim-do-mato ocorre em uma densidade média estimada de 0,78 ind/km2, estando esse valor dentro do encontrado na literatura. Os graxains-do-mato apresentam maior atividade no outono, diminuindo na primavera, época essa em que ocorrem os nascimentos dos filhotes. A maior atividade foi registrada na lua crescente e a menor na lua nova. Com relação às estações-de-cheiro, estas demonstraram ser um bom método para avaliar atividade de espécies de canídeos em curtos períodos de tempo e, associadas a técnicas de geoprocessamento, podem fornecer informações sobre uso de hábitat.

Comunidades de tripes (Insecta : Thysanoptera) em flores e ramos, com ênfase em Asteraceae no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, RS

A ordem Thysanoptera reúne cerca de 5.500 espécies descritas, das quais, mais de 2.000 estão registradas para a região Neotropical. Apesar da grande diversidade de tripes existente no Brasil - que engloba quase 10% das espécies do mundo inteiro - há uma lacuna no conhecimento dessa fauna em ambientes naturais e de sua biologia e ecologia. Os poucos estudos já realizados sugerem que a família Asteraceae apresenta uma tisanopterofauna mais rica que as demais e que flores e ramos são utilizados diferencialmente pelas espécies de tripes. Este estudo objetivou contribuir para o levantamento da tisanopterofauna nativa e averiguar a flora explorada por estes insetos, quanto à utilização de flores e ramos e sua ocorrência em Asteraceae e outras famílias. A área de estudo foi o Parque Estadual de Itapuã (PEI), Viamão (50º 50’- 51º 05’W e 30º 20’- 30º 27’ S), RS. Quatro saídas de campo foram realizadas de junho de 2003 a abril de 2004. Foram determinadas três trilhas de aproximadamente 500 m em diferentes tipos de vegetação. As trilhas estabelecidas foram a da praia da Pedreira (TP) (mata baixa e vegetação rupestre), a do morro do Araçá (TA) (vegetação rupestre, vassourais e mata baixa) e a do morro da Grota (TG) (vegetação rupestre, butiazais e vassourais). Cada uma destas foi dividida em quatro subáreas, de igual extensão. A cada saída foram sorteadas duas destas subáreas, nas quais foram amostrados aleatoriamente três indivíduos de Asteraceae e três de qualquer outra família. De cada indivíduo era retirado um ramo com flores (F) e um sem flores (R). Cada ramo escolhido constituiu uma unidade amostral (UA). Para o total de 279 UAs, foram coletados 1.695 indivíduos - 870 adultos (583 ♀ e 287 ♂) e 825 larvas - de 31 espécies de Thysanoptera, em 19 gêneros e três famílias. Os Terebrantia representaram mais de 90% dos adultos e 76% dos imaturos coletados e compreenderam a maioria das espécies (26). Dentre as famílias, a mais rica e abundante foi Thripidae, com 757 indivíduos e 23 espécies. Frankliniella (9 spp.), Heterothrips (3 spp.) e Neohydatothrips (3 spp.), foram os gêneros mais ricos. Frankliniella foi também o mais abundante, perfazendo cerca de 64% do total da amostra. Os tisanópteros mais comuns foram Frankliniella rodeos e Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983, com 363 e 92 indivíduos coletados. Os Índices de Shannon-Wiener (H’) e de dominância de Simpson (D) estimados para a tisanopterofauna do PEI foram de 2,19 e 0,211, respectivamente. Foram coletados 690 adultos e 572 larvas de tripes em F, distribuídos em 29 espécies. Já em R foram capturados 180 adultos e 253 imaturos, sendo registradas 22 espécies. O Índice de Shannon-Wiener aponta uma maior diversidade em R (H’ = 2,33) do que em F (H’ = 2,01), pois a dominância foi notadamente maior em F (D = 0,255) do que em R (D = 0,133) devido a grande abundância de Frankliniella spp. nos mesmos. Em 46 das 61 espécies vegetais coletadas foi constatada a presença de tisanópteros. Entre as famílias de plantas com maior número de espécies associadas com tripes, destacam-se Asteraceae (22), Myrtaceae (4) e Rubiaceae (4). Das 31 espécies de tripes identificadas, 19 ocorrem em Asteraceae e quatro foram registradas exclusivamente nesta família. Observou-se diferenças marcantes nos valores de H’ e D entre a tisanopterofauna habitante de asteráceas (H’ = 1,68; D = 0,311) e aquela das demais famílias (H’ = 2,11; D = 0,178).

An entry strategy with innovation and differentiation in Brazil and the United States

With the global rise of credit and debit card usage, acquirers play an increasingly important role within the payments industry by processing these types of payment transactions on behalf of merchants. This study focuses on examining two markets – Brazil and the United States – by providing an overview of the market dynamics, the state of the competitive landscape, and the role and impact of regulations and new technologies. In considering these factors, strategic recommendations are provided for new players interested in enter either market. Further, factors such as existing and future opportunities as well as risks are considered.

PEGylated polyethyleneimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles for enhanced and targeted gene delivery applications

Gene therapy, which involves the transfer of nucleic acid into target cells in patients, has become one of the most important and widely explored strategies to treat a variety of diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases and genetic disorders. Relative to viral vectors that have high immunogenicity, toxicity and oncogenicity, non-viral vectors have gained a lot of interest in recent years. This is largely due to their ability to mimic viral vector features including the capacity to overcome extra- and intra-cellular barriers and to enhance transfection efficiency. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been extensively investigated as a non-viral vector. This cationic polymer, which is able to compact nucleic acid through electrostatic interactions and to transport it across the negatively charged cell membranes, has been shown to effectively transfect nucleic acid into different cell lines. Moreover, entrapment of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) into such an amine-terminated polymer template has been shown to significantly enhance gene transfection efficiency. In this work, a novel non-viral nucleic acid vector system for enhanced and targeted nucleic acid delivery applications was developed. The system was based on the functionalization of PEI with folic acid (FA; for targeted delivery to cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors on their surface) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a linker molecule. This was followed by the preparation of PEI-entrapped Au NPs (Au PENPs; for enhancement of transfection efficiency). In the synthesis process, the primary amines of PEI were first partially modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) using a molar ratio of 1:7. The formed PEI-FI conjugate was then further modified with either PEG or PEGylated FA using a molar ratio of 1:1. This process was finally followed by entrapment of Au NPs into the modified polymers. The resulting conjugates and Au PENPs were characterized by several techniques, namely Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Dynamic Light Scattering and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, to assess their physicochemical properties. In the cell biology studies, the synthesized conjugates and their respective Au PENPs were shown to be non-toxic towards A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells. The role of these materials as gene delivery agents was lastly evaluated. In the gene delivery studies, the A2780 cells were successfully transfected with plasmid DNA using the different vector systems. However, FA-modification and Au NPs entrapment were not determinant factors for improved transfection efficiency. In the gene silencing studies, on the other hand, the Au PENPs were shown to effectively deliver small interfering RNA, thereby reducing the expression of the B-cell lymphoma 2 protein. Based on these results, we can say that the systems synthesized in this work show potential for enhanced and targeted gene therapy applications.

Análise dos efeitos de um plano educacional individualizado no desenvolvimento acadêmico e funcional de um aluno com transtorno do espectro do autismo

Given the paradigm of inclusive education, the presence of students with autism spectrum disorder in regular schools has become more significant in recent years. Studies have revealed, however, deficits in academic participation of these students in these settings. Among the factors contributing to this phenomenon include poor teacher training and the lack of strategies to promote curriculum access. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument that would promote academic inclusion of a student with autism through procedures that could simultaneously empower the teacher. In this perspective, the study aimed to analyze the effects of an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP), developed collaboratively with teachers, on the academic and functional development of a student with autism in an early childhood education setting. Data were collected in a private school located in the city of Natal in Rio Grande do Norte, in the course of the academic year 2012. In addition to the student with autism, one teacher, a specialized educator, and four teacher aides participated in the study. The research used a single subject quasi-experimental design (AB) as well as qualitative methods of data analysis. The study was conducted in three phases: characterization, baseline and intervention. The first comprised interviews with the child´s parents and teachers, as well as the identification of two routines focus of intervention. In the second phase, the amount of time the student spent engaged in the selected routines during baseline was analyzed. In the third phase, the researcher prepared, collaboratively with the teachers, an individualized educational plan (IEP) for the student. Finally, the IEP was implemented by the teachers. The results indicated qualitative and quantitative changes in student´s participation in academic and functional tasks after the intervention program

Comparação entre critérios de seleção de precocidade sexual e a associação destes com características de crescimento em bovinos Nelore

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliações térmica e reológica da matriz termoplástica PEKK utilizada em compósitos aeronáuticos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo de materiais mesoporosos funcionalizados com diferentes aminas para captura do dióxido de carbono através do processo de adsorção

Intensive use of machinery and engines burning fuel dumps into the atmosphere huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), causing the intensification of the greenhouse effect. Climate changes that are occurring in the world are directly related to emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, gases, mainly due to the excessive use of fossil fuels. The search for new technologies to minimize the environmental impacts of this phenomenon has been investigated. Sequestration of CO2 is one of the alternatives that can help minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The CO2 can be captured by the post-combustion technology, by adsorption using adsorbents selective for this purpose. With this objective, were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 100 °C, the type mesoporous materials MCM - 41 and SBA-15. After the synthesis, the materials were submitted to a calcination step and subsequently functionalized with different amines (APTES, MEA, DEA and PEI) through reflux method. The samples functionalized with amines were tested for adsorption of CO2 in order to evaluate their adsorption capacities as well, were subjected to various analyzes of characterization in order to assess the efficiency of the method used for functionalization with amines. The physic-chemical techniques were used: X- ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption and desorption (BET/BJH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CNH Analysis, Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and photoelectron spectroscopy X-ray (XPS). The CO2 adsorption experiments were carried out under the following conditions: 100 mg of adsorbent, at 25 °C under a flow of 100 ml/min of CO2, atmospheric pressure and the adsorption variation in time 10-210 min. The X-ray diffraction with the transmission electron micrographs for the samples synthesized and functionalized, MCM-41 and SBA-15 showed characteristic peaks of hexagonal mesoporous structure formation, showing the structure thereof was obtained. The method used was efficient reflux according to XPS and elemental analysis, which showed the presence of amines in the starting materials. The functionalized SBA -15 samples were those that had potential as best adsorbent for CO2 capture when compared with samples of MCM-41, obtaining the maximum adsorption capacity for SBA-15-P sample

Levantamento florístico de Floresta Atlântica no sul do Estado de São Paulo, Parque Estadual Intervales, Base Saibadela

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acid Black 48 dye biosorption using Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized with treated sugarcane bagasse

The textile industry consumes large quantities of water and chemicals, especially in dyeing and finishing processes. Textile dye adsorption can be accomplished with natural or synthetic compounds. Cell immobilization using biomaterials allows the reduction of toxicity and mechanical resistance and opens spaces within the matrix for cell growth. The use of natural materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, is promising due to the low costs involved. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse treated with either polyethyleneimine (PEI), NaOH or distilled water in the cell immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for textile dye removal. Three different adsorption tests were conducted: treated sugarcane bagasse alone, free yeast cells and bagasse-immobilized yeast cells. Yeast immobilization was 31.34% with PEI-treated bagasse, 8.56% with distilled water and 22.54% with NaOH. PEI-treated bagasse exhibited the best removal rates of the dye at all pH values studied (2.50, 4.50 and 6.50). The best Acid Black 48 adsorption rates were obtained with use of free yeast cells. At pH 2.50, 1 mg of free yeast cells was able to remove 5488.49 g of the dye. The lowest adsorption capacity rates were obtained using treated bagasse alone. However, the use of bagasse-immobilized cells increased adsorption efficiency from 20 to 40%. The use of immobilized cells in textile dye removal is very attractive due to adsorbed dye precipitation, which eliminates the industrial need for centrifugation processes. Dye adsorption using only yeast cells or sugarcane bagasse requires separation methods.

Development of a novel fermented soymilk product with potential probiotic properties

The study was carried out to test the ability of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. jugurti, Streptococcus thermophilus and L. delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus to decrease cholesterol in vitro and to grow in the presence of bile salts. Both properties were dependent on the species under study. The cultures were also inoculated into soymilk fortified with dry milk whey powder as single or mixed starters. The physicochemical and sensory evaluations of the fermented products showed that E. faecium plus L. jugurti (ratio 1:1) is the best combination, and this mixture also produces a 43% decrease in cholesterol. © Springer-Verlag 1999.

Frugivory in cotingas of the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil

In this paper we present a list of plant species whose fruits are eaten by eight cotinga species (Carpornis cucullatus, C. melanocephalus, Laniisoma elegans, Lipaugus lanioides, Oxyruncus cristatus, Phibalura flavirostris, Procnias nudicollis, and Pyroderus scutatus) at Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), an Atlantic Forest reserve in southeast Brazil. Besides providing a list of fruits eaten by cotingas, our goal is to allow insights into fruit use by these birds whose ecology is poorly known. From 1990 to 2001 four sites located within PEI were regularly visited. These sites form an altitudinal gradient (70-800 m a.s.l.) and also a gradient of forest disturbance (second-growth to old-growth vegetation). Feeding records were made along several trails and dirt roads that crossed the study sites. Cotingas ate a variety of fruits (99 species in 34 families) that ranged from small (< 5 mm diameter) to large (up to 37 mm) and included some non-ornithochorous ones. With the exception of P. nudicollis, cotingas exploited not only fruits typical of the forest interior but also fruits of secondary vegetation, suggesting that concerning fruit exploitation early successional vegetation does not represent a barrier for the survival of these cotingas.