Metodología para el análisis de los efectos de la rotura de un depósito en entorno urbano y clasificación de su riesgo potencial

El riesgo asociado a la rotura de un depósito de agua en entorno urbano (como la ocurrida, por ejemplo, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla en Noviembre de 1997) y los potenciales daños que puede causar, pone en duda la seguridad de este tipo de infraestructuras que, por necesidades del servicio de abastecimiento de agua, se construyen habitualmente en puntos altos y cercanos a los núcleos de población a los que sirven. Sin embargo, la baja probabilidad de que se produzca una rotura suele rebajar los niveles de alerta asociados a los depósitos, haciéndose hincapié en la mejora de los métodos constructivos sin elaborar metodologías que, como en el caso de las presas y las balsas de riego, establezcan la necesidad de clasificar el riesgo potencial de estas infraestructuras en función de su emplazamiento y de estudiar la posible construcción de medidas mitigadoras de una posible rotura. Por otro lado, para establecer los daños que pueden derivarse de una rotura de este tipo, se hace imprescindible la modelización bidimensional de la ola de rotura por cuanto la malla urbana a la que afectaran no es susceptible de simulaciones unidimensionales, dado que no hay un cauce que ofrezca un camino preferente al agua. Este tipo de simulación requiere de una inversión económica que no siempre está disponible en la construcción de depósitos de pequeño y mediano tamaño. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo el diseño de una metodología simplificada que, por medio de graficas y atendiendo a las variables principales del fenómeno, pueda estimar un valor para el riesgo asociado a una posible rotura y sirva como guía para establecer si un deposito (existente o de nueva implantación) requiere de un modelo de detalle para estimar el riesgo y si es conveniente implantar alguna medida mitigadora de la energía producida en una rotura de este tipo. Con carácter previo se ha establecido que las variables que intervienen en la definición de riesgo asociado a la rotura, son el calado y la velocidad máxima en cada punto sensible de sufrir daños (daños asociados al vuelco y arrastre de personas principalmente), por lo que se ha procedido a estudiar las ecuaciones que rigen el problema de la rotura del depósito y de la transmisión de la onda de rotura por la malla urbana adyacente al mismo, así como los posibles métodos de resolución de las mismas y el desarrollo informático necesario para una primera aproximación a los resultados. Para poder analizar las condiciones de contorno que influyen en los valores resultantes de velocidad y calado, se ha diseñado una batería de escenarios simplificados que, tras una modelización en detalle y un análisis adimensional, han dado como resultado que las variables que influyen en los valores de calado y velocidad máximos en cada punto son: la altura de la lamina de agua del depósito, la pendiente del terreno, la rugosidad, la forma del terreno (en términos de concavidad) y la distancia del punto de estudio al deposito. Una vez definidas las variables que influyen en los resultados, se ha llevado a cabo una segunda batería de simulaciones de escenarios simplificados que ha servido para la discusión y desarrollo de las curvas que se presentan como producto principal de la metodología simplificada. Con esta metodología, que solamente necesita de unos cálculos simples para su empleo, se obtiene un primer valor de calado y velocidad introduciendo la altura de la lámina de agua máxima de servicio del depósito cuyo riesgo se quiere evaluar. Posteriormente, y utilizando el ábaco propuesto, se obtienen coeficientes correctores de los valores obtenidos para la rugosidad y pendiente media del terreno que se esta evaluando, así como para el grado de concavidad del mismo (a través de la pendiente transversal). Con los valores obtenidos con las curvas anteriores se obtienen los valores de calado y velocidad en el punto de estudio y, aplicando la formulación propuesta, se obtiene una estimación del riesgo asociado a la rotura de la infraestructura. Como corolario a la metodología mencionada, se propone una segunda serie de gráficos para evaluar, también de forma simplificada, la reducción del riesgo que se obtendría con la construcción de alguna medida mitigadora como puede ser un dique o murete perimetral al depósito. Este método de evaluación de posible medidas mitigadoras, aporta una guía para analizar la posibilidad de disminuir el riesgo con la construcción de estos elementos, o la necesidad de buscar otro emplazamiento que, si bien pueda ser no tan favorable desde el punto de vista de la explotación del depósito, presente un menor riesgo asociado a su rotura. Como complemento a la metodología simplificada propuesta, y además de llevar a cabo la calibración de la misma con los datos obtenidos tras la rotura del depósito de agua de Melilla, se ha realizado una serie de ejemplos de utilización de la metodología para, además de servir de guía de uso de la misma, poder analizar la diferencia entre los resultados que se obtendrían con una simulación bidimensional detallada de cada uno de los casos y el método simplificado aplicado a los mismos. The potential risk of a catastrophic collapse of a water supply reservoir in an urban area (such as the one occurred in Melilla in November 1997) and the damages that can cause, make question the security in this kind of infrastructures, which, by operational needs, are frequently built in high elevations and close to the urban areas they serve to. Since the likelihood of breakage is quite low, the alert levels associated to those infrastructures have also been downgraded focussing on the improvement of the constructive methods without developing methodologies (like the ones used in the case of dams or irrigation ponds) where there is a need of classifying the potential risk of those tanks and also of installing mitigating measures. Furthermore, to establish the damages related to a breakage of this kind, a twodimensional modelling of the breakage wave becomes imperative given that the urban layout does not provide a preferential way to the water. This kind of simulation requires financial investment that is not always available in the construction of small and medium sized water tanks. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to design a simplified methodology, by means of charts and attending to the main variables of the phenomenon, that could estimate a value to the risk associated to a possible breakage. It can also be used as a guidance to establish if a reservoir (existing or a new one) requires a detailed model to estimate the risk of a breakage and the benefits of installing measures to mitigate the breakage wave effects. Previously, it has been established that the variables involved in the risk associated to a breakage are the draft and the maximum speed in every point susceptible to damages (mainly damages related to people). Bellow, the equations ruling the problem of the reservoir breakage have been studied as well as the transmission of the breakage wave through the urban network of the city and the possible methods to solve the equations and the computer development needed to a first approach to the results. In order to be able to analyse the boundary conditions affecting the values resulting (speed and draft), a set of scenarios have been designed. After a detailed modelling and a dimensionless analysis it has been proved that the variables that influence the operational draughts and the maximum speed in every point are the water level in the tank, the slope, the roughness and form (in terms of concavity) of the terrain and the distance between the tank and the control point. Having defined the involving variables, a second set of simulations of the simplified scenarios has been carried out and has helped to discuss and develop the curves that are here presented as the final product of the simplified methodology. This methodology only needs some simple calculations and gives a first value of draft and speed by introducing the maximum water level of the tank being evaluated. Subsequently, using the suggested charts, the method gives correction coefficients of the measured values for roughness and average slope of the assessed terrain as well as the degree of concavity (through transverse gradient).With the values from the previous curves (operational draughts and speed at the point of survey) and applying the proposed formulation, an estimation of the risk associated to the breakage of the infrastructure is finally obtained. As a corollary of the mentioned methodology, another set of diagrams is proposed in order to evaluate, in a simplified manner also, the risk reduction that could be gained with the construction of some mitigating measures such as dikes or retaining walls around the reservoir. This evaluating method provides a guide to analyse the possibility to reduce the risk, constructing those elements or even looking for a different site that could be worse in terms of exploitation of the tank but much safer. As a complement to the simplified methodology here proposed, and apart from completing its calibration with the obtained data after the reservoir breakage in Melilla, a number of examples of the use of the methodology have been made to be used as a user guide of the methodology itself, as well as giving the possibility of analysing the different results that can be obtained from a thorough two-dimensional simulation or from the simplified method applied to the examples.

Rad52 forms DNA repair and recombination centers during S phase

Maintenance of genomic integrity and stable transmission of genetic information depend on a number of DNA repair processes. Failure to faithfully perform these processes can result in genetic alterations and subsequent development of cancer and other genetic diseases. In the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, homologous recombination is the major pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks. The key role played by Rad52 in this pathway has been attributed to its ability to seek out and mediate annealing of homologous DNA strands. In this study, we find that S. cerevisiae Rad52 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) is fully functional in DNA repair and recombination. After induction of DNA double-strand breaks by γ-irradiation, meiosis, or the HO endonuclease, Rad52-GFP relocalizes from a diffuse nuclear distribution to distinct foci. Interestingly, Rad52 foci are formed almost exclusively during the S phase of mitotic cells, consistent with coordination between recombinational repair and DNA replication. This notion is further strengthened by the dramatic increase in the frequency of Rad52 focus formation observed in a pol12-100 replication mutant and a mec1 DNA damage checkpoint mutant. Furthermore, our data indicate that each Rad52 focus represents a center of recombinational repair capable of processing multiple DNA lesions.

Cloning and characterization of KAP3: a novel kinesin superfamily-associated protein of KIF3A/3B.

We previously reported that KIF3A and KIF3B form a heterodimer that functions as a microtubule-based fast anterograde translocator of membranous organelles. We have also shown that this KIF3A/3B forms a complex with other associated polypeptides, named kinesin superfamily-associated protein 3 (KAP3). In the present study, we purified KAP3 protein by immunoprecipitation using anti-KIF3B antibody from mouse testis. Microsequencing was carried out, and we cloned the full-length KAP3 cDNA from a mouse brain cDNA library. Two isoforms of KAP3 exist [KAP3A (793 aa) and KAP3B (772 aa)], generated by alternative splicing in the carboxyl terminus region. Their amino acid sequences have no homology with those of any other known proteins, and prediction of their secondary structure indicated that almost the entire KAP3 molecule is alpha-helical. We produced recombinant KAP3 and KIF3A/3B using a baculovirus-Sf9 expression system. A reconstruction study in Sf9 cells revealed that KAP3 is a globular protein that binds to the tail domain of KIF3A/3B. The immunolocalization pattern of KAP3 was similar to that of KIF3A/3B in nerve cells. In addition, we found that KAP3 does not affect the motor activity of KIF3A/3B. KAP3 was associated with a membrane-bound form of KIF3A/3B in a fractional immunoprecipitation experiment, and since the KIF3 complex was found to bind to membranous organelles in an EM study, KAP3 may regulate membrane binding of the KIF3 complex.

Primary structure and tissue distribution of the orphanin FQ precursor.

The heptadecapeptide orphanin FQ (OFQ) is a recently discovered neuropeptide that exhibits structural features reminiscent of the opioid peptides and that is an endogenous ligand to a G protein-coupled receptor sequentially related to the opioid receptors. We have cloned both the human and rat cDNAs encoding the OFQ precursor proteins, to investigate whether the sequence relationships existing between the opioid and OFQ systems are also found at the polypeptide precursor level, in particular whether the OFQ precursor would encode several bioactive peptides as do the opioid precursors, and to study the regional distribution of OFQ sites of synthesis. The entire precursor protein displays structural homology to the opioid peptide precursors, especially preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin. The predicted amino acid sequence of the OFQ precursor contains a putative signal peptide and one copy of the OFQ sequence flanked by pairs of basic amino acid residues. Carboxyl-terminal to the OFQ sequence, the human and rat precursors contain a stretch of 28 amino acids that is 100% conserved and thus may encode novel bioactive peptides. Two peptides derived from this stretch were synthesized but were found to be unable to activate the OFQ receptor, suggesting that if they are produced in vivo, these peptides would likely recognize receptors different from the OFQ receptor. To begin analyzing the sites of OFQ mRNA synthesis, Northern analysis of human and rat tissues were carried out and showed that the OFQ precursor mRNA is mainly expressed in the brain. In situ hybridization of rat brain slices demonstrated a regional distribution pattern of the OFQ precursor mRNA, which is distinct from that of the opioid peptide precursors. These data confirm that the OFQ system differs from the opioid system at the molecular level, although the OFQ and opioid precursors may have arisen from a common ancestral gene.

Increased expression and activity of sodium channels in alveolar type II cells of hyperoxic rats.

We investigated the cellular and molecular events associated with the increase in sodium transport across the alveolar epithelium of rats exposed to hyperoxia (85% O2 for 7 days followed by 100% O2 for 4 days). Alveolar type II (ATII) cell RNA was isolated and probed with a cDNA for one of the rat colonic epithelial sodium channel subunits (alpha rENaC). The alpha rENaC mRNA (3.7-kb transcript) increased 3-fold in ATII cell RNA isolated from rats exposed to 85% O2 for 7 days and 6-fold after 4 days of subsequent exposure to 100% O2. In situ hybridization revealed increased expression of alpha rENaC mRNA transcripts in both airway and alveolar epithelial cells of hyperoxic rats. When immunostained with a polyclonal antibody to kidney sodium channel protein, ATII cells from hyperoxic rats exhibited a significant increase in the amount of immunogenic protein present in both the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. When patched in the whole-cell mode, ATII cells from hyperoxic rats exhibited amiloride and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-2',4'-amiloride (EIPA)-sensitive currents that were 100% higher compared with those obtained from air-breathing rats. Single-channel sodium currents (mean conductance of 25 pS) were seen in ATII cells patched in both the inside-out and cell-attached modes. The number and open probability of these channels increased significantly during exposure to hyperoxia. Exposure to sublethal hyperoxia up-regulated both alpha rENaC mRNA and the functional expression of sodium channels in ATII cells.

Photoconductivity and Electro-Optical Properties of Wide Band Gap Metal Oxides

The PhD activity described in this Thesis was focused on the study of metal-oxide wide-bandgap materials, aiming at fabricating new optoelectronic devices such as solar-blind UV photodetectors, high power electronics, and gas sensors. Photocurrent spectroscopy and DC photocurrent time evolution were used to investigate the performance of prototypes under different atmospheres, temperatures and excitation wavelengths (or dark conditions). Cathodoluminescence, absorption spectroscopy, XRD and SEM were used to assess structural, morphologic, electrical and optical properties of materials. This thesis is divided into two main sections, each describing the work done on a different metal-oxide semiconductor. 1) MOVPE-grown Ga2O3 thin films for UV solar-blind photodetectors and high power devices The semiconducting oxides, among them Ga2O3, have been employed for several decades as transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrodes for fabrication of solar cells, displays, electronic, and opto-electronic devices. The interest was mainly confined to such applications, as these materials tend to grow intrinsically n-type, and attempts to get an effective p-type doping has consistently failed. The key requirements of TCO electrodes are indeed high electrical conductivity and good transparency, while crystallographic perfection is a minor issue. Furthermore, for a long period no high-quality substrates and epi-layers were available, which in turn impeded the development of a truly full-oxide electronics. Recently, Ga2O3 has attracted renewed interest, as large single crystals and high-quality homo- and hetero-epitaxial layers became available, which paved the way to novel application areas. Our research group spent the last two years in developing a low temperature (500-700°C) MOVPE growth procedure to obtain thin films of Ga2O3 on different substrates (Dept. of Physics and IMEM-CNR at UNIPR). We obtained a significant result growing on oriented sapphire epitaxial films of high crystalline, undoped, pure phase -Ga2O3 (hexagonal). The crystallographic properties of this phase were investigated by XRD, in order to clarify the lattice parameters of the hexagonal cell. First design and development of solar blind UV photodetectors based on -phase was carried out and the optoelectronic performance is evaluated by means of photocurrent spectroscopy. The UV-response is adequately fast and reliable to render this unusual phase a subject of great interest for future applications. The availability of a hexagonal phase of Ga2O3 stable up to 700°C, belonging to the same space group of gallium nitride, with high crystallinity and tunable electrical properties, is intriguing in view of the development of nitride-based devices, by taking advantage of the more favorable symmetry and epitaxial relationships with respect to the monoclinic β-phase. In addition, annealing at temperatures higher than 700°C demonstrate that the hexagonal phase converts totally in the monoclinic one. 2) ZnO nano-tetrapods: charge transport mechanisms and time-response in optoelectronic devices and sensors Size and morphology of ZnO at the nanometer scale play a key role in tailoring its physical and chemical properties. Thanks to the possibility of growing zinc oxide in a variety of different nanostructures, there is a great variety of applications, among which gas sensors, light emitting diodes, transparent conducting oxides, solar cells. Even if the operation of ZnO nanostructure-based devices has been recently demonstrated, the mechanisms of charge transport in these assembly is still under debate. The candidate performed an accurate investigation by photocurrent spectroscopy and DC-photocurrent time evolution of electrical response of both single-tetrapod and tetrapod-assembly devices. During the research done for this thesis, a thermal activation energy enables the performance of samples at high temperatures (above about 300°C). The energy barrier is related to the leg-to-leg interconnection in the assembly of nanotetrapods. Percolation mechanisms are responsible for both the very slow photo-response (minutes to hours or days) and the significant persistent photocurrent. Below the bandgap energy, electronic states were investigated but their contribution to the photocurrent are two-three order of magnitude lower than the band edge. Such devices are suitable for employ in photodetectors as well as in gas sensors, provided that the mechanism by which the photo-current is generated and gas adsorption on the surface modify the conductivity of the material are known.

Transgender Group Therapy: Process and Issues with Male to Female Clients

Transgender issues are garnering more attention within the mental health field. With the increased social awareness of transgender issues, the mental health field is recognizing the need for effective psychological services for this population. Transgender individuals face unique challenges related to gender non-conformity, the coming-out and transitioning processes, and in society at large, all of which can lead to a number mental health concerns. Group therapy is a promising treatment modality for transgender individuals. The purpose of this paper is to offer a rationale for the effectiveness of group therapy, and recommendations for best practices utilizing the current literature and my experience with facilitating a Male to Female transgender therapy group.

Towards a unified framework for opinion retrieval, mining and summarization

The exponential increase of subjective, user-generated content since the birth of the Social Web, has led to the necessity of developing automatic text processing systems able to extract, process and present relevant knowledge. In this paper, we tackle the Opinion Retrieval, Mining and Summarization task, by proposing a unified framework, composed of three crucial components (information retrieval, opinion mining and text summarization) that allow the retrieval, classification and summarization of subjective information. An extensive analysis is conducted, where different configurations of the framework are suggested and analyzed, in order to determine which is the best one, and under which conditions. The evaluation carried out and the results obtained show the appropriateness of the individual components, as well as the framework as a whole. By achieving an improvement over 10% compared to the state-of-the-art approaches in the context of blogs, we can conclude that subjective text can be efficiently dealt with by means of our proposed framework.

Profiling in sport using momentum and perturbations

Examining a team’s performance from a physical point of view their momentum might indicate unexpected turning points in defeat or success. Physicists describe this value as to require some effort to be started, but also that it is relatively easy to keep it going once a sufficient level is reached (Reed and Hughes, 2006). Unlike football, rugby, handball and many more sports, a regular volleyball match is not limited by time but by points that need to be gathered. Every minute more than one point is won by either one team or the other. That means a series of successive points enlarges the gap between the teams making it more and more difficult to catch up with the leading one. This concept of gathering momentum, or the reverse in a performance, can give the coaches, athletes and sports scientists further insights into winning and losing performances. Momentum investigations also contain dependencies between performances or questions if future performances are reliant upon past streaks. Squash and volleyball share the characteristic of being played up to a certain amount of points. Squash was examined according to the momentum of players by Hughes et al. (2006). The initial aim was to expand normative profiles of elite squash players using momentum graphs of winners and errors to explore ‘turning points’ in a performance. Dynamic systems theory has enabled the definition of perturbations in sports exhibiting rhythms (Hughes et al., 2000; McGarry et al., 2002; Murray et al., 2008), and how players and teams cause these disruptions of rhythm can inform on the way they play, these techniques also contribute to profiling methods. Together with the analysis of one’s own performance it is essential to have an understanding of your oppositions’ tactical strengths and weaknesses. By modelling the oppositions’ performance it is possible to predict certain outcomes and patterns, and therefore intervene or change tactics before the critical incident occurs. The modelling of competitive sport is an informative analytic technique as it directs the attention of the modeller to the critical aspects of data that delineate successful performance (McGarry & Franks, 1996). Using tactical performance profiles to pull out and visualise these critical aspects of performance, players can build justified and sophisticated tactical plans. The area is discussed and reviewed, critically appraising the research completed in this element of Performance Analysis.

Controlled Complete Suppression of Single-Atom Inelastic Spin and Orbital Cotunneling

The inelastic portion of the tunnel current through an individual magnetic atom grants unique access to read out and change the atom’s spin state, but it also provides a path for spontaneous relaxation and decoherence. Controlled closure of the inelastic channel would allow for the latter to be switched off at will, paving the way to coherent spin manipulation in single atoms. Here, we demonstrate complete closure of the inelastic channels for both spin and orbital transitions due to a controlled geometric modification of the atom’s environment, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The observed suppression of the excitation signal, which occurs for Co atoms assembled into chains on a Cu2N substrate, indicates a structural transition affecting the dz2 orbital, effectively cutting off the STM tip from the spin-flip cotunneling path.

The End of the Transitional Period for Police and Criminal Justice Measures Adopted before the Lisbon Treaty: Who monitors trust in the European Criminal Justice area? CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe No. 74, December 2014

This study examines the legal and political implications of the forthcoming end of the transitional period for the measures in the fields of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, as set out in Protocol 36 to the EU Treaties. This Protocol limits some of the most far-reaching innovations introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon over EU cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs for a period of five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon (until 1 December 2014), and provides the UK with special ‘opt out/opt-in’ possibilities. The study focuses on the meaning of the transitional period for the wider European Criminal Justice area. The most far-reaching change emerging from the end of this transition will be the expansion of the European Commission and Luxembourg Court of Justice scrutiny powers over Member States’ implementation of EU criminal justice law. The possibility offered by Protocol 36 for the UK to opt out and opt back in to pre-Lisbon Treaty instruments poses serious challenges to a common EU area of justice by further institutionalising ‘over-flexible’ participation in criminal justice instruments. The study argues that in light of Article 82 TFEU the rights of the defence are now inextricably linked to the coherency and effective operation of the principle of mutual recognition of criminal decisions, and calls the European Parliament to request the UK to opt in EU Directives on suspects procedural rights as condition for the UK to ‘opt back in’ measures like the European Arrest Warrant.

Humour and Irony in Dutch Post-war Fiction Film /

This study examines a range of Dutch post-war fiction films and also works as an implicit overview on the basis of types of humour, like low-class comedy, neurotic romances; deliberate camp, homosocial jokes, cosmic irony, grotesque satire.

Remarks on the Zend language and the Zendavesta. In a letter from the late Professor Emanuel Rask to the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone then President of the Literary Society at Bombay.

Signed E. Rask.

Researches on the arseniates, phosphates, and modifications of phosphoric acid.

"Specially noteworthy on two different grounds--firstly, because in it the relations to each other of ortho-, pyro-, and metaphosphoric acids and the corresponding salts were first pointed out; and secondly, because it formed the starting point of the idea of the basicity of acids."--Editor's pref.

Teaching College Writing in a High School Setting: The Impact of Concurrent Enrollment on Teacher Learning and Practice

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06