987 resultados para nematode da madeira do pinheiro
Resumo:
A RAPD-PCR assay was developed and used to test For competitive variability in growth of the nematode biological control fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Saprophytic competence in soil with or without tomato plants was examined in three isolates of the fungus: RES 280 (J), originally isolated from potato cyst nematode (PCN) cysts; RES 200 (1) and RES 279 (S), both originally isolated from root knot nematode (RKN) eggs. Viable counts taken at 70 d indicated that I was the best saprophyte followed by S, with J the poorest. RAPD-PCR analysis of colonies from mixed treatments revealed that there was a cumulative effect of adding isolates to the system. This Suggested that the isolates did not interact and that they may occupy separate niches in soil and the rhizosphere. To investigate parasitic ability, soils were seeded with two isolates of the fungus: J and S, singly or in combination. Tomato or potato plants were grown in these soils; free of nematodes, or inoculated with PCN or RKN, and incubated for 77 d. The abundance of the PCN isolate J in PCN cysts was significantly greater than that of the RKN isolate S but in RKN egg masses, S was significantly more abundant than J. RAPD-PCR analysis of colonies from mixed treatments confirmed that J was more abundant than S ill PCN cysts whereas the converse was observed on RKN egg masses. This substantiates the phenomenon of nematode host preference at the infraspecific level of P. chlamydosporia and highlights its relevance for biological control of plant parasitic nematodes.
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Long-term effects of the elevated atmospheric CO2 on biosphere have been in focus of research since the last few decades. In this experiment undisturbed soil monoliths of loess grassland were exposed to an elevated CO2 environment (two-times the ambient CO2 level) for a period of six years with the aid of the open top chamber method. Control without a chamber and CO2 elevation was applied as well. Elevated CO2 level had very little impact oil soil food web. It did not influence either root and microbial biomass or microbial and nematode community structure. The only significant response was that density of the bacterial feeder genus Heterocephalobus increased in the chamber with elevated CO2 concentration. Application of the open top chambers initiated more changes on nematodes than the elevated CO2 level. Open top chamber (OTC) method decreased nematode density (total and plant feeder as well) to less than half of the original level. Negative effect was found on the genus level in the case of fungal feeder Aphelenchoides, plant feeder Helicotylenchus and Paratylenchus. It is very likely that the significantly lower belowground root biomass and partly its decreased quality reflected by the increased C/N ratio are the main responsible factors for the lower density of the plant feeder nematodes in the plots of chambers. According to diversity profiles, MI and MI(2-15) parameters, nematode communities in the open top chambers (both on ambient and elevated CO2 level) seem to be more structured than those under normal circumstances six years after start of the experiment.
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ES-62 is a phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein secreted by filarial nematodes. This molecule has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, via down-regulation of anti-collagen type 1 immune responses. Malaria parasites induce a pro-inflammatory host immune response and many of the symptoms of malaria are immune system-mediated. Therefore we have asked whether the immunomodulatory properties of ES-62 can down-regulate the severity of malaria infection in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. We have found that ES-62 has no significant effect on the course of P. chabaudi parasitaemia, and does not significantly affect any of the measures of malaria-induced pathology taken throughout infection.
Resumo:
A RAPD-PCR assay was developed and used to test For competitive variability in growth of the nematode biological control fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Saprophytic competence in soil with or without tomato plants was examined in three isolates of the fungus: RES 280 (J), originally isolated from potato cyst nematode (PCN) cysts; RES 200 (1) and RES 279 (S), both originally isolated from root knot nematode (RKN) eggs. Viable counts taken at 70 d indicated that I was the best saprophyte followed by S, with J the poorest. RAPD-PCR analysis of colonies from mixed treatments revealed that there was a cumulative effect of adding isolates to the system. This Suggested that the isolates did not interact and that they may occupy separate niches in soil and the rhizosphere. To investigate parasitic ability, soils were seeded with two isolates of the fungus: J and S, singly or in combination. Tomato or potato plants were grown in these soils; free of nematodes, or inoculated with PCN or RKN, and incubated for 77 d. The abundance of the PCN isolate J in PCN cysts was significantly greater than that of the RKN isolate S but in RKN egg masses, S was significantly more abundant than J. RAPD-PCR analysis of colonies from mixed treatments confirmed that J was more abundant than S ill PCN cysts whereas the converse was observed on RKN egg masses. This substantiates the phenomenon of nematode host preference at the infraspecific level of P. chlamydosporia and highlights its relevance for biological control of plant parasitic nematodes.
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This study aims to characterise the rainfall exceptionality and the meteorological context of the 20 February 2010 flash-floods in Madeira (Portugal). Daily and hourly precipitation records from the available rain-gauge station networks are evaluated in order to reconstitute the temporal evolution of the rainstorm, as its geographic incidence, contributing to understand the flash-flood dynamics and the type and spatial distribution of the associated impacts. The exceptionality of the rainstorm is further confirmed by the return period associated with the daily precipitation registered at the two long-term record stations, with 146.9 mm observed in the city of Funchal and 333.8 mm on the mountain top, corresponding to an estimated return period of approximately 290 yr and 90 yr, respectively. Furthermore, the synoptic associated situation responsible for the flash-floods is analysed using different sources of information, e.g., weather charts, reanalysis data, Meteosat images and radiosounding data, with the focus on two main issues: (1) the dynamical conditions that promoted such anomalous humidity availability over the Madeira region on 20 February 2010 and (2) the uplift mechanism that induced deep convection activity.
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High prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in goats has increased pressure to find effective, alternative non-synthetic control methods, one of which is adding forage of the high condensed tannin (CT) legume sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata) to the animal's diet. Previous work has demonstrated good efficacy of dried SL (hay, pellets) against small ruminant GIN, but information is lacking on consumption of fresh SL, particularly during the late summer–autumn period in the southern USA when perennial warm-season grass pastures are often low in quality. A study was designed to determine the effects of autumn (September–November) consumption of fresh SL forage, grass pasture (predominantly bermudagrass, BG; Cynodon dactylon), or a combination of SL + BG forage by young goats [intact male Spanish kids, 9 months old (20.7 ± 1.1 kg), n = 10/treatment group] on their GIN infection status. Three forage paddocks (0.40 ha) were set up at the Fort Valley State University Agricultural Research Station (Fort Valley, GA) for an 8-week trial. The goats in each paddock were supplemented with a commercial feed pellet at 0.45 kg/head/d for the first 4 weeks of the trial, and 0.27 kg/head/d for the final 4 weeks. Forage samples taken at the start of the trial were analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and a separate set of SL samples was analyzed for CT in leaves, stems, and whole plant using the benzyl mercaptan thiolysis method. Animal weights were taken at the start and end of the trial, and fecal and blood samples were collected weekly for determination of fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV), respectively. Adult GIN was recovered from the abomasum and small intestines of all goats at the end of the experiment for counting and speciation. The CP levels were highest for SL forage, intermediate for SL + BG, and lowest for BG forage samples, while NDF and ADF values were the opposite, with highest levels in BG and lowest in SL forage samples. Sericea lespedeza leaves had more CT than stems (16.0 g vs. 3.3 g/100 g dry weight), a slightly higher percentage of PDs (98% vs. 94%, respectively) and polymers of larger mean degrees of polymerization (42 vs. 18, respectively). There were no differences in average daily gain or blood PCV between the treatment groups, but SL goats had lower FEC (P < 0.05) than the BG or SL + BG forage goats throughout most of the trial. The SL + BG goats had lower FEC than the BG forage animals by the end of the trial (week 8, P < 0.05). The SL goats had lower numbers (P < 0.05) of male Haemonchus contortus and tended to have fewer female (P < 0.10) and total (P < 0.07) H. contortus compared with the BG goats. The predominant GIN in all the goats was Trichostrongylus colubriformis (73% of total GIN). As a low-input forage with activity against pathogenic GIN (H. contortus), SL has a potential to reduce producers’ dependence upon synthetic anthelmintics and also to fill the autumn ‘window’ in good-quality fresh forages for goat grazing in the southern USA.
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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) frequently kill their host within 1–2 days, and interest in EPN focuses mainly on their lethality. However, insects may take longer to die, or may fail to die despite being infected, but little is known about the effects of EPN infection on insects, other than death. Here we investigate both lethal and sub-lethal effects of infection by two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis downesi, on adults of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Following 12 h nematode–weevil contact in peat, S. carpocapsae killed a significantly higher proportion of weevils (87–93%) than H. downesi (43–57%) at all concentrations tested. Less than 10% of weevils were dead within 2 days, and weevils continued to die for up to 10 days after exposure (LT50 of 3 days or more). In a separate experiment, live weevils dissected 6 days after a 24 h exposure to nematodes on filter paper harbored encapsulated and dead nematodes, showing that weevils could defend themselves against infection. Some live weevils also harbored live nematodes 6 days after they had been removed from the nematode infested medium. Feeding by weevils was not affected by infection with, or exposure to, either species of EPN. We discuss these results in relation to the use of EPN in biological control against H. abietis.
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We describe the first application of a non-radioactive ligand-blotting technique to the characterization of proteins interacting with nematode vitellins. Chromatographically purified vitellins from the free-living nematode Oscheius tipulae were labeled with fluorescein in vitro. Ligand-blotting assays with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-fluorescein antibodies showed that labeled vitellins reacted specifically with a polypeptide of approximately 100 kDa, which we named P100. This polypeptide is a specific worm`s vitellin-binding protein that is present only in adult worms. Blots containing purified O. tipulae vitellin preparations showed no detectable signal in the 100 kDa region, ruling out any possibility of yolk polypeptides self-assembling under the conditions used in our assay. Experiments done in the presence of alpha-methyl mannoside ruled out the possibility of vitellins binding to P100 through mannose residues. Triton X-114 fractionation of whole worm extracts showed that P100 is either a membrane protein or has highly hydrophobic regions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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O uso de materiais de construção que sejam ambientalmente corretos é um dos caminhos para se alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse contexto, a madeira serrada, originária de plantios florestais tem sido cogitada como um material que pode atender aos requisitos colocados por esse conceito. Buscando essa adequação, este trabalho analisou a madeira serrada de Eucalipto spp e as relações entre os seus problemas ambientais, as suas oportunidades e o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável. Essas relações foram exploradas através do estudo dos problemas e das oportunidades identificadas na cadeia produtiva de madeira serrada de eucalipto para habitação do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo foi estruturado em três etapas: coleta de dados, diagnóstico dos problemas e oportunidades, identificando os problemas ambientais e suas relações com outros problemas, através da elaboração de fluxogramas explicativos. Por fim, análise da adequação ambiental da madeira serrada de eucalipto, verificando o aumento e a redução de impactos ambientais, de acordo com os critérios de classificação de materiais ambientalmente corretos.
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Para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável a energia tem um papel chave, sendo responsável por boa parte da poluição em todas as atividades humanas. O uso de energias renováveis é altamente desejável quando se quer reduzir ou eliminar essa poluição sem perder a oportunidade de desenvolvimento de uma atividade produtiva qualquer. No presente trabalho delimitou-se a região alvo como sendo o extremo nordeste do estado, conhecida como “Campos de cima da Serra”, a qual possui características comuns que facilitam a aplicação do estudo. Estudou-se duas alternativas que atendem as condições de sustentabilidade, por serem renováveis, e o atendimento em pequena escala, fator predominante para que se possa viabilizar pequenos empreendimentos em locais de difícil acesso e baixa densidade demográfica, características comuns da região em estudo. A utilização de resíduos em pequenas serrarias tem características e dificuldades peculiares que foram analisadas com cuidado para oferecer a melhor alternativa do ponto de vista técnico, econômico e ambiental. O conhecimento do porte, do tipo de madeira produzida e, consequentemente, do tipo de resíduo gerado, além das necessidades energéticas das empresas, é fundamental para selecionar a melhor alternativa e determinar a tecnologia mais adequada. O presente estudo mostrou que essa tecnologia é a gaseificação do resíduo e a utilização do gás produzido num motor de combustão interna. Obteve-se um gás combustível possível de ser utilizado, desde que sua limpeza seja feita adequadamente. Nas residências da região é muito comum a utilização do fogão a lenha devido ao clima frio. Ao mesmo tempo se observa que o aquecimento de água para o banho é feito com chuveiro elétrico, equipamento barato, mas de alta demanda de potência. Essa característica prejudica o abastecimento de energia elétrica da região, já com dificuldades por ser ponta de rede. Estudou-se um equipamento auxiliar que pode ser usado em conjunto com o fogão a lenha para aquecer água nas residências, liberando energia elétrica para outras cargas mais nobres e diminuindo os níveis de queda de tensão principalmente no horário de ponta. O estudo determinou a potência útil do equipamento e identificou possíveis dificuldades que devem ser evitadas. A análise das perdas mais significativas permite que se otimize o sistema a partir dos dados levantados.
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A perda de material, na forma de sobras ou resíduos, no processamento das toras de madeira, além de ser uma variável muito importante para o gerenciamento da produção é responsável por uma parcela significativa dos impactos ambientais causados pela produção de madeira serrada. A quantificação e a identificação dos resíduos do processamento (desdobro) da madeira são componentes fundamentais para o estudo de suas possibilidades de aproveitamento como insumo de outros produtos. Tradicionalmente o aproveitamento dos resíduos ou sobras pelas serrarias tem sido utilizados em caldeiras para geração de vapor para a secagem da madeira processada e para produzir energia elétrica. Mas os resíduos e sobras, que são uma fonte de matéria-prima madeireira, também podem ser empregados para a produção de outros produtos, tais como: chapas e painéis. O presente trabalho consistiu de uma pesquisa realizada em serrarias das três principais regiões produtoras de madeira serrada do Rio Grande do Sul, as quais processam madeira de espécies de Eucalyptus spp. e Pinus spp. A pesquisa visou obter informações a respeito do processo produtivo de madeira serrada de florestas plantadas por serrarias e sua consequente geração de resíduos e sobras. Os resultados obtidos, além de estabelecerem um diagnóstico da produção de madeira serrada de florestas plantadas e da conseqüente geração de resíduos e sobras pelas serrarias no Rio Grande do Sul, revelam aspectos referentes ao atual destino e o aproveitamento potencial dos resíduos e sobras, neste caso para a produção de painéis ou chapas de madeira reconstituída Esta pesquisa e a análise dos dados coletados trazem, ainda, contribuições para o estabelecimento de formas e programas de redução na geração, qualificação e utilização de resíduos e sobras, como mecanismo de redução dos impactos ambientais negativos, através da substituição do processo da queima ou dispensa indevida na natureza, dando ênfase na sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica no uso do insumo madeira. O aproveitamento de sobras e resíduos serve, ainda, para agregar valor à madeira e para o emprego em produtos com base na madeira consumidos por setores industriais importantes, tal como a construção civil.
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O presente trabalho está inserido num contexto de estudos relativos à caracterização e otimização de esquadrias residenciais em madeira. A contextualização dos estudos considera: o meio ambiente, com suas variáveis climáticas e locais; a constituição física e tecnológica de materiais, sistemas e componentes da esquadria; o perfil de desempenho técnico, funcional e utilitário, propiciado pela esquadria; e os processos técnicos de projeto, produção e instalação. Os instrumentos metodológicos aplicados no presente estudo são: entrevistas, levantamento dimensional, representação gráfica e observações para análise de processos de projeto, produção e instalação. O resultado principal está na análise comparativa e reformulação do projeto das esquadrias de um protótipo de habitação sustentável edificado no Campus da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, em Porto Alegre. Como resultados complementares citam-se: o mapeamento das características físicas e mecânicas de madeiras, passíveis de serem empregadas na produção de esquadrias, e um estudo de informações que deveriam constar nas especificações técnicas e representações gráficas dos projetos de esquadrias residenciais em madeira.
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