Resistance inducing agents on the biology and probing behaviour of the greenbug in wheat

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variations in tree community composition and structure in a fragment of tropical semideciduous forest in southeastern Brazil related to different human disturbance histories

In an area of tropical seasonal semideciduous forest, the soil characteristics, floristic composition, physiognomic structure, and the distribution of three regeneration and three dispersal guilds were studied for four stands within the forest that had documented histories of varying degrees of human disturbance. The aim was to study forest regeneration in areas of preserved forest and secondary forest, with parts of both types of forest experiencing either 'intensive' or 'occasional' cattle trampling. The study was carried out in the Sebastiao Aleixo da Silva Ecological Station, Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil. Two stands were called 'secondary' because they corresponded to forest tracts that were felled and occupied by crops and pastures in the past and then abandoned to forest regeneration ca. 40 years before this study. The other two stands, called 'preserved', corresponded to areas of the fragment where the forest has been maintained with only minor human impacts. The arboreal component of the tree community (diameter at breast height or dbh greater than or equal to 5 cm) was sampled in 20 plots of 40 m x 40 m, and the subarboreal component (diameter at the base of the stem or dbs < 5 cm and height greater than or equal to 0.5 m) in subplots of 40 m x 2 m. Physiognomic features, such as canopy height and density of climbing plants, were registered all over a 5 m x 5 m gridline laid on the sample plots. Soil bulk samples were collected for chemical and textural analyses. Most detected differences contrasted the secondary to the preserved forest stands. The soils of the secondary stands showed higher proportions of sand and lower levels of mineral nutrients and organic matter than those of the preserved stands, probably due to higher losses by leaching and erosion. Compared to the secondary stands, the preserved ones had higher proportions of tall trees, higher mean canopy height, lower species diversity, higher abundance of autochorous and shade-tolerant climax species, and lower abundance of pioneer and light-demanding climax species. Despite the high proportion of species shared by the preserved and secondary stands (108 out of 139), they differed consistently in terms of density of the most abundant species. on the other hand, the secondary and preserved stands held similar values for tree density and basal area, suggesting that 40 years were enough to restore these features. Effects of cattle trampling on the vegetation were detected for the frequency of trees of anemochorous and zoochorous species, which were higher in the stands under occasional and intensive cattle trampling, respectively. The density of thin climbers was lower in the stands with intensive trampling. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Maternal antibody transfer to broiler progeny varies among strains and is affected by grain source and cage density

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of broiler breeder dietary grain source and cage density on maternal antibody (MatAb) transfer to progeny in 2 genetic strains (A and B). Broiler breeders were assigned to 16 litter floor pens and fed either corn- or wheat-based diets. Breeders were administered 4 live vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). At 23 wk of age, pullets and cocks, which reflected the full BW distribution from each treatment, were moved to a cage breeder house and placed at 1 or 2 hens/cage. Breeders were artificially inseminated at 44 wk (experiment 1) and 52 wk of age (experiment 2). Eggs were collected for 8 d, incubated, and placed in individual pedigree bags at d 19 of incubation. Blood samples from 5 chicks per treatment combination were collected at hatch in both experiments. Spleen and bursa were collected from the same chicks for histomorphometry analyses in experiment 2. In the second experiment, 12 chicks per treatment were placed in cages. Progeny were provided diets based on the same grain (corn or wheat) as their parents. Serum samples were collected at 5, 9, and 13 d of age and analyzed for anti-NDV MatAb. Data were analyzed as a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design considering strain, dietary grain source, and cage density as main factors. Interaction effects were observed in breeders and progeny. Experiment 1 showed that strain A chicks had lower levels of MatAb when hens were housed at 2 hens/cage rather than 1 hen/cage. The MatAb levels of strain B chickens were not affected by cage density in either experiment. Experiment 2 demonstrated similar effects of cage density on MatAb levels and the area of bursa follicles for both strains. Progeny of breeders fed corn-based diets had smaller spleen white pulp only when hens were housed at 2 hens/cage compared with 1 hen/cage. The results of these experiments suggest that breeder strain and cage-density conditions affected MatAb transfer to progeny and embryo development of spleen and bursa.

Environmental Behaviour of Metolachlor and Diuron in a Tropical Soil in the Central Region of Brazil

The environmental behaviour of metolachlor and diuron was studied in the Central-western region of Brazil, by means of a field study where six experimental plots were installed. The soil was classified as a Latosol, and the soil horizons were characterized. Sorption of metolachlor and diuron was evaluated in laboratory batch experiments. Metolachlor and diuron were applied to the experimental plots on uncultivated soil in October 2003. From this date to March 2004, the following processes were studied: leaching, runoff and dissipation in top soil. K (oc) of metolachlor varied from 179 to 264 mL g(-1) in the soil horizons. K (oc) of diuron in the Ap horizon was 917 mL g(-1), decreasing significantly in the deeper horizons. Field dissipation half-lives of metolachlor and diuron were 18 and 15 days, respectively. In percolated water, metolachlor was detected in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 2.84 mu g L-1. In runoff water and sediment, metolachlor was detected in decreasing concentrations throughout the period of study. Losses of 0.02% and 0.54% of the applied amount by leaching and runoff, respectively, were observed confirming the high mobility of this herbicide in the environment. In percolated water, diuron was detected with low frequency but in relatively high concentrations (up to 6.29 mu g L-1). In runoff water and soil, diuron was detected in decreasing concentrations until 70 days after application, totalizing 13.9% during the whole sampling period. These results show the importance of practices to reduce runoff avoiding surface water contamination by these pesticides, particularly diuron.

Lightning characteristics observed by a VLF/LF lightning detection network (LINET) in Brazil, Australia, Africa and Germany

This paper describes lightning characteristics as obtained in four sets of lightning measurements during recent field campaigns in different parts of the world from mid-latitudes to the tropics by the novel VLF/LF (very low frequency/low frequency) lightning detection network (LINET). The paper gives a general overview on the approach, and a synopsis of the statistical results for the observation periods as a whole and for one special day in each region. The focus is on the characteristics of lightning which can specifically be observed by this system like intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground stroke statistics, vertical distributions of intra-cloud strokes or peak current distributions. Some conclusions regarding lightning produced NOx are also presented as this was one of the aims of the tropical field campaigns TROCCINOX (Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides Experiment) and TroCCiBras (Tropical Convection and Cirrus Experiment Brazil) in Brazil during January/February 2005, SCOUT-O3 (Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere) and TWP-ICE (Tropical Warm Pool-International Cloud Experiment) during November/December 2005 and January/February 2006, respectively, in the Darwin area in N-Australia, and of AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) in W-Africa during June-November 2006.

Development, characterization and clinical use of a biodegradable composite scaffold for bone engineering in oro-maxillo-facial surgery

We have developed a biodegradable composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications with a pore size and interconnecting macroporosity similar to those of human trabecular bone. The scaffold is fabricated by a process of particle leaching and phase inversion from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and two calcium phosphate (CaP) phases both of which are resorbable by osteoclasts; the first a particulate within the polymer structure and the second a thin ubiquitous coating. The 3-5 mu m thick osteoconductive surface CaP abrogates the putative foreign body giant cell response to the underlying polymer, while the internal CaP phase provides dimensional stability in an otherwise highly compliant structure. The scaffold may be used as a biomaterial alone, as a carrier for cells or a three-phase drug delivery device. Due to the highly interconnected macroporosity ranging from 81% to 91%, with macropores of 0.8 similar to 1.8 mm, and an ability to wick up blood, the scaffold acts as both a clot-retention device and an osteoconductive support for host bone growth. As a cell delivery vehicle, the scaffold can be first seeded with human mesenchymal cells which can then contribute to bone formation in orthotopic implantation sites, as we show in immune-compromised animal hosts. We have also employed this scaffold in both lithomorph and particulate forms in human patients to maintain alveolar bone height following tooth extraction, and augment alveolar bone height through standard sinus lift approaches. We provide a clinical case report of both of these applications; and we show that the scaffold served to regenerate sufficient bone tissue in the wound site to provide a sound foundation for dental implant placement. At the time of writing, such implants have been in occlusal function for periods of up to 3 years in sites regenerated through the use of the scaffold.

Comparison of manual versus sonic and ultrasonic toothbrushes: a review.

PURPOSE: This review of the literature intends to evaluate the effect of brushes with high frequency motion when compared with manual toothbrushes regarding the indices of plaque and gingival bleeding. METHODS: Patients presenting gingivitis and/or chronic periodontitis were evaluated in addition to patients having osseointegrated implants and fixed orthodontic appliances. Pertinent literature was reviewed to select articles according to previously defined inclusion criteria. RESULTS: In the assessed studies results showed significant decreases in plaque and gingival indices by utilization of both types of brushes. However, in the selected studies where sonic brushes were tested in orthodontic and dental implant patients there was a more significant decrease in the indices. Furthermore, there was no indication of gingival recession attributed to product use. CONCLUSION: Future studies with a more homogeneous methodology and better experiment designs will be needed.

Uso do extrato pirolenhoso: Efeito no solo e nas plantas de tomate

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Investigação da reatividade e da cinética de dissolução do metacaulim em ácido sulfúrico

Um estudo da reatividade e da cinética de dissolução do metacaulim foi desenvolvido para o caulim de cobertura de papel oriundo da região do Rio Capim, Pará. O caulim foi calcinado a 600, 700, 800, 900 e 1000 ºC por 2 h para obtenção do metacaulim e posteriormente lixiviado com ácido sulfúrico em temperaturas constantes dentro do intervalo 50-95 °C ± 3 °C. Nas lixiviações foram usadas quantidades de ácido sulfúrico correspondentes a 10% acima do valor estequiométrico em relação ao alumínio presente no material. Foram coletadas amostras, com intervalos pré-determinados a cada 15 min até tempo total de 3 h, as quais foram submetidas à análise de teor de alumínio pelo método titrimétrico com EDTA. Os resultados mostraram que a reatividade do caulim calcinado diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura de calcinação e que a cinética de dissolução do alumínio do metacaulim obtido por calcinação a 700 °C seguiu os métodos de reação homogênea utilizados: método integral, método das meia-vidas e método das velocidades iniciais. Uma energia de ativação de 96,25 kJ/mol foi encontrada bem como reação de lixiviação de primeira ordem em relação ao alumínio do metacaulim e de primeira ordem em relação à concentração ácida. Pesquisas realizadas anteriormente, utilizando excesso de um dos reagentes acima de 90% e modelos de reação heterogênea, estão em consonância com os dados encontrados neste trabalho desenvolvido com excesso de apenas 10%.

Estudos isotópicos (Pb, O, H, S) em zonas alteradas e mineralizadas do depósito cupro-aurífero Visconde, Província Mineral de Carajás

O depósito cupro-aurífero Visconde está localizado na Província Mineral de Carajás, a cerca de 15 km a leste do depósito congênere de classe mundial Sossego. Encontra-se em uma zona de cisalhamento de direção WNW-ESE, que marca o contato das rochas metavulcanossedimentares da Bacia Carajás com o embasamento. Nessa zona ocorrem outros depósitos hidrotermais cupro-auríferos com características similares (Alvo 118, Cristalino, Jatobá, Bacaba, Bacuri, Castanha), que têm sido enquadrados na classe IOCG (Iron Oxide Copper-Gold), embora muitas dúvidas ainda existam quanto a sua gênese, principalmente no que diz respeito à idade da mineralização e fontes dos fluidos, ligantes e metais. O depósito Visconde está hospedado em rochas arqueanas variavelmente cisalhadas e alteradas hidrotermalmente, as principais sendo metavulcânicas félsicas (2968 ± 15 Ma), o Granito Serra Dourada (2860 ± 22 Ma) e gabros/dioritos. Elas registram diversos tipos de alteração hidrotermal com forte controle estrutural, destacando-se as alterações sódica (albita + escapolita) e sódico-cálcica (albita + actinolita ± turmalina ± quartzo ± magnetita ± escapolita), mais precoces, que promoveram a substituição ubíqua de minerais primários das rochas e a disseminação de calcopirita, pirita, molibdenita e pentlandita. Dados isotópicos de oxigênio e hidrogênio de minerais representativos desses tipos de alteração mostram que os fluidos hidrotermais foram quentes (410 – 355°C) e ricos em ¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O_H2O= +4,2 a 9,4‰). Sobreveio a alteração potássica, caracterizada pela intensa biotitização das rochas, a qual ocorreu concomitantemente ao desenvolvimento de foliação milonítica, notavelmente desenhada pela orientação de palhetas de biotita, que precipitaram de fluidos com assinatura isotópica de oxigênio similar à dos estágios anteriores (δ¹⁸O_H2O entre +4,8 e +7,2‰, a 355°C). Microclina e alanita são outras fases características desse estágio, além da calcopirita precipitada nos planos da foliação. A temperaturas mais baixas (230 ± 11°C), fluidos empobrecidos em ¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O_H2O = -1,3 a +3,7‰) geraram associações de minerais cálcico-magnesianos (albita + epidoto + clorita ± calcita ± actinolita) que são contemporâneas à mineralização. Valores de δ¹⁸D_H2O e δO_H2O indicam que os fluidos hidrotermais foram inicialmente formados por águas metamórficas e formacionais, a que se misturou alguma água de fonte magmática. Nos estágios tardios, houve considerável influxo de águas superficiais. Diluição e queda da temperatura provocaram a precipitação de abundantes sulfetos (calcopirita ± bornita ± calcocita ± digenita), os quais se concentraram principalmente em brechas tectônicas - os principais corpos de minério - que chegam a conter até cerca de 60% de sulfetos. Veios constituídos por minerais sódico-cálcicos também apresentam comumente sulfetos. A associação de minerais de minério e ganga indica uma assinatura de Cu-Au- Fe-Ni-ETRL-B-P para a mineralização. Os valores de δ³⁴S (-1,2 a +3,4‰) de sulfetos sugerem enxofre de origem magmática (proveniente da exsolução de magmas ou da dissolução de sulfetos das rochas ígneas pré-existentes) e precipitação em condições levemente oxidantes. Datação do minério por lixiviação e dissolução total de Pb em calcopirita forneceu idades de 2736 ± 100 Ma e 2729 ± 150 Ma, que indicam ser a mineralização neoarqueana e, a despeito dos altos erros, permite descartar um evento mineralizador paleoproterozoico. A idade de 2746 ± 7 Ma (MSDW=4,9; evaporação de Pb em zircão), obtida em um corpo granítico não mineralizado (correlacionado à Suíte Planalto) que ocorre na área do depósito, foi interpretada como a idade mínima da mineralização. Assim, a formação do depósito Visconde teria relação com o evento transpressivo ocorrido entre 2,76 e 2,74 Ga, reponsável pela inversão da Bacia Carajás e pela geração de magmatismo granítico nos domínios Carajás e de Transição. Esse evento teria desencadeado reações de devolatilização em rochas do Supergrupo Itacaiúnas, ou mesmo, provocado a expulsão de fluidos conatos salinos aprisionados em seus intertícios. Esses fluidos teriam migrado pelas zonas de cisalhamento e reagido com as rochas (da bacia e do embasamento) pelas quais se movimentaram durante a fase dúctil. As concentrações subeconômicas do depósito Visconde devem ser resultado da ausência de grandes estruturas que teriam favorecido maior influxo de fluidos superficiais, tal como ocorreu na formação dos depósitos Sossego e Alvo 118.

Facile synthesis and characterization of ZrO2 nanoparticles prepared by the AOP/hydrothermal route

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of the transcriptome of fast and slow muscle myotomal fibres in the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ciclagem do nitrogênio relacionada ao sistema de produção

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Influência da Motilidade Gastrintestinal no processo de desintegração de comprimidos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Using Fluid Bed Granulation to Improve the Dissolution of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

In this study, fluid bed granulation was applied to improve the dissolution of nimodipine and spironolactone, two very poorly water-soluble drugs. Granules were obtained with different amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate and croscarmellose sodium and then compressed into tablets. The dissolution behavior of the tablets was studied by comparing their dissolution profiles and dissolution efficiency with those obtained from physical mixtures of the drug and excipients subjected to similar conditions. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the fluid bed granulation process improves the dissolution efficiency of both nimodipine and spironolactone tablets. The addition of either the surfactant or the disintegrant employed in the study proved to have a lower impact on this improvement in dissolution than the fluid bed granulation process.