Shape and size of jatropha beans (Jatropha curcas L.) during drying at different temperatures

This study was carried out to study the physical properties of the jatropha beans over the drying under six air conditions, based on measurements of roundness, sphericity, volume, superficial area, projected area and surface/volume ratio. Jatropha beans with moisture content around 0.61 (decimal d.b.) were subjected to thin-layer drying in oven with forced-air circulation under six temperature conditions (36, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 °C) and relative humidity of 31.7; 19.6; 9.4; 4.8; 2.6 and 1.5% respectively, until reaching the moisture content of 0.11 ± 0.006 (decimal d. b.). The results showed that the necessary time for jatropha beans to reach the moisture content of 0.11 ± 0.006 (decimal d.b.) were 1.5; 2.25; 3.0; 4.75; 6.75 and 12.0 h for the drying temperatures of 105, 90, 75, 60, 45 and 36 °C, respectively; and the reduction in the moisture content as well as the drying conditions promoted changes in the shape and reduced the size of the jatropha beans.

Nitrogen fertilization of coffee: organic compost and Crotalaria juncea L.

Information concerning the response of coffee to organic fertilizers is scarce. This study evaluates the effect of different doses of compost and Crotalaria juncea L. on growth, production and nitrogen nutrition of coffee trees. The treatments consisted of compost at rates of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended fertilization, with or without the aerial part of C. juncea. C. juncea was grown with NH4-N (2% 15N) and applied to coffee. The use of C. juncea increased growth in height and diameter of the coffee canopy. In the first year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 8.5% at seven months and 4.1% at fifteen months after fertilization. In the second year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 17.9% N at the early harvest, five months after fertilization. Increased rates of compost increased pH , P , K , Ca , Mg , sum of bases , effective CEC, base saturation and organic matter and reduced potential acidity. 15N allowed the identification of the N contribution from C. juncea with percentage of leaf N derived from Crotalaria juncea from 9.2 to 17.9%.

Variabilidade em população base de pimenteiras ornamentais (Capsicum annuum L.)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar progênies de uma população base de pimenteiras (Capsicum annuum L.). Foram utilizadas 54 plantas de uma geração F2 de pimenteiras ornamentais, para se avaliarem os seguintes caracteres morfoagronômicos: altura da planta (AP), diâmetro da copa (DDC), altura da primeira bifurcação (APB), diâmetro do caule (DCL), comprimento da folha (CFL), largura da folha (LFL), comprimento da corola (CDC), comprimento de antera (CANT), comprimento do estilete (CES) e largura da pétala (LAP). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância, com posterior agrupamento das médias para o teste de Scott-Knott (p<0,01). Com exceção do CANT, verificaram-se diferenças significativas para os demais descritores, pelo Teste F. O DCL foi o descritor com maior herdabilidade (99,49%), seguido de DDC (96,14%) e APB (94,05%). O caractere DCL apresentou maior variabilidade entre as plantas, formando 13 classes, seguido de DDC, com oito e APB, com seis classes. Quando se utilizaram as técnicas multivariadas, foi possível agrupar as 54 plantas em oito grupos, sendo o grupo 1 o que reuniu maior número de plantas (35). A característica que mais contribuiu para a divergência genética foi o diâmetro do caule (68,97%), seguida pelo diâmetro da copa (9,22%), altura da primeira bifurcação (6,76%) e altura da planta (4,58%). Já as características de flor foram as que menos contribuíram para a variabilidade (10,47%). Houve variabilidade entre as plantas estudadas, sendo possível praticar seleção dentro dessa família, dando continuidade ao Programa de Melhoramento de Pimenteiras.

Divergência genética entre acessos de cajazinho (Spondias mombin L.) no norte do Espírito Santo

O estudo da diversidade genética proporciona informações fundamentais, nos programas de melhoramento genético de plantas, em relação à caracterização, conservação e utilização dos recursos genéticos disponíveis.se, com este trabalho, avaliar a divergência genética entre 35 acessos de cajazinho (Spondias mombin L.), com base em características físicas e químicas dos frutos. Os acessos foram selecionados nos municípios de Linhares e Sooretama, Região norte do Espírito Santo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variação entre e dentro dos 35 acessos, dispostos em cinco repetições de um fruto, totalmente ao acaso, para investigar a variabilidade genética entre os acessos de S. mombin. Existe divergência genética entre os acessos de S. mombin L., sendo C.3 o mais divergente. Os métodos de otimização de Tocher e o hierárquico UPGMA foram parcialmente concordantes quanto à formação dos grupos heteróticos de progênies de S. mombin L. As características que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética foram acidez total titulável (33,33%), peso de fruto (28,68%) e o diâmetro polar (9,80%).

Cytogenetic and identification of the nucleolus organizer region in Heliconia bihai (L.) L.

The genus Heliconia is not much studied and the number of existing species in this genus is still uncertain. It is known that this number relies between 150 to 250 species. In Brazil, about 40 species are native and known by many different names. The objective of this paper was to characterize morphometrically and to identify the NOR (active nucleolus organizer regions) by Ag-NOR banding of chromosomes of Heliconia bihai (L) L. Root meristems were submitted to blocking treatment in an amiprofos-methyl (APM) solution, fixed in methanol-acetic acid solution for 24 hours, at least. The meristems were washed in distilled water and submitted to enzymatic digestion with pectinase enzyme. The slides were prepared by dissociation of the root meristem, dried in the air and also on hot plate at 50°C. Subsequently, some slides were submitted to 5% Giemsa stain for karyotype construction and to a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) 50% for Ag-NOR banding. The species H. bihai has 2n = 22 chromosomes, 4 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes and 7 pairs of metacentric chromosomes, and graded medium to short (3.96 to 0.67 μM), with the presence of active NOR in pairs 1 and 2 and interphase cells with 2 nucleoli. These are the features of a diploid species.

Effect of biostimulant application on production and flavonoid content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

The production of medicinal plants as raw material for industry must associate quality with biomass formation and, with this purpose, the application of plant growth regulators has been studied in these crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a biostimulant on growth, inflorescence production and flavonoid content in marigold. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the treatments consisted of increasing doses of the biostimulant (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 mL L-1) applied by foliar spraying in ten consecutive applications. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and ten repetitions. The number of leaves and flowerheads and dry matter of roots increased linearly with increasing doses of the growth promoter, with 20%, 36.97% and 97.28% increases, respectively, compared with the control. The total dry mass and shoot dry mass showed maximum values at the highest dose tested of 15 mL L-1 (with increases of 40.09% and 46.30%, respectively). Plant height and flavonoid content reached the highest values at a dose of 6 mL L-1. The biostimulant promoted the development of marigold and positively influenced the synthesis of the secondary compound of medicinal interest. Among the tested doses, the application of rates between 6 and 9 mL L-1 of the biostimulant is recommended for more efficient large-scale production of marigold.

Rooting of hardwood cuttings of Roxo de Valinhos fig (Ficus carica L.) with different propagation strategies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the substrate, cuttings collection time, the position and the cutting depth, and the propagation environment on rooting of 'Purple Valinhos' fig tree cuttings in Southwestern Paraná, Brazil. Two experiments were carried out at UTFPR, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, with hardwoods cuttings from Roxo de Valinhos fig tree. The first experiment used a randomized block design, in 3 x 3 x 2 factorial (substrate x environment x collection time), with four replications of 10 cuttings per plot. The cuttings were collected in the first fifteen days of July and August. The substrates were sand, soil and the mixture of these [1:1 (v / v)]. The environments used were open sky, tunnel with plastic cover and tunnel with half-shade black net cover. The second experiment used a randomized block design, 2 x 2 x 3 factorial (shoot cutting position x soil cover x shoot cutting depth), with four replications of 12 cuttings per plot. In the factor position, the vertically (0 º inclination) and inclined (45 º inclination) shoot cuttings were evaluated. Soil cover was tested with mulching plastic cover or not. The tested depths were 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 in relation to the total length of the shoot cutting. In both experiments, the following were analyzed: rooting and mortality indices, number of leaves and primary shoots, length of the three largest roots per cutting. It was conclude that, the protected environment with plastic cover on sand as substrate must recommended for the rooting of fig estaca, collecting them in the first half of July. The inclination position and cutting depth of the estaca and the substrate coverage with plastic mulching did not influence the results.

Morphological and phytochemical characterization of Piper hispidinervum DC. and Piper aduncum L. populations in the state of Acre

Because of the increasing demand of the industry for the production of essential oils, studies highlight the genetic variability of Piper hispidinervum and P. aduncum species according to their patterns of spatial distribution, showing the Amazon region as the source of superior genetic material in the production of safrole and dillapiole. Thus, the objective this study was to characterize the morphology and the phytochemistry of Piper hispidinervum and P. aduncum populations in the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Acre to generate subsidies for the genetic improvement of these species. The results showed that the average values for leaf width and length were 141.67 and 48.04 mm, and petioles length and diameter measurements were 2.83 and 1.78 mm for P. hispidinervum and 189.22; 67.74; 6.03 and 2.22 mm for P. aduncum respectively. The average height and canopy volume measurements were 2.39 m and 6.30 m3 and 2.70 m and 7.78 m3 respectively for each species. For P. hispidinervum, the population with higher performance indried yield and content of safrole was population 02, with 3.9%, and the population 04 showed 94.3% safrole content, both with genetic material from the region of Acrelândia and Plácido de Castro. To P. aduncum, the populations with better performance were 207, 208 and 209, forming a homogeneous group with dried yield average of 3.8% and dillapiol content of 84-85%. Such populations are indicated for selection in breeding program of these species due to better performance.

Efeito da acidificação nas propriedades físico-químicas e funcionais do amido de sementes de manga (Mangifera indica L.), variedade Tommy Atkins

No processamento industrial da manga, os subprodutos, caroço e casca são, normalmente, descartados sem o devido aproveitamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as características físico-químicas e funcionais dos amidos nativo e acidificado do caroço (amêndoa) de manga, da variedade Tommy Atkins, pesquisando uma nova fonte de amido e formas de melhorá-la e contribuir para a utilização de resíduos da indústria alimentícia. As amêndoas foram retiradas manualmente dos caroços de manga e procedeu-se a extração do amido. O amido nativo foi acidificado, sendo o agente promotor da modificação o ácido clorídrico. Verificou-se a composição química do amido nativo. Determinaram-se também as propriedades funcionais e de pasta do amido nativo e do acidificado. Para a composição centesimal, o amido nativo apresentou 71,56% de amido, 7,30% de lipídeos e 5,6% de proteínas. Os amidos nativo e acidificado demonstraram baixa resistência à elevação da temperatura, com intumescimento máximo a 75 oC, sendo seus valores 9,395 e 6,861 g/g, respectivamente. A solubilidade mostrou-se crescente, à medida que houve elevação da temperatura, sendo seu valor máximo 48,03% para o amido acidificado. O amido nativo expôs maior capacidade de absorção de água, óleo e claridade da pasta. O referido amido ainda apresentou maior pico de viscosidade, viscosidade mínima, quebra de viscosidade, viscosidade final, retrogradação e temperatura de pasta do que os do amido acidificado. O amido nativo pode ser indicado para compor sopas desidratadas e produtos cárneos, enquanto o acidificado pode ser usado em alimentos congelados e refrigerados e na indústria de balas.

Avaliação do efeito antibacteriano de extratos de folhas de batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas L. frente a bactérias de interesse em alimentos e correlação com os compostos fenólicos

RESUMOA batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas L.) é um vegetal muito cultivado nos países tropicais, usado na alimentação humana e na animal, sendo uma boa fonte de energia, sais minerais e vitaminas. Constitui, ainda, fonte de polifenóis antioxidativos, entre eles, antocianinas e ácidos fenólicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana de diferentes extratos de folhas frescas de batata-doce, frente a bactérias de interesse alimentar, e correlacioná-la com os teores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas. Foram avaliados teores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas, bem como a atividade antibacteriana de extratos alcoólicos, de infusão e de decocção de folhas de dois acessos de batata-doce, em Porto Alegre, RS, frente a três agentes de interesse em alimentos e alimentação, quais sejam, inóculos padronizados de SalmonellaEnteritidis (ATCC 11076), Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229). A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana, expressa em intensidade de atividade de inibição bacteriana (IINIB) e em intensidade de atividade de inativação bacteriana (IINAB), foi baseada em testes de diluição em sistema de tubos múltiplos; as antocianinas foram determinadas por meio de pH diferencial e os polifenóis pelo método de Folin & Ciocalteu. Os extratos alcoólicos inibiram e, ou, inativaram todos os inóculos testados, não obstante o Staphylococcus aureus ter sido significativamente mais resistente. Os extratos obtidos por decocção e infusão, além de apresentarem concentrações muito baixas de antocianinas e menores teores de polifenóis do que os seus correspondentes alcoólicos, não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana. A atividade antibacteriana dos extratos testados foi positivamente correlacionada com os compostos fenólicos e, ou, antocianinas.

Cantaloupe melon ( Cucumis melo L.) conservation using hydrocooling

ABSTRACT Maintaining cantaloupe melon at field temperature impairs conservation as it speeds up cell metabolism and transpiration, and, consequently, reduces shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the conservation of Torreon hybrid cantaloupe using the hydrocooling treatment. Fruits were harvested at the commercial maturity stage (60 days after planting), in the morning, at the Nova California Farm, municipality of Mossoró-RN, in September 2007. One set of fruit was immersed in chilled water at 5 ºC for 5 min, at the packing house, while the remaining set was not hydro cooled. Then, both sets (treated and untreated with hydrocooling) were pre-cooled in air forced tunnels at 7 ºC, until the temperature in the pulp reached 10 ºC. Both fruit sets were stored for 0, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days under modified atmosphere at 3 ± 1 oC and 90 ± 5% RH. After each storage period, the fruits were incubated in an atmosphere-controlled chamber at 20 ± 2 oC and 80 ± 5% de RH, for seven days. The following characteristics were evaluated: external and internal appearance, mass loss, soluble solids, firmness and titrable acidity. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized split-plot design with four replications of three fruits. The plots consisted of the hydrocooling conditions (with and without fruit soaking in chilled water), and the sub-plots consisted of the storage times (0, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days).The treatment with hydrocooling was efficient in keeping the firmness and soluble solids of the fruits and shortened the pre-cooling time in the cooling tunnel. However, hydrocooling did not increase fruit shelf-life.