As levadas da Ilha da Madeira: uma herança cultural

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como primeiro e fundamental objetivo salientar a importância das levadas da ilha da Madeira como património cultural e sublinhar a pertinência da sua candidatura a Património da Humanidade. Debruçando-se sobre um enquadramento conceitual e teórico acerca do património cultural e das levadas da ilha da Madeira, esta investigação pretende conhecer qual a relação existente entre ambos, existindo, também, o intuito de compreender qual o interesse da valorização, preservação e conservação destes aquedutos. O estudo desenvolveu-se, portanto, no sentido de responder à questão “As levadas da ilha da Madeira e o património cultural: que relação?”. Para dar resposta à mesma procedeu-se à explanação do conceito de património cultural e a sua legislação e, ainda, à história das levadas, que se cruza com a da própria ilha, recorrendo à consulta, leitura e análise de documentos relacionados com estes assuntos bem como ao trabalho de campo, percorrendo diversas levadas e registando observações in loco. Neste sentido, chegou-se à conclusão de que as levadas, que, no século XV, surgiram da necessidade de levar a água até aos terrenos agrícolas, são hoje a prova do esforço, luta e triunfo do povo madeirense. É na perspetiva de herança e cultura que encarar as levadas como património cultural faz todo o sentido, na medida em que apresentam, de facto, uma autenticidade ímpar, relativamente à sua forma e conceção, construção e materiais utilizados, tradições e técnicas de gestão de águas, localização, enquadramento e amplitude, termos linguísticos, lendas e contos a que deram origem e, ainda, a todo um património material e imaterial consigo relacionados.

Projeto em Áreas Consolidadas de Patrimônio Cultural: Propostas para a Construção de uma Metodologia de Ensino

Le thème du patrimoine culturel architectural et urbain continue d avoir une place importante dans le milieu technique et scientifique. Le concept s est élargi et aujourd hui comprend différentes procédures de projets d intervention. L importance accordée au thème amène à l inclusion de la matière de techniques rétrospectives et aux contenus qui en sont liés: conservation, restauration, restructuration et reconstruction d édifices et ensembles urbains, dans les parcours des cours d architecture et d urbanisme au Brésil établies par le Ministère de l Education Nationale (MEC) dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, postérieurement incorporés dans les directrices disciplinaires nationales. Nous partons des discussions théoriques et conceptuelles du Domaine du Patrimoine Culturel, ainsi que des principales théories pédagogiques d enseignements et d apprentissage articulées au projet. Dans ce contexte les objectifs principaux de cette thèse consistent à systématiser et à analyser les principales procédures méthodologiques contribuant pour la construction de méthodes d enseignement tournée vers des activités pratiques dans ce domaine. Pour cela, la recherche a été systématisée dans une approche à deux niveaux. En ce qui concerne le premier, basé sur des données secondaires, neuf cours d architecture et urbanisme ont étés identifiés entre institutions publiques d enseignement supérieur dont huit brésiliennes et une française, considérées représentatives en ce qui concerne les pratiques d enseignement de projet et de patrimoine culturel. Trente disciplines dédiées à la matière ont été également reconnues initialement, et postérieurement, cinq disciplines qui possèdent un emploi du temps dédié à la pratique de projet ont aussi été reconnues. Dans le deuxième cas, basée sur des données primaires, ont étés analysées les méthodologies et les stratégies d enseignement de projet basées sur les définitions des matières et des autres éléments des plans de travail avec des observations, des entrevues et des questionnaires en trois ateliers. Par rapport aux résultats nous avons constaté que toutes les écoles possèdent les contenus de la matière, mais peu d entre elles privilégient la relation du projet appliqué au patrimoine culturel. Nous avons constaté que les questions des projets dans ce contexte, même s elles sont considérées complexes, ont privilégié le listage et l analyse du site. L atelier qui intègre les fondements des théories de préservation, l histoire de l architecture et urbanisme et techniques anciennes et actuelles, est mis en valeur comme un modèle cohérent avec les propositions d intégration des connaissances théoriques et pratiques du projet appliqué à la discipline. Basé sur ces constatations il est possible de démontrer quatre étapes du projet appliqué au patrimoine culturel: 1ª) les fondements généraux qui concernent les bases théoriques sur la préservation, histoire et technique rétrospective, par exemple, l appropriation de lois et normes et la sensibilisation de l élève sur les questions de patrimoine culturel; 2ª) le contacte avec la réalité qui inclut l appropriation du problème à partir de ces acteurs, de ces échelles, de cette lecture de site et l analyse de l objet d étude; 3ª) le développement de la proposition qui inclut programmes (fonctions existantes et propositions), définitions du partit (types d intervention), conception (hypothèse et discussion) et définition de proposition; 4ª) la finalisation du projet qui consiste à développer la proposition avec sa représentation graphique et sa présentation finale. Nous concluons que le projet en Domaine du Patrimoine Culturel demande une attention spéciale et doit être présent dans les cursus considérant les principes généraux nécessaires à la formation de l élève. Le binôme projet / patrimoine signifie avoir dans le cursus universitaire les contenus et questions nécessaires les connaissances, les variables et possibilités existantes dans le projet appliqué au patrimoine culturel de façon à ce que ces connaissances soient incorporées dans l exercice de projet et n apparaissent pas comme un simple contenu théorique sans articulation avec la pratique. Naturellement ces conclusions n épuisent pas la réflexion sur la question. Nous espérons que les analyses faites contribuent à définir des méthodologies d enseignements capables d êtres vérifiées et testées dans la pratique en salle de cours, et puisse collaborer avec les nouvelles recherches surtout celles qui ont pour but des nouvelles théories pédagogiques d enseignement apprentissage du projet en Domaine du Patrimoine Culturel

A festa do bom Jesus dos navegantes em propriá-se: história de fé, espaço das relações sociais e laços culturais

The study is a survey conducted for the Master of Social Sciences carried out in partnership between the Universidade Tiradentes-UNIT/SE and the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). Being a religious event, we seek to show that the religious parties generally have particular meanings for each nation or region. Amaral (1998) informs that the Brazilian parties regardless of where they occur are popular demonstrations that, as the context in which they present themselves, can dilute to crystallize, to celebrate, to ritualize or sacralize the particular social experience of the groups that do. They happen as a way to thank victories or important religious passages as Christmas, the June saints celebration, patron saints and patron saints considered. Thus, The Bom Jesus dos Navegantes party in Propriá-SE: story of faith, a space of social relations and cultural ties, is presented as our field of study because it is one of those celebrations that while celebrated in Sergipe, always on Sundays in January, by some municipalities situated along the river San Francisco, has the characteristic of overlap any others placed in town, including the one of the city's patron saint, Saint Anthony, held on June 13. Concerning the materials and methods, we opted for qualitative research and participant direct observation, using the techniques of personal notes, interviews, newspapers, websites, photos, videos and testimonials from participants and organizers, as well as references offered by experts of the area. With this research answers were sought to questions about what could keep alive the celebration of Bom Jesus dos Navegantes each year in order that this is a patron saint, not saint; the way as the investment of local government with more resources in this period, during the organization of arts festivals, has created a thread of tension with the Catholic Church promoting the religious rituals was reviewed. It was also analyzed how the sacred and profane spaces present themselves inseparable from the celebration and, finally, it was revealed that the party retains its value by preserving its tradition and making room for modernity, not weakening but suffering metamorphoses of time and space and can be seen in the social and cultural bonds wrapped by the time of religious faith

Brincadeira do reisado na comunidade Cipó, Pedro II PI: mediação cultural, tradição e modernidade

This research studies the tradition of epiphany in the community of Cipó de Baixo, which belongs to the city of Pedro II, in the state of Piauí. Readings were made seeeking to emphasize the processivity of the play that navigates between permanence and change. The study starts with a social context of the community, in dialogue with the life history of the owner of the epiphany, Raimundo Milú: strong figure who, along with his family networks, as well as networks of patronage and friendship, struggles for the resistence of the play. The description of the ceremony of Kings, with its constituent parts, punctuates the remarkable character of Cipó community epiphany. This detailed understanding of the play favors the understanding of some of the social vines that serve as the basis for the warp of this cultural practice: modernization vine, where we explore the general motivation of Cipó community epiphany transformations - modernity; family and community exchange vine, which describes the scheme that holds the permanence of the play; masculinity vine, explains the strong gender system that crosses Cipó community epiphany; reinvented tradition vine, where we locate the uniqueness of Cipó community epiphany tradition and its dialogues with modern dynamism; conflict between generation vine, depicts the differences between generations and how they contribute to the dialogue between the traditional and the new; theatrical spectacle vine, describes the play as a performative activity. Thus, we build a social scheme that analyzes the play of Kings of Cipó community as a whole, where change and continuity plan a cultural plot on their own

Ensino de matemática, história da matemática e artefatos: Possibilidade de interligar saberes em cursos de formação de professores da Educação Infantil e anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental.

This work is located at the shield of research that defends the use of Mathematics History, based on the utilization of historical artifacts at teaching activities, at Mathematics classrooms, and at graduation courses for teachers of Elementary School and of the first grades of High School. The general objective is to examine the possibility of the use of historical artifacts, at teaching activities, at graduation courses for teachers of Elementary School and of the first grades of High School. Artifact, at this work, is comprehended as objects, documents, monuments, images and other kinds of materials that make sense to the Human actions at the past and that represent what have been said and done at the Human history. At the construction of the theoretical-methodological way of the research we have based ourselves upon the ideas of the authors that are engaged at the teachers formation; at researchers adherents to the use of Mathematics History (MH) as a methodological resource, and at studies accomplished that elucidate the role of the artifacts at the history and as a mediatory element of learning. We defend the thesis that the utilization of historical artifacts at teaching activities enables the increasing of the knowledge, the development of competencies and essential abilities to the teacher acting, as well as interact at different areas of the knowledge, that provides a conception of formation where the teacher improves his learning, learning-doing and learning-being. We have adopted a qualitative research approach with a theoretical and pratic study disposition about the elements that contribute to the teachers works at the classroom, emphasizing the role of the Mathematics history at the teacher s formation and as a pedagogical resource at the mathematics classroom; the knowledge, the competencies and abilities of the historical artifacts as an integrative link between the different areas of the knowledge. As result, we emphasize that the proposition of using the MH, through learning activities, at the course of teacher graduation is relevant, because it allows the investigation of ideas that originate the knowledge generated at every social context, considering the contribution of the social and cultural, political and economical aspects at this construction, making easy the dialog among the areas and inside of each one The historical artifact represents a research source that can be deciphered, comprehended, questioned, extracting from it information about knowledge of the past, trace and vestiges of the culture when it was created, consisting of a testimony of a period. These aspects grant to it consideration to be explored as a mediatory element of the learning. The artifacts incorporated at teaching activities of the graduation courses for teachers promote changes on the view about the Mathematics teaching, in view of to privilege the active participation of the student at the construction of his knowledge, at the reflection about the action that has been accomplished, promoting stimulus so the teachers can create their own artifacts, and offer, either, traces linking the Mathematics with others knowledge areas.

A Associação Cultural Itapetinguense: um projeto de emancipação educacional e política para uma vila (1936-1961)

Este trabajo de pesquisa posee um carácter histórico y documental, teniendo como objetivo la Associação Cultural Ipapetinguense fundada em el año de 1936, por la dedicación de los hombres de la élite ganadera se congregarem para la lectura de los periódicos existentes en aquella época en la villa de Itatinga, actualmente la ciudad de Itapetinga (BA). Conocer la ACI, representó evidenciar sus proyectos direccionados para la cultura y la enseñanza, desde su comienzo hasta el año de 1961, analizando los conocimientos vinculados en esos proyectos. Entre los mismos, examiamos detalladamente a Biblioteca Dr. Orlando Bahia y las iniciativas realizadas para la enseñanza: la Escola da ACI, el Curso de Ciências, Letras e Artes, el Ginásio Alfredo Dutra y la Escola Normal Juvino Oliveira, desde el punto de vista de los conocimientos socializados en estas acciones. Entendemos que estos saberes fueron sembrados por la lectura de los libros da la Biblioteca Dr. Orlando Bahia, lo que nos hizo analizar el acervo de la misma, para así percibir que estos libros fueroan los testigos de los conocimientos de los maestros en quel período de la história de la educación en Itapetinga. Ellos fueron y todavia son, no sólo, los portadores de los contenidos y de los saberes enseñados, mas los reveladores de un proyeto de la emancipación educativa y política para la villa de Itapetinga. Estudiar la história de la Associação Cultural Itapetinguense, sus proyetos dedicados para la cultura y para la educación nos ofreció la posibilidad de conocer la villa de Itapetinga y su trayectoria económica y social, su desarrollo cultural y el camino recorrido en su emancipación educativa y política. De esta manera, las acciones culturales y educativas impulsionadas por la ACI y direccionadas hacia la villa fueroan la posibilidad del progreso, del esclarecimiento y confirmación de uma élite en el ámbito económico y social local y de aumento en el ámbito de los conocimientos y de la educación formal del pueblo en su sentido amplio. Las fuentes citadas para la pesquisa fueron, fundamentalmente, los libros de las actas y los estatutos de la ACI, periódicos locales, y libros de registros de préstamo de la Biblioteca Dr. Orlando Bahia, además de todas las comunicaciones orales em las charlas realizadas

O livro didático de história: um caleidoscópio de escolhas e usos no cotidiano escolar (Ceará, 2007 2009)

In the first decade of the XXI century, it is possible to assert that school textbook is part of the material culture of most public Brazilian schools by means of National School Textbook Program (PNLD). This research aimed at identifying and analyzing textbooks choice in Ceara, relating it to the uses of such tool within school daily life. The setting for the study was four public schools, two of them placed in Fortaleza, and the other in Quixada. It evaluated the uses of textbooks in the 6th grade. As part of methodology, public managers were interviewed, teachers answered surveys, and a direct observation during History classes in 2008 school year was carried out. The observation was over after round chats with students in the class, in which each one designed draws and sentences concerning to the textbook. Furthermore, the study was based on MEC official documents that regulate the textbook choice process with National textbook Program announcement (PNDL/2008) and PNDL/2008 Textbook Guide, in addition to History textbooks schools used. Roger Chartier‟s concept of appropriation was an analysis category, as well as Michael de Certeau s strategy and tatics‟, and Dominique Julia‟s concept of school culture . The study recognizes textbook in the perspective of Alain Choppin and Egil Borre Johnsen, since it is a complex cultural object. For this reason, the study designs an analogy with a kaleidoscope that sends different images depending on who uses it, within a set of colorful lines, since textbook comprehends nowadays different sources and languages, as it offers countless possibilities of use in teaching History. The study concludes that only the main text of each chapter is really worked in daily class practice. Therefore, although theoretical and graphic changes in textbook production, the textbook is underused, which is central to a later rethought of teachers instruction, since, depending on the conception of teaching and learning, textbook potentialities will be used to improve the development of knowledge in History.

Possibilidades de exploração da história da ciência na formação do professor de matemática: mobilizando saberes a partir da obra de Nicolau Copérnico de revolutionibus orbium coelestium

This study aims to analyze the implications that the knowledge of an important work for the History of Science, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , by Nicholas Copernicus, can bring for the formation of Mathematics professors. The study focuses on Book I of Copernicus s work, where, in the final part, is found the Table of the Subtense Straight Lines in a Circle, a true sine table constructed by the author. The study considers two theoretical references, the History of Science and of Mathematics, in the professor s formation searched amongst others in Miguel and Miorm, Brito, Neves and Martins, and Radford, and the necessary teaching knowledge professors mst have, on the basis of Gauthier, Schulman and Imbernón amongst others, through which it is established a net of knowledge grouped in dimensions such as mathematical, psycho pedagogical, cultural and practical diversity, that guide the study analysis. In the search for more necessary elements to enrich the analysis, beyond the theoretical research in Book I, it is carried through, with under graduation pupils, future Math professors, the construction of a sine table following the project used in De revolutionibus . The study still makes a description of the life and work of Nicholas Copernicus, detaching the historical context where the author lived and the conceptions about the Universe existing at that time. The research reveals that the studied work is an important source of culture, able to provide to the Mathematics professor in formation, beyond the conceptual and procedural mathematical knowledge, a cultural knowledge that allows him to be opened to the knowledge of other areas that not his specific area, and so to acquire knowledge about the world history, the development of sciences and of the society

O ensino da história e o pensamento reflexivo-crítico da professora no 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental

This collaborative research is a qualitative approach, from historical and cultural perspective, made about a teacher of third grade of basic education in the area of history, in the municipality of Caicó / RN. It has as objective to investigate, in a collaborative action, if the design process of teaching and learning the discipline of history based on the relationship before / after allows the development of critical reflective thinking of the teacher in school practices. The theoretical and methodological approaches are supported in the postulates of Vygotsky (1998), Rubinstein (1973) and Linblinskaia (1979), among others, whose understanding has led us to reflect if the teacher develops the reflective critical-thinking in history discipline classes. The complexity of the study led us to an analysis exercise, using different methodological procedures, such as: bibliographic review of the literature, considering also the literature of the history area, interviews, observation in the classroom, video recordings and reflective sessions, enabling clarify the construction and reconstruction of thought that the teacher had been developing during the process of teaching and learning. The test results point to a dichotomy between theory and practice, and also to a certain fragility in the position of professor in teaching and learning the discipline of history, at the third grade of basic education. The teacher recognizes that she requires a theoretical deepening with more intensity, as a process of continuous training to improve the practice of teaching in history school, though, stating in her speech that her teaching practice is based on critical reflection. However, she presents serious limitations in classroom practices. We conclude that, although she has shown willing to work on a critical perspective of reality, showed also poor change at school practices, starting to reflect about her own actions, pointing her limits and the changes needed that didn t become reality yet. It s necessary a formative process for her. The study therefore showed that even with the sessions and reflective of deepening theoretical studies, the teacher does not change its profile, while maintaining its traditional vision in any pedagogical action. This research recommends the formation of school groups for further studies and discussion on the practices of education in history area from a reflective-critical thought perspective as a mean of personal and professional development

Luta pela terra, luta pela palavra: história de vida e formação de duas educadoras populares do campo

This project has resulted from a reunion between me and two teachers with whom I had already worked, pedagogically counseling them during the execution of the Project of Youngsters and Adults Schooling at the Agrarian Reform Settlements in the State of Sergipe (PAJA/PRONERA) between 2002 and 2003. The matter that really motivated the research was related to the essential principle that guided the accomplishment of the PAJA s teachers education and professionalization: understanding their reality and knowing their needs, promoting the dialogue between scientific and common sense knowledge. Taking as a reference the fact that the teachers education is not restricted to the academic qualification, that is, that it is a part of the educational process, which, in turn, is a result of each one s personal background, dialectically individual and collective, the access to the teachers reality and needs was accomplished by studying their backgrounds, especially their school and professional career. They, inevitably, focused themselves on the country life s social and cultural context, that could be better understood by living together with the teachers during the twenty-seven days I stayed in the Golfo s settlement, located in the town named Pacatuba/SE. The approach to the teachers lives through their stories and the daily contact proved how much Science is still distant from the peasants routine, sometimes being presented to them as a finished product . That way, the dialog between those two categories and the expectation of the country life s social and cultural conditions, together with the education, in which teachers have an essential role, still remain as a challenge

Ateliês de história e pedagogia da matemática: contribuições para a formação de professores que ensinam matemática nos anos iniciais

This paper presents a discussion about the use of the History of Mathematics as an educational resource and conceptual mediator in the formation of teachers who teach mathematics in the years of elementary school. It was a qualitative action method, in order to show the importance of holding workshops of History and Pedagogy of Mathematics as contribution to overcome the conceptual difficulties of teaching and teachers regarding the content covered in the course of education and afterwards they have to teach in the early of elementary school. We assume that understanding the historical, social and cultural comprehension as a conceptual and didactic focus effectively nurture the pursuit of a teaching and learning of mathematics students safe and justified in order to contribute to overcoming the difficulties of teaching and learning usually occurred in the classroom of the early years. In this sense, we organized a study group formed by students of Bachelors in Education and Mathematics at the University of Piauí. We developed five training workshops in History and Pedagogy of Mathematics, with a workload of 20 hours each and four follow-up sessions and advicement, totalizing 180 hours. The purpose of workshops was to develop studies on the History of Mathematics that could support the formation of a conceptual and didactic group with a view to prepare teaching materials and activities based on information drawn from undertaken historical studies .The products designed were used in formation of the group itself and will later be used in training teachers of public school in Teresina, in the form of workshop of History and Pedagogy of Mathematics in order to overcome problems arising from teaching and conceptual this education degree in Education Based on the obtained informations it was possible to suggest new referrals procedural level of education and university extension that may contribute to the reorientation of initial and continuing training of teachers in the early years elementary school

Uma história de vida e uma vida de histórias: memória e oralidade no Romanceiro de Dona Militana

Este estudio trata de establecer relaciones sobre la importancia del fenómeno sociocultural que emerge de Doña Militana para la cultura potiguar. Para tanto tomamos sus recuerdos de los romances como parte de un contexto social, relacionados con el tiempo y el espacio, que afecten a la vida material y moral de su grupo social. Resaltamos, por lo tanto, el fenómeno de la memoria individual en su relación con la memoria colectiva. Proponemos, en este sentido, suponer que el mantenimiento y permanencia de estos romances en la memoria de la romancera revelan una dinámica de su grupo social para la formación de su identidad. En este sentido, nos servimos como referencial teórico de los estudios de Maurice Halbwachs, en lo que respecta a los debates sobre la memoria colectiva, en paralelo a los estudios de Paul Zunthor cuando se trata de las funciones de la oralidad para la formación de la identidad. Para llevar a cabo los trabajos es de fundamental importancia, por supuesto, el relato de vida de la propia Doña Militana en confronto con los simbolismo culturales contenidos en los romances, con el objetivo que flagremos las (co)incidencias que demarquen la identidad de sus vínculos de identidad con el universo cultural en que está insertado. Como resultado, se tomó como objeto de análisis desde la deposición presentadas en las entrevistas, hasta los romances en sus aspectos poéticos, lingüísticos y mitológicos, incluyendo los significados que el desempeño de la romancera muestra. Objetivamos, por lo tanto, una comprensión dialógica de la relación entre la memoria individual (el caso de Doña Militana) con la memoria colectiva, sobre la base de un hipotético concepto que subyace a la aparente singularidad de este fenómeno - un hecho aislado en cierta medida - una razón intrínseca y compleja que se revela como la punta de un iceberg, al que convergen motivos históricos inconscientes de un patrimonio cultural

A História entre Tempos e Contratempos: Fontes Ibiapina e a obscura invenção do Piauí

Dans ce texte, nous prenons avec probleme le départment bresilien de Piauí comme espacialité de la Région « Nordeste », suivant les instants de son insertion politique et discursif dans l'identité régionale, qui s'est donnée entre la fin des années 1950 et débuts des années 1970. Pour ceci, nous proposons une analyse de discours identitaires de Piauí comme la littérature et le folklore produits alors, cherchant à rapporter telles discours avec les pratiques et intérêts politiques qui ont concouru pour la « nordestinization » de Piauí. Parmi ces discours et dans dialogue avec eux, nous prenons centralement l'oeuvre du juge et ecrivain João Nonon de Moura Fontes Ibiapina, emisseur de signes qui apparaît en ce moment. Notre objectif est discuter les images élaborées sur Piauí et son inclusion dans les stéréotypes cristallisés de Nordeste, comme la pauvreté et la nécessité, la vie dans le champs et la prédominance d'une « culture populaire » régionale. Dans une période d'importantes mutations dans la société brésilienne, dans la production culturelle, dans heurtes régionalistes Nordeste et dans les formes de penser et pratiquer les espaces, les intellectuels de Piauí que nous étudions ont essayé de recouvrir de mots et de sens la noirceur et l'incommode silence concernant le Piauí dans la Nation bresilienne, quand le déparment s'intégrait, au moyen de la Région, au Brésil urbain et industrialisé

História, filosofia e espaços: a idéia de ocidente em Oswald Spengler

This article claim to estabilish a epistemologic discourse from the science history´s point of view in a moment where its statute,methods , approachs and possibility conditions, in history´s crisis period, depares itself in risk, as universitary institutions as european´s social imagination about knowing for excellence. Our spotlight though is the concept of space, a strong question to a timeless snip, once philosophy and History renounced this concept due to the time question, so commum used until nowdays in both discourses. From this perspective, we search to elucidate Spengler´s history and space point of view, attempting to the occidental idea produced by the author, tapping to the symbolical and discursive dynamics and its dialogic relation with westerner´s political and cultural in the end of XIX century toward second great war. Thereby Spengler´s effort was always crucial to define concepts of history, science, art, space,civilizations, culture, city, country and mainly discussing spenglerian relation to social-political facts that sorrounded him. And finally, his project of cientific revolution, which was displayed by Spengler as a challenge to History of science´s paradigm

Trabalho e atividade: categorias de análise na psicologia histórico-cultural do desenvolvimento

Este artigo é resultado de estudos teóricos e pretende apresentar algumas contribuições ao estudo da psicologia histórico-cultural do desenvolvimento, mais especificamente no que se refere à relação existente entre as categorias de trabalho e atividade. Estudos desta natureza são importantes para psicólogos, pedagogos e demais profissionais envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com a prática educativa, na busca por compreender o problema da periodização do desenvolvimento em uma perspectiva não naturalizante. Nesta direção, a categoria de atividade principal mostra-se central como força motriz do processo de desenvolvimento humano, portanto encontra-se estreitamente ligada ao lugar que cada indivíduo ocupa na sociedade de classes bem como às condições objetivas de sua existência material. O estudo do desenvolvimento coincide com o estudo da pessoa concreta, imersa numa trama de relações sociais e num sistema político e econômico; enfim, outra coisa não é senão o estudo da história objetivada em cada indivíduo particular.