926 resultados para garnet
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Neste trabalho foi investigada e otimizada uma nova heteroestrutura planar de três camadas com efeitos magneto-ópticos de Faraday e de Kerr aprimorados e transmissão óptica extraordinária na região de comprimento de onda de 925 a 1200 nm. Esta estrutura consiste de uma placa metálica não magnética de ouro perfurada periodicamente e colocada sobre duas finas camadas dielétricas, sendo uma composta por um material não magnético e outra composta por um material magnético (Bi-substituted Yttrium Iron Garnet) uniformemente magnetizado perpendicularmente ao seu plano. Analisando e otimizando esta estrutura, obteve-se rotação de Faraday e rotação de Kerr três vezes e nove vezes maior, respectivamente, que os de dispositivos análogos publicados na literatura. Além disso, esta estrutura foi otimizada para obter um aumento de 40% da transmissão óptica extraordinária, preservando o ângulo de rotação de Faraday. A heteroestrutura investigada pode ser utilizada em dispositivos ópticos não recíprocos.
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Depósitos albianos da bacia de São Luís-Grajaú, antigamente conhecidos apenas em subsuperfície como ‘Unidade Indiferenciada’ do Grupo Itapecuru, foram recentemente encontrados ao longo do rio Itapecuru, na parte leste desta bacia. São argilitos avermelhados, esverdeados a cinzas, arenitos estratificados e maciços e subordinadamente calcários, interpretados como depósitos de delta progradante para ENE/E e ESE e conectado a uma plataforma restrita. Para determinar a proveniência de arenitos albianos, foram coletadas 18 amostras para estudos de minerais pesados (fração 0,062-0,125 mm) usando-se microscópio petrográfico convencional e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Os arenitos foram classificados como quartzo-arenito moderadamente a bem selecionado, cimentado por dolomita, cujos principais minerais pesados são zircão (4-70%), granada (12-74%), turmalina (3-20%), estaurolita (1-9%), rutilo (1-8%) e barita (0-55%), enquanto cianita, anatásio (autigênico), anfibólio (hornblenda), andaluzita, sillimanita, espinélio e ilmenita ocorrem raramente. A maioria dos grãos é irregular angulosa, mas grãos bem arredondados, particularmente de turmalina e zircão, também estão presentes. Texturas superficiais incluem fraturas conchoidais, marcas de percussão em V e pequenos buracos, estes últimos em grãos arredondados de turmalina e zircão, enquanto feições de corrosão estão principalmente presentes em barita (cavidades rômbicas), cianita, estaurolita (superfície mamilar) e granada (facetas bem formadas por dissolução). Grãos de zircão, com texturas de zoneamento oscilatório e razões U/Th ≥ 0,5 e Zr/Hf média de 29, indicam proveniência de granitos e migmatitos, enquanto os tipos de turmalina, determinados como dravita e shorlita, são oriundos, principalmente, de metapelitos e metapsamitos aluminosos e/ou pobres em Al, com menor contribuição de granitos e rochas meta-ultramáficas. As granadas, por sua vez, são ricas em almandina e têm baixos teores dos componentes de espessartita, grossulária e piropo. Suas fontes potenciais são rochas metamórficas de baixo a médio grau e granitos. Com base em análises de minerais pesados e progradação do sistema deltaico para ENE/E e ESE, as áreas mais prováveis como fontes potenciais de arenitos albianos são o cráton São Luís, os cinturões neoproterozóicos Araguaia e Gurupi, bem como a bacia paleozóica do Parnaíba, esta fornecendo sedimentos de grãos arredondados.
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ABSTRACT: The eastern border of the Transition Subdomain of the Carajás Province is constituteddominantly of Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG). Deformed monzogranites, similar to the Planalto granite suite, and metagabbros inserted in association mafic-enderbitic also occur. Paleoproterozoic isotropic granites and mafic dykes devoid of significant deformation crosscut the Archean lithologies. The TTGs are exposed as blocks or as flat outcrops in areas of low relief and commonly include quartz-diorite enclaves. The TTG rocks display gray colour and are generally medium-grained, showing compositional banding or, sometimes, homogeneous aspect. They show commonly a NW-SW to E-W trending foliation with vertical to subvertical dips and were submitted to NE-SW stress. Locally, it was identified a NE-SW foliation transposed to E-W along shear zones. In some instances, they exhibit mylonitic to protomilonitics features, registered in the oval form of plagioclase porphyroclasts or boudinated leucogranitics veins. Two petrographic varieties are recognized for this association: biotite-trondjhemite and subordinate biotite-granodiorites, both have similar mineralogical and textural aspects and are characterized by a poorly preserved igneous texture, partially overwritten by an intense recrystallization. EDS analyses revealed that the plagioclase is a calcic oligoclase (An27-19), with Or ranging from 0.6 - 2.3%. The biotites are ferromagnesian, with dominance of Fe over Mg (Fe / [Fe + Mg] ranging from 0.54 to 0.59) and the analyzed epidote presents pistacite contents ranging from 23 to 27.6 % and plot mostly in the range of magmatic epidotes. The trondhjemite shows all typical characteristics of Archean TTG suites. They have high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios, suggesting they were derived from the partial melting of garnet amphibolite sources at high pressures (ca. 1.5 GPa) or, at least, that their magmatic evolution was controlled by the fractionation of garnet and possibly amphibole, without significant influence of plagioclase. The studied TTGs show similarities with Mariazinha tonalite and Mogno trondjemite, of the Rio Maria Domain, Colorado trondhjemite and, in at a lesser degree, to the Rio Verde trondhjemite, of the Carajás Domain. The granodiorites display a calc-alkaline signature and shows LILE enrichment, specifically K2O, Rb and Ba, when compared to the trondhjemites, but still preserving some geochemical features of the TTG. The geochemical data indicate that the trondhjemite and granodiorite are not related by fractional crystallization. An origin of the granodiorite by partial melting of the TTG rocks is also discarded. The granodiorite could, however, result of contamination of TTG magmas by lithosphere metasomatism or assimilation of sediments from subducted oceanic crust along trondhjemite liquid genesis. In the eastern portion of the mapped area, it was identified a small, E-W trending granite stock clearly controlled by shear zones. The rocks have mylonitic textures, characterized by ovoid-shaped feldspar porphyroclasts, wrapped by recrystallized quartz and mica. These granitic rocks have geochemical signatures of reduced A-type granites and are similar to the Planalto granite suite. Boulders of mafic rocks crop out locally in the northern portion of the area. These rocks show a dominant granoblastic texture, and are mainly composed of amphibole and plagioclase, with subordinate biotite and quartz. In the northern part of the mapped area, it was identified a body of isotropic granite without significant deformation and showing locally rapakivi textures. This granitic pluton was correlated to the Paleoproterozoic A-type granites, represented in the Carajás Domain by the Serra dos Carajás suite and Rio Branco Granite. These granites were not studied in detail. The geological and geochemical aspects shown by the Archean granitoids identified in the eastern part of the Transition Subdomain implies in the existence of significant TTG rocks in the Transition Subdomain. This reinforces the hypothesis that the Transition Subdomain could represent an extension of the Rio Maria Domain, but affected by crustal reworking events in the Neoarchean.
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O mapeamento geológico realizado na área de Nova Canadá, porção sul do Domínio Carajás, aliado aos estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos, permitiram a caracterização de pelo menos três novas unidades que antes estavam inseridas no contexto geológico do Complexo Xingu. São elas: (i) Leucogranodiorito Nova Canadá, que é constituído por rochas leucogranodioríticas mais enriquecidas em Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, Ba, Sr e na razão Sr/Y, que mostram fortes afinidades geoquímicas com a Suíte Guarantã do Domínio Rio Maria, as quais também podem ser correlacionadas aos TTGs Transicionais do Cráton Yilgarn. Estas rochas apresentam padrão ETR levemente fracionado, mostram baixas razões (La/Yb)N e anomalias negativas de Eu ausentes ou discretas; (ii) Leucogranito Velha Canadá, caracterizado pelos conteúdos mais elevados de SiO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, Rb, HFSE (Zr, Y e Nb), das razões K2O/Na2O, FeOt/(FeOt+MgO), Ba/Sr e Rb/Sr. Apresentam dois padrões distintos de ETR: (a) baixas à moderadas razões (La/Yb)N com anomalias negativas de Eu acentuadas; e (b) moderadas à altas razões (La/Yb)N, com anomalias negativas de Eu discretas e um padrão côncavo dos ETRP. Em diversos aspectos, as rochas do granito Velha Canadá mostram fortes afinidades com os leucogranitos potássicos tipo Xinguara e Mata Surrão do Domínio Rio Maria, assim como aqueles da região da Canaã dos Carajás e mais discretamente com os granitos de baixo Ca do Cráton Yilgarn. Para a origem das rochas do Leucogranodiorito Nova Canadá é admitida a hipótese de cristalização fracionada a partir de líquidos com afinidade sanukitóide, seguido por processos de mistura entre estes e líquidos de composição trondhjemítica, enquanto que para aquelas de alto K do Leucogranito Velha Canadá, acreditase na fusão parcial de metatonalitos tipo TTG em diferentes níveis crustais, para gerar líquidos com tais características; e (iii) associações trondhjemíticas com afinidade TTG de alto Al2O3, Na2O e baixo K2O, compatíveis com os granitoides arqueanos da série cálcioalcalina tonalítica-trondhjemítica de baixo potássio. Foram distinguidas duas variedades: (a) biotita-trondhjemito com estruturação marcada pelo desenvolvimento de feições que indicam atuação de pelo menos dois eventos deformacionais em estágios sin- a pós-magmáticos, como bandamentos composicionais, dobras e indícios de migmatização; e (b) muscovita ± biotita trondhjemito que é distinguido da variedade anterior pela presença da muscovita, saussuritização do plagioclásio, textura equigranular média e atuação discreta da deformação com o desenvolvimento de uma foliação E-W de baixo angulo. A primeira variedade destes litotipos, que ocorre predominantemente na porção norte, tem ocorrência restrita. Com intensa deformação e prováveis feições de anatexia (migmatitos) podem indicar que estas rochas tenham sido afetadas por um retrabalhamento crustal, ligado à geração dos leucogranitos dominantemente descritos na área. Os trondhjemitos do sul da área são mais enriquecidos em Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2, CaO, Zr, Rb, e na razão Rb/Sr em relação aos trondhjemitos da porção norte da área. Estas exibem ainda padrões fracionados de ETR, com variações nos conteúdos de ETRP, além da ausência de anomalias de Eu e Sr, e baixos conteúdos de Y e Yb. Tais feições são tipicamente atribuídas à magmas gerados por fusão parcial de uma fonte máfica em diferentes profundidades, com aumento da influência da granada no resíduo e a falta de plagioclásio tanto na fase residual como na fracionante. Em uma análise geral, a disposição dos trends geoquímicos evolutivos de ambas as variedades sugere que estas unidades não são comagmáticas. As afinidades geoquímicas entre as rochas da área de Nova Canadá com aquelas do Domínio Mesoarqueano Rio Maria, poderiam nos levar a entender a região de Nova Canadá como uma extensão do Rio Maria para norte, enquanto que para aquelas do Leucogranito Velha Canadá, que são mais jovens e geradas já no Neoarqueano, se descarta a idéia de associação com os mesmos eventos tectono-magmáticos que atuaram em Rio Maria.
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O Gnaisse Turvo, objeto deste trabalho, corresponde a um ortognaisse polideformado exposto na região de Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, sudoeste do estado de Mato Grosso. Do ponto de vista geotectônico, está inserido no Cráton Amazônico e representa o embasamento paleoproterozoico do Terreno Paraguá, um dos blocos crustais que formam a Província Rondoniana-San Ignácio (1,55 - 1,3 Ga). Duas fácies foram identificadas a partir do estudo petrográfico: ¬granada-anfibólio-biotita gnaisse formada por granodioritos e ¬anfibólio-biotita gnaisse, mais abundante, de composição granodiorítica a sienogranítica. A paragênese identificada caracteriza o metamorfismo responsável por esses gnaisses como da fácies anfibolito. A análise estrutural caracteriza duas fases de deformação em nível crustal dúctil. A mais antiga (F1) é responsável pelo desenvolvimento do bandamento gnáissico, enquanto as estruturas da fase (F2), orientadas segundo a direção N30-60W, indicam esforços compressivos com transporte tectônico de SW para NE. A idade mínima de cristalização do Gnaisse Turvo, definida pelo método Pb-Pb em evaporação de zircão, corresponde a 1651 ± 4 Ma, sendo interpretada como idade de colocação do protólito ígneo. Os dados litogeoquímicos indicam que significativo magmatismo calcioalcalino de alto-K, metaluminoso a peraluminoso, associado à evolução de arcos magmáticos em ambiente de subducção (Orogenia Lomas Manechis - 1,7 a 1,6 Ga), dominava o período estateriano no Terreno Paraguá. A unidade ortognáissica estudada foi posteriormente retrabalhada metamórfica e tectonicamente, durante a Orogenia San Ignácio (1,4 a 1,3 Ga), que provavelmente corresponde à fase de deformação F2.
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O procedimento experimental do método Sm-Nd utilizado no laboratório de Geologia Isotópica Pará-Iso (Universidade Federal do Pará) é apresentado detalhadamente para poder ser utilizado como referência pelos usuários do laboratório. A datação Sm-Nd de granulitos félsicos da área de Tartarugal Grande, nordeste do Bloco Arqueano Amapá, (sudeste do Escudo das Guianas) forneceu idades isocrônicas rocha total-granada de 2017 ± 12 Ma, 1981,6 ± 2,8 Ma e 2018 ± 2,3 Ma. A análise das mesmas amostras no Laboratório de Geocronologia (Universidade de Brasília) indicou idades de 2037 ± 8,4 Ma, 1988 ± 11 Ma e 2013 ± 15 Ma, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam que temperaturas acima de 700°C foram alcançadas pelos granulitos de Tartarugal Grande entre 2,04 - 1,98 Ga, comprovando uma idade tardi-Transamazônica para o evento de alto grau metamórfico, na região nordeste do Bloco Arqueano Amapá. As idades-modelo TDM(Nd) entre 3,15 Ga e 2,79 Ga constituem mais um registro do evento principal de acresção crustal mesoarqueano, já identificado na porção sudeste do Escudo das Guianas.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The wood of Eucalyptus tereticornis is intensively used for timber, structures, buildings, poles, posts and coal. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and genetic and phenotypic correlations in growth and stem form traits of 52 open-pollinated progenies of E. tereticornis sampled from three Australian populations (20 progenies from Helenvale, 19 from Ravenshoe and 13 from Mt. Garnet). The progenies were compared with three commercial control also from Australian. The experimental design used was the compact family block, with the effect of provenance allocated in the plots and progenies within provenances in the subplots. Ten repetitions of the 52 treatments, sub-plots with six plants and the spacing of 3 x 2 m was used. At 25 years of age it was measured the diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, true volume and the stem form. We found genetic variation amon and within the three provenances and the possibility of obtaining high gains from mass selection and individual among and within progenies. The provenance Helenvale showed the best development for DBH, height and volume. The traits DBH, height and volume showed high genetic correlations (> 0.9), indicating the possibility to use the indirect selection. The coefficient of heritability on a progeny mean for the traits DBH and height was median, being 0.31 and 0.30, respectively. The expected genetic gain with the selection were estimated at 12.4% for DBH and 8.5 % for plant height. These results will subsidize the transformation of the provenance and progeny test in a seedling seed orchard and a clonal seed orchard.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chlorhexidine and Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on the bond strength and external adaptation in mixed healthy and caries-affected class V cavities before and after thermal cycling. Thirty-six cavity preparations were made in mixed class V buccal human molars, half of them being artificially caries-induced. Any remaining affected dentin was removed from the cavity with a round burr at low speed. The teeth were divided into six groups, according to cleaning agent for both healthy and caries-induced dentin: no treatment, chlorhexidine and erbium, chromium-doped: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser irradiation. A Filtek P90 (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) silorane adhesive restorative system was used. The specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles (5-55 degrees C 60 min). Epoxy replicas were obtained to characterize the external adaptation under scanning electron microscopy. The average percentages of non-continuous margins were 5.41% and 6.49% in enamel dentin before thermal cycling and 25% and 33.7% after thermal cycling, respectively. The caries-affected and laser irradiated cavities showed higher non-continuous margins. Thermal cycling was able to raise the percentage of non-continuous margin for all groups. Chlorhexidine did not affect the marginal adaptation results, and the Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation showed significantly worse results compared with the control group.
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The aim of this study was to value the possibility to join, for pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding, thin foils lap joints for sealing components in corrosive environment. Experimental investigations were carried out using a pulsed neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser weld to examine the influence of the pulse energy in the characteristics of the weld fillet. The pulse energy was varied from 1.0 to 2.5 J at increments of 0.25 J with a 4 ms pulse duration. The base materials used for this study were AISI 316L stainless steel and Ni-based alloys foils with 100 mu m thickness. The welds were analyzed by electronic and optical microscopy, tensile shear tests and micro hardness. The results indicate that pulse energy control is of considerable importance to thin foil weld quality because it can generate good mechanical properties and reduce discontinuities in weld joints. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints increased at first and then decreased as the pulse energy increased. In all the specimens, fracture occurred in the top foil heat-affected zone next to the fusion line. The microhardness was almost uniform across the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal. A slight increase in the fusion zone and heat-affected zone compared to those measured in the base metal was observed. This is related to the microstructural refinement in the fusion zone, induced by rapid cooling of the laser welding. The process appeared to be very sensitive to the gap between couples.
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This study aimed the geological characterization at scale 1:50.000 of an area belonging to the southern sector of the Brasilia Belt, located in the western portion of the Passos Nappe, near the town of Cássia, MG. In this region, outcrops rock types belonging to Araxá Group, composed of metasediments associated with metavolcanics which form a tectonometamorphic terrain of great importance for understanding the geological evolution of southeast and midwest regions of Brazil. With the development of work was possible to group the rocks in 10 lithostratigraphic units and had been identified 3 different zones of metamorphism generated during the peak metamorphism. The structural pattern of the area shows that the main foliation has average dip 30 ° NW and mineral lineation parallel to the stretching direction with 290 °. Still, we can conf irm that this inverse gradient metamorphic rocks of the Passos Nappe, described by several authors. Also, were seen lithotypes of economic interest, some already in exploitation, such as clay and sand, and other mineral commodities, which are occurring and can be used: quartz, quartzite, garnet, kyanite, rutile and zircon.
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The study area is located in the geological parameters of the Pilar de Goiás Greenstone Belt (GO), it is part of the Pilar de Goias Group’s meta-volcano-sedimentary sequence. This is a homoclinal package constituted by terrigenous metassediments containing intercalations of meta-ultramafic rocks and iron formations. The units that were informally named in this work, are interpreted as belongs to the Serra do Moinho Formation. Through mineralogical associations the area’s metamorphism were classified as high greenschist facies garnet zone. Prior to this work were detected in the area, through soil samples, some auriferous anomalies. One of the objectives of this work is the detection of possibles hidrotermal alterations related to these anomalies presents in the study area
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Main occurrence of Cu-Au in Goias Magmatic Arc, the Chapada mine fits into the geological context of the Brasilia Fold Belt, specifically in the Mara Rosa Magmatic Arc. Four targets, named Hidrotermalito Norte and Sul, NW Chapada Mine Portion and Suruca, are situated in this context, which includes ortogneisses and rocks from the Mara Rosa volcanic-sedimentary sequence. All these targets have been studied due to the possibility of presenting a great potential in Cu-Au, as well as the Chapada mine. Hidrotermalitos Norte and Sul targets presents four lithological sequences, which were identified as: quartz-muscovite schist; muscovite quartzites and kyanite quartzites; quartz-biotite-amphibole schist with pyrite and epidote-amphibole-biotite gneisses with muscovite; muscovite-biotite gneisses. They are metamorphosed to amphibolites facies and retrogressive greenschist facies. Sulfetation represented mainly by pyrite. In the NW Chapada Mine Portion, three main lithological groups were identified and classified as biotite gneisses; honblende-quartz-biotite-schist; amphibolites, with the first group metamorphosed in greenschist facies (low grade), and the other two groups metamorphosed in amphibolites facies, with subsequent retrogressive metamorphism in greenschist facies. Sulfetation is represented by chalcopyrite and pyrite. Finally, also three main lithological groups were identified in the Suruca target, classified as garnet-chlorite-epidote-eiotite gneiss; biotite gneiss and chlorite-biotite gneiss with epidote and muscovite; muscovite-quartz schist, all them metamorphised in amphibolites, with retrometamorphism in greenschist facies. Sulfetation represented by pyrite and sphalerite
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This study focuses on metasedimentary rocks from the Passos Nappe in São Sebastião do Paraíso, southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. These rocks belong to the Internal Domain (Araxa Group) of the Southern Brasilia Belt, a Neproterozoic orogenic belt associated to the formation of the Gondwana Supercontinent. Rocks from the studied area are characterized by an inverted metamorphic gradient. Previously calculated metamorphic conditions show an increasing from geenschist facies at the base (450°C, 6 kbar), to upper amphibolite facies (750°C, 11 Kbar) at the top of the sequence. However, most of these estimates are based on Fe-Mg exchange thermometers and peak temperatures may be underestimated due to Fe-Mg exchange from cooling after peak metamorphism. In this study, we present new PT results for these rocks, based on metamorphic mineral assemblage LA-ICP-MS analyses. In the studied area, rocks from the top of the sequence have a typical granulite facies mineral assemblage: Grt+Ky+Kfs+/-Pl+liq. These rocks lack muscovite and have only minor amounts of Ti-rich, dark brown biotite. In a simplified NaKFMASH system the stability field for this mineral assemblage is bounded by the reactions Sil = Ky on the low pressure side, Ms+Ab = Ky+Kfs+liq on the low temperature side and for high-Mg bulk compositions Bt + Grt = Opx + Ky + liq on the high-temperature side. Minimum temperatures (considering post-peak reequilibration) of ca. 750°C are obtained by Fe/(Fe+Mg) values of 0.7 in garnets from a Grt+Ky+Kfs bearing sample. LA-ICP-MS results obtained for three samples show that rutiles included in garnets have up to 1847 ppm of Zr, which would translate into temperatures up to 830°C for a pressure between 12 to 15 kbar. Also for retroeclogite sample, the results indicate the contents of Zr in the garnet 537 ppm at a temperature of 708 ° C. It is noteworthy that several occurrences of retroeclogites occur in the upper part of the sequence and pressures...
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The study area is included in the geological context of the Goias Median Massif, a region where there are associations of Archean granite-gneiss complex (Block Moquém) and a Paleoproterozoic metavolcano-sedimentary sequence ( Pilar greenstone belt ). At the south of area, the greenstone sequence is partially overlain by Neopreoterozoic metasediments of the Araxá Group. The lithostratigraphic units of the Pilar greenstone belt define a shift from about N30W direction (north of the deposit) to N60 and 70W in the region south of the Jordino deposit, where are truncated by the Araxá Group rocks. Mineralogical associations described in this paper allow to indicate that the regional metamorphism that affected the rocks of the greenstone belt and Araxá Group, in the mapped area, reached the upper greenschist facies (garnet zone). Data obtained during mapping and by microtectonics analysis allow to indicate the existence of at least four deformational events that acted on the rocks of the Guarinos greenstone belt and Araxá Group, represented by the phases called Dn-1, Dn, Dn + 1 and Dn+2. It was observed that the pattern of sulphide porfitoblasts in mineralized levels is similar to garnet, biotite and muscovite porfiroblasts (tardi to post Dn) that marks the metamorphic peak of the area