Role of receptor and non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases in vasoactive peptide-induced signaling

L'endothéline-1 (ET-1) et l'angiotensine II (Ang II) jouent un rôle important dans le maintien de la pression artérielle et l'homéostasie vasculaire. Une activité accrue de ces peptides vasoactifs est présumée contribuer au développement de pathologies vasculaires, telles que l'hypertension, l'athérosclérose, l'hypertrophie et la resténose. Ceci est causé par une activation excessive de plusieurs voies de signalisation hypertrophiques et prolifératives, qui incluent des membres de la famille des Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK), ainsi que la famille phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) / protéine kinase B (PKB). Bien que l'activation de ces voies de signalisation soit bien élucidée, les éléments en amont responsables de l'activation des MAPK et de la PKB, induite par l'ET-1 et Ang II, demeurent mal compris. Durant les dernières années, le concept de la transactivation de récepteurs et/ou non-récepteurs protéines tyrosine kinases (PTK) dans le déclenchement des événements de signalisation induits par les peptides vasoactifs a gagné beaucoup de reconnaissance. Nous avons récemment démontré que la PTK Insulin-like Growth Factor type-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) joue un rôle dans la transduction des signaux induits par l‟H2O2, menant à la phosphorylation de la PKB. Étant donné que les peptides vasoactifs génèrent des espèces réactives d'oxygène, telles que l‟H2O2 lors de leur signalisation, nous avons examiné le rôle de d‟IGF-1R dans la phosphorylation de la PKB et les réponses hypertrophiques dans les cellules muscle lisse vasculaires (CMLV) induites par l'ET-1 et Ang II. AG-1024, un inhibiteur spécifique de l'IGF-1R, a atténué la phosphorylation de la PKB induite à la fois par l'ET-1 et Ang II. Le traitement des CMLVs avec l‟ET-1 et Ang II a également induit une phosphorylation des résidus tyrosine dans les sites d'autophosphorylation d'IGF-1R, celle-ci a été bloquée par l‟AG-1024. En outre, l‟ET-1 et l‟Ang II on tous les deux provoqué la phosphorylation de c-Src, une PTK non-récepteur, bloqué par PP-2, inhibiteur spécifique de la famille Src. La PP-2 a également inhibé la phosphorylation de PKB et d‟IGF-1R induite par l‟ET-1 et l‟Ang II. De plus, la synthèse de protéines ainsi que d‟ADN, marqueurs de la prolifération cellulaire et de l'hypertrophie, ont également été atténuée par l‟AG-1024 et le PP-2. Bien que ce travail démontre le rôle de c-Src dans la phosphorylation PKB induite par l'ET-1 et Ang II, son rôle dans l'activation des MAPK induit par l'ET-1 dans les CMLVs reste controversé. Par conséquent, nous avons examiné l'implication de c-Src dans l'activation de ERK 1/2, JNK et p38MAPK, par l'ET-1 et Ang II, ainsi que leur capacité à régulariser l'expression du facteur de transcription Early growth transcription factor-1 « Egr-1 ». ET-1 et Ang II ont induit la phosphorylation de ERK 1/2, JNK et p38 MAPK, et ont amplifié l'expression d'Egr-1 dans les CMLVs. Cette augmentation de la phosphorylation des MAPK a été diminuée par la PP-2, qui a aussi atténué l'expression d'Egr-1 induite par l'ET-1 et l'Ang II. Une preuve supplémentaire du rôle de c-Src dans ce processus a été obtenue en utilisant des fibroblastes embryonnaires de souris déficientes en c-Src (Src -/- MEF). L'expression d'Egr-1, ainsi que l'activation des trois MAPKs par l'ET-1 ont été atténuées dans les cellules Src -/- par rapport au MEF exprimant des taux normaux Src. En résumé, ces données suggèrent que l'IGF-1R et c-Src PTK jouent un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de la phosphorylation de PKB et des MAPK dans l‟expression d'Egr-1, ainsi que dans les réponses hypertrophiques et prolifératives induites par l'ET-1 et Ang II dans les CMLVs.

Étude des mécanismes cellulaires activés par l'Angiopoïétine-1 et le VEGF régulant la perméabilité et la migration endothéliales

L’angiogenèse est la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins à partir d’un réseau vasculaire existant. C’est un phénomène essentiel pour des processus physiologiques et pathologiques. L’activation des cellules endothéliales est contrôlée par plusieurs facteurs de croissance. Le VEGF et son récepteur le VEGFR-2 ont été prouvés comme étant spécifiques et critiques pour la formation des vaisseaux sanguins alors que Tie2, le récepteur auquel se lie l’Ang-1, est requis aussi bien dans le développement vasculaire que dans l’angiogenèse tumorale. Il est connu que l’activation de Tie2 est nécessaire à la stabilisation finale de la vascularisation en inhibant la perméabilité vasculaire induite par le VEGFR-2. Nous avons premièrement découvert que le facteur de croissance pro-angiogénique, l’Ang-1 contrecarre les effets de perméabilité cellulaire induits par le VEGF en inhibant la production de NO dans les cellules endothéliales. Cet effet inhibiteur de Tie2 intervient directement au niveau de l’activité de l’enzyme eNOS. Suite à l’activation de Tie2 par l’Ang-1, eNOS devient fortement phosphorylé sur la Thr497 après la phosphorylation et l’activation de la PKCζ. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’inhibition, par Tie2, de la perméabilité vasculaire durant l’angiogenèse serait due, en partie, à l’inhibition de la production de NO. Deuxièmement nous avons pu distinguer entre deux modes de migration cellulaire endothéliale induits par l’Ang-1 et le VEGF. À l’opposé du VEGF qui promeut une migration individuelle aléatoire, l’Ang-1 induit une migration collective directionnelle. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié la β-caténine comme un nouveau partenaire moléculaire de la PKCζ. Cette association de la PKCζ à la β-caténine amène le complexe de polarité Par6-aPKC et le complexe des jonctions d’adhérences cellulaires à interagir ensemble à deux localisations différentes au niveau de la cellule endothéliale. Au niveau des contacts intercellulaires, le complexe PKCζ/β-caténine maintien la cohésion et l’adhésion cellulaire nécessaire pour le processus migratoire collectif. Ce complexe se retrouve aussi au niveau du front migratoire des cellules endothéliales afin d’assurer la directionalité et la persistance de la migration endothéliale en réponse à l’Ang-1. D’une manière intéressante, lors de l’inhibition de la PKCζ ou de la β-caténine on assiste à un changement du mode de migration en réponse à l’Ang-1 qui passe d’une migration directionnelle collective à une migration individuelle aléatoire. Ce dernier mode de migration est similaire à celui observé chez des cellules endothéliales exposées au VEGF. Ces résultats ont été corroborés in vivo par une polarité et une adhésion défectueuses au cours de la vasculogenèse chez le poisson zèbre déficient en PKCζ. En résumé, Ang-1/Tie2 module la signalisation et les réponses biologiques endothéliales déclenchées par le VEGF/VEGFR-2. L’identification des mécanismes moléculaires en aval de ces deux récepteurs, Tie2 et VEGFR-2, et la compréhension des différentes voies de signalisation activées par ces complexes moléculaires nous permettra de mettre la lumière sur des nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le traitement des maladies angiogéniques.

L’effet de la surexpression du récepteur de type 1 à l’angiotensine II sur les courants potassiques et calciques au niveau des oreillettes

Le système rénine-angiotensine est impliqué dans le remodelage structurel et électrique caractérisant la fibrillation auriculaire (FA). L’angiotensine II (ANG II) induit le développement de fibrose et d’hypertrophie au niveau des oreillettes, prédisposant à la FA. Or, les mécanismes électrophysiologiques par lesquels l’ANG II pourrait promouvoir la FA sont peu connus. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche est d’évaluer l’effet de l’ANG II sur les courants potassiques et calciques au niveau auriculaire indépendamment du remodelage structurel. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé la technique de patch-clamp avec un modèle de souris surexprimant le récepteur de type 1 à l’angiotensine II (AT1R) spécifiquement au niveau cardiaque. Pour distinguer les effets directs de la surexpression d’AT1R des effets induits par le remodelage cardiaque, nous avons étudié des souris âgées de 180 jours, qui présentent du remodelage structurel, et des souris âgées de 50 jours, qui n’en présentent pas. Des études précédentes sur ce modèle ont montré qu’au niveau des myocytes ventriculaires, l’ANG II réduit le courant potassique global (Ipeak) et rectifiant entrant (IK1) ainsi que le courant calcique de type L (ICaL). Ainsi, notre hypothèse est que l’ANG II modulera aussi ces courants au niveau auriculaire, pouvant ainsi augmenter l’hétérogénéité de repolarisation auriculaire et de ce fait le risque de développer et maintenir la FA. Nous avons observé une diminution significative de la densité d’IK1 dans l’oreillette gauche des souris transgéniques sans changement d’Ipeak. De plus, la densité d’ ICaL n’est pas réduite chez les souris transgéniques âgées de 50 jours. En conclusion, l’effet de l’ANG II sur les courants potassiques et calciques semble dépendre de la chambre cardiaque. En effet, nous savions que l’ANGII réduisait Ipeak, IK1 et ICaL au niveau ventriculaire, mais nos résultats ont montré qu’il ne les affectait pas directement au niveau des oreillettes. Ceci suggère des mécanismes de régulation impliquant des voies de signalisation distinctes selon les chambres cardiaques. Enfin, nos résultats montrant l’absence de l’influence directe de la surexpression d’AT1R sur les canaux K+ et Ca2+ au niveau des myocytes auriculaires renforcent l’importance d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les effets de l’angiotensine II sur le développement de la fibrose, sur le remodelage structurel et sur la conduction électrique cardiaque.

The phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebellum

Background and purposeThe phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Delta(9)-THCV) has been reported to exhibit a diverse pharmacology; here, we investigate functional effects of Delta(9)-THCV, extracted from Cannabis sativa, using electrophysiological techniques to define its mechanism of action in the CNS.Experimental approachEffects of Delta(9)-THCV and synthetic cannabinoid agents on inhibitory neurotransmission at interneurone-Purkinje cell (IN-PC) synapses were correlated with effects on spontaneous PC output using single-cell and multi-electrode array (MEA) electrophysiological recordings respectively, in mouse cerebellar brain slices in vitro.Key resultsThe cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN55) decreased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) frequency at IN-PC synapses. WIN55-induced inhibition was reversed by Delta(9)-THCV, and also by the CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251; Delta(9)-THCV or AM251 acted to increase mIPSC frequency beyond basal values. When applied alone, Delta(9)-THCV, AM251 or rimonabant increased mIPSC frequency. Pre-incubation with Delta(9)-THCV blocked WIN55-induced inhibition. In MEA recordings, WIN55 increased PC spike firing rate; Delta(9)-THCV and AM251 acted in the opposite direction to decrease spike firing. The effects of Delta(9)-THCV and WIN55 were attenuated by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide.Conclusions and implicationsWe show for the first time that Delta(9)-THCV acts as a functional CB(1) receptor antagonist in the CNS to modulate inhibitory neurotransmission at IN-PC synapses and spontaneous PC output. Delta(9)-THCV- and AM251-induced increases in mIPSC frequency beyond basal levels were consistent with basal CB(1) receptor activity. WIN55-induced increases in PC spike firing rate were consistent with synaptic disinhibition; whilst Delta(9)-THCV- and AM251-induced decreases in spike firing suggest a mechanism of PC inhibition.British Journal of Pharmacology advance online publication, 3 March 2008; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.57.

Non-D9-tetrahydrocannabinol phytocannabinoids stimulate feeding in rats

Cannabinoid type 1 receptor-mediated appetite stimulation by D9tetrahydrocannabinol (D9THC) is well understood. Recently, it has become apparent that non-D9THC phytocannabinoids could also alter feeding patterns. Here, we show definitively that non-D9THC phytocannabinoids stimulate feeding. Twelve male, Lister-Hooded rats were prefed to satiety prior to administration of a standardized cannabis extract or to either of two mixtures of pure phytocannabinoids (extract analogues) comprising the phytocannabinoids present in the same proportions as the standardized extract (one with and one without D9THC). Hourly intake and meal pattern data were recorded and analysed using two-way analysis of variance followed by one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Administration of both extract analogues significantly increased feeding behaviours over the period of the test. All three agents increased hour-one intake and meal-one size and decreased the latency to feed, although the zero-D9THC extract analogue did so to a lesser degree than the high-D9THC analogue. Furthermore, only the analogue containing D9THC significantly increased meal duration. The data confirm that at least one non-D9THC phytocannabinoid induces feeding pattern changes in rats, although further trials using individual phytocannabinoids are required to fully understand the observed effects.

Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns

Rationale: Increased food consumption following Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol-induced cannabinoid type 1 receptor agonism is well documented. However, possible non-Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol phytocannabinoid-induced feeding effects have yet to be fully investigated. Therefore, we have assessed the effects of the individual phytocannabinoids, cannabigerol, cannabidiol and cannabinol, upon feeding behaviors. Methods: Adult male rats were treated (p.o.) with cannabigerol, cannabidiol, cannabinol or cannabinol plus the CB1R antagonist, SR141716A. Prior to treatment, rats were satiated and food intake recorded following drug administration. Data were analyzed for hourly intake and meal microstructure. Results: Cannabinol induced a CB1R-mediated increase in appetitive behaviors via significant reductions in the latency to feed and increases in consummatory behaviors via increases in meal 1 size and duration. Cannabinol also significantly increased the intake during hour 1 and total chow consumed during the test. Conversely, cannabidiol significantly reduced total chow consumption over the test period. Cannabigerol administration induced no changes to feeding behavior. Conclusion: This is the first time cannabinol has been shown to increase feeding. Therefore, cannabinol could, in the future, provide an alternative to the currently used and psychotropic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-based medicines since cannabinol is currently considered to be non-psychotropic. Furthermore, cannabidiol reduced food intake in line with some existing reports, supporting the need for further mechanistic and behavioral work examining possible anti-obesity effects of cannabidiol.

Endosomal endothelin-converting enzyme-1: a regulator of beta-arrestin-dependent ERK signaling

Neuropeptide signaling at the cell surface is regulated by metalloendopeptidases, which degrade peptides in the extracellular fluid, and beta-arrestins, which interact with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to mediate desensitization. beta-Arrestins also recruit GPCRs and mitogen-activated protein kinases to endosomes to allow internalized receptors to continue signaling, but the mechanisms regulating endosomal signaling are unknown. We report that endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) degrades substance P (SP) in early endosomes of epithelial cells and neurons to destabilize the endosomal mitogen-activated protein kinase signalosome and terminate signaling. ECE-1 inhibition caused endosomal retention of the SP neurokinin 1 receptor, beta-arrestins, and Src, resulting in markedly sustained ERK2 activation in the cytosol and nucleus, whereas ECE-1 overexpression attenuated ERK2 activation. ECE-1 inhibition also enhanced SP-induced expression and phosphorylation of the nuclear death receptor Nur77, resulting in cell death. Thus, endosomal ECE-1 attenuates ERK2-mediated SP signaling in the nucleus to prevent cell death. We propose that agonist availability in endosomes, here regulated by ECE-1, controls beta-arrestin-dependent signaling of endocytosed GPCRs.

Protease-activated receptor 2, dipeptidyl peptidase I, and proteases mediate Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We studied the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) and its activating enzymes, trypsins and tryptase, in Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA)-induced enteritis. METHODS: We injected TxA into ileal loops in PAR(2) or dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) knockout mice or in wild-type mice pretreated with tryptase inhibitors (FUT-175 or MPI-0442352) or soybean trypsin inhibitor. We examined the effect of TxA on expression and activity of PAR(2) and trypsin IV messenger RNA in the ileum and cultured colonocytes. We injected activating peptide (AP), trypsins, tryptase, and p23 in wild-type mice, some pretreated with the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist SR140333. RESULTS: TxA increased fluid secretion, myeloperoxidase activity in fluid and tissue, and histologic damage. PAR(2) deletion decreased TxA-induced ileitis, reduced luminal fluid secretion by 20%, decreased tissue and fluid myeloperoxidase by 50%, and diminished epithelial damage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. DPPI deletion reduced secretion by 20% and fluid myeloperoxidase by 55%. In wild-type mice, FUT-175 or MPI-0442352 inhibited secretion by 24%-28% and tissue and fluid myeloperoxidase by 31%-71%. Soybean trypsin inhibitor reduced secretion to background levels and tissue myeloperoxidase by up to 50%. TxA increased expression of PAR(2) and trypsin IV in enterocytes and colonocytes and caused a 2-fold increase in Ca(2+) responses to PAR(2) AP. AP, tryptase, and trypsin isozymes (trypsin I/II, trypsin IV, p23) caused ileitis. SR140333 prevented AP-induced ileitis. CONCLUSIONS: PAR(2) and its activators are proinflammatory in TxA-induced enteritis. TxA stimulates existing PAR(2) and up-regulates PAR(2) and activating proteases, and PAR(2) causes inflammation by neurogenic mechanisms.

MCP-1 induces migration of adult neural stem cells

As a model for brain inflammation we previously studied transcriptional profiles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)treated U373 astroglioma cells. In previous work we were able to demonstrate that the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, SCYA2, CCL2, MCAF) expression in U373 cells was inducible by TNF-alpha treatment. Demonstrably MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in U373 cells was sustainable over time and at the highest level of all genes analyzed (Schwamborn et al., BMC Genomics 4, 46, 2003). In the hematopoietic system MCP-1 is a CC chemokine that attracts monocytes, memory T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. In search of further functions in brain inflammation we tested the hypothesis that MCP-1 acts as a chemokine on neural stem cells. Here we report that MCP-1 activates the migration capacity of rat-derived neural stem cells. The migration of stem cells in a Boyden chamber analysis was elevated after stimulation with MCP-1. Time-lapse video microscopy visualized the migration of single stem cells from neurospheres in MCP-1-treated cultures, whereas untreated cultures depicted no migration at all, but showed signs of sprouting. Expression of the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 in neurosphere cultures was verified by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy. Supernatants from TNF-treated U373 cells also induced migration of neural stem cells.

Does modulation of the endocannabinoid system have potential therapeutic utility in cerebellar ataxia?

Cerebellar ataxias represent a spectrum of disorders which are, however, linked by common symptoms of motor incoordination and are typically associated with deficient in Purkinje cell firing activity and, often, degeneration. Cerebellar ataxias currently lack a curative agent. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system includes eCB compounds and their associated metabolic enzymes, together with cannabinoid receptors, predominantly the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) in the cerebellum; activation of this system in the cerebellar cortex is associated with deficits in motor coordination characteristic of ataxia, effects which can be prevented by CB1R antagonists. Of further interest are various findings that CB1R deficits may also induce a progressive ataxic phenotype. Together these studies suggest that motor coordination is reliant on maintaining the correct balance in eCB system signalling. Recent work also demonstrates deficient cannabinoid signalling in the mouse ‘ducky2J’ model of ataxia. In light of these points, the potential mechanisms whereby cannabinoids may modulate the eCB system to ameliorate dysfunction associated with cerebellar ataxias are considered.

Ethanol-induced sensitization depends preferentially on D(1) rather than D(2) dopamine receptors

Behavioral sensitization, defined as a progressive increase in the locomotor stimulant effects elicited by repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, has been used as an animal model for drug craving in humans. The mesoaccumbens dopaminergic system has been proposed to be critically involved in this phenomenon; however, few studies have been designed to systematically investigate the effects of dopaminergic antagonists on development and expression of behavioral sensitization to ethanol in Swiss mice. We first tested the effects of D(1) antagonist SCH-23390 (0-0.03 mg/kg) or D(2) antagonist Sulpiride (0-30 mg/kg) on the locomotor responses to an acute injection of ethanol (2.0 g/kg). Results showed that all tested doses of the antagonists were effective in blocking ethanol`s stimulant effects. In another set of experiments, mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with SCH-23390 (0.01 mg/kg) or Sulpiride (10 mg/kg) 30 min before saline or ethanol injection, for 21 days. Locomotor activity was measured weekly for 20 min. Four days following this pretreatment, all mice were challenged with ethanol. Both antagonists attenuated the development of ethanol sensitization, but only SCH-23390 blocked the expression of ethanol sensitization according to this protocol. When we tested a single dose (30 min before tests) of either antagonist in mice treated chronically with ethanol, both antagonists attenuated ethanol-induced effects. The present findings demonstrate that the concomitant administration of ethanol with D(1) but not D(2) antagonist prevented the expression of ethanol sensitization, suggesting that the neuroadaptations underlying ethanol behavioral sensitization depend preferentially on D(1) receptor actions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Involvement of sensory nerves and TRPV1 receptors in the rat airway inflammatory response to two environment pollutants: diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ)

The environmental chemical 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) is implicated in the exacerbation of airways diseases induced by exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), which involves a neurogenic-mediated mechanism. Plasma extravasation in trachea, main bronchus and lung was measured as the local (125)I-bovine albumin accumulation. RT-PCR quantification of TRPV1 and tachykinin (NK(1) and NK(2)) receptor gene expression were investigated in main bronchus. Intratracheal injection of DEP (1 and 5 mg/kg) or 1,2-NQ (35 and 100 nmol/kg) caused oedema in trachea and bronchus. 1,2-NQ markedly increased the DEP-induced responses in the rat airways in an additive rather than synergistic manner. This effect that was significantly reduced by L-732,138, an NK(1) receptor antagonist, and in a lesser extent by SR48968, an NK(2) antagonist. Neonatal capsaicin treatment also markedly reduced DEP and 1,2-NQ-induced oedema. Exposure to pollutants increased the TRPV1, NK(1) and NK(2) receptors gene expression in bronchus, an effect was partially suppressed by capsaicin treatment. In conclusion, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that DEP-induced airways oedema is highly influenced by increased ambient levels of 1,2-NQ and takes place by neurogenic mechanisms involving up-regulation of TRPV1 and tachykinin receptors.

Participation of peripheral tachykinin NK(1) receptors in the carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular disorders represent one of the major challenges in dentistry therapeutics. This study was undertaken to evaluate the time course of carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to investigate the role of tachykinin NK(1) receptors. Inflammation was induced by a single intra-articular (i.art.) injection of carrageenan into the left TMJ (control group received sterile saline). Inflammatory parameters such as plasma extravasation, leukocyte influx and mechanical allodynia (measured as the head-withdrawal force threshold) and TNF alpha and IL-1 beta concentrations were measured in the TMJ lavages at selected time-points. The carrageenan-induced responses were also evaluated after treatment with the NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333. The i.art. injection of carrageenan into the TMJ caused a time-dependent plasma extravasation associated with mechanical allodynia, and a marked neutrophil accumulation between 4 and 24 h. Treatment with SR140333 substantially inhibited the increase in plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx at 4 and 24 h, as well as the production of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta into the joint cavity, but failed to affect changes in head-withdrawal threshold. The results obtained from the present TMJ-arthritis model provide, for the first time, information regarding the time course of this experimental inflammatory process. In addition, our data show that peripheral NK(1) receptors mediate the production of both TNF alpha and IL-1 beta in the TMJ as well as some of the inflammatory signs, such as plasma extravasation and leukocyte influx, but not the nociceptive component. 2008 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leukotrienes Target F-actin/Cofilin-1 to Enhance Alveolar Macrophage Anti-fungal Activity

Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen and causes local and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are pivotal for the clearance of C. albicans from the lung. Activated AMs secrete 5-lipoxygenase-derived leukotrienes (LTs), which in turn enhance phagocytosis and microbicidal activity against a diverse array of pathogens. Our aim was to investigate the role of LTB(4) and LTD(4) in AM antimicrobial functions against C. albicans and the signaling pathways involved. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of LT biosynthesis as well as receptor antagonism reduced phagocytosis of C. albicans when compared with untreated or WT controls. Conversely, exogenous LTs of both classes augmented base-line C. albicans phagocytosis by AMs. Although LTB(4) enhanced mainly mannose receptor-dependent fungal ingestion, LTD(4) enhanced mainly dectin-1 receptor-mediated phagocytosis. LT enhancement of yeast ingestion was dependent on protein kinase C-delta (PKC delta) and PI3K but not PKC alpha and MAPK activation. Both LTs reduced activation of cofilin-1, whereas they enhanced total cellular F-actin; however, LTB(4) accomplished this through the activation of LIM kinases (LIMKs) 1 and 2, whereas LTD(4) did so exclusively via LIMK-2. Finally, both exogenous LTB(4) and LTD(4) enhanced AM fungicidal activity in an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. Our data identify LTB(4) and LTD(4) as key mediators of innate immunity against C. albicans, which act by both distinct and conserved signaling mechanisms to enhance multiple antimicrobial functions of AMs.

Bradykinin inducible receptor is essential to lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria are amongst the most common causative agents of acute lung injury, which is characterized by an inflammatory response, with cellular infiltration and the release of mediators/cytokines. There is evidence that bradykinin plays a role in lung inflammation in asthma but in other types of lung inflammation its role is less clear. In the present study we evaluated the role of the bradykinin B(1) receptor in acute lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide inhalation and the mechanisms behind bradykinin actions participating in the inflammatory response. We found that in C57BI/6 mice, the bradykinin B(1) receptor expression was up-regulated 24 h after lipopolysaccharide inhalation. At this time, the number of cells and protein concentration were significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the mice developed airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. In addition, there was an increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma and chemokines (monocytes chemotactic protein-1 and KC) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung tissue. We then treated the mice with a bradykinin B, receptor antagonist, R-954 (Ac-Orn-[Oic(2), alpha-MePhe(5), D-beta Nal(7), Ile(8)]desArg(9)-bradykinin), 30 min after lipopolysaccharide administration. We observed that this treatment prevented the airway hyperreactivity as well as the increased cellular infiltration and protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, R-954 inhibited the expression of cytokines/chemokines. These results implicate bradykinin, acting through B(1) receptor, in the development of acute lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide inhalation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.