Disaggregation of LST over India: comparative analysis of different vegetation indices

The non-availability of high-spatial-resolution thermal data from satellites on a consistent basis led to the development of different models for sharpening coarse-spatial-resolution thermal data. Thermal sharpening models that are based on the relationship between land-surface temperature (LST) and a vegetation index (VI) such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or fraction vegetation cover (FVC) have gained much attention due to their simplicity, physical basis, and operational capability. However, there are hardly any studies in the literature examining comprehensively various VIs apart from NDVI and FVC, which may be better suited for thermal sharpening over agricultural and natural landscapes. The aim of this study is to compare the relative performance of five different VIs, namely NDVI, FVC, the normalized difference water index (NDWI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), for thermal sharpening using the DisTrad thermal sharpening model over agricultural and natural landscapes in India. Multi-temporal LST data from Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors obtained over two different agro-climatic grids in India were disaggregated from 960 m to 120 m spatial resolution. The sharpened LST was compared with the reference LST estimated from the Landsat data at 120 m spatial resolution. In addition to this, MODIS LST was disaggregated from 960 m to 480 m and compared with ground measurements at five sites in India. It was found that NDVI and FVC performed better only under wet conditions, whereas under drier conditions, the performance of NDWI was superior to other indices and produced accurate results. SAVI and MSAVI always produced poorer results compared with NDVI/FVC and NDWI for wet and dry cases, respectively.

Electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation studies on microwave synthesized Na2SO4 center dot NaPO3 center dot MoO3 glasses

Electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation studies on SO4 (2-) doped modified molybdo-phosphate glasses have been carried out over a wide range of composition, temperature and frequency. The d.c. conductivities which have been measured by both digital electrometer (four-probe method) and impedance analyser are comparable. The relaxation phenomenon has been rationalized using electrical modulus formalism. The use of modulus representation in dielectric relaxation studies has inherent advantages viz., experimental errors arising from the contributions of electrode-electrolyte interface capacitances are minimized. The relaxation observed in the present study is non-Debye type. The activation energies for relaxation were determined using imaginary parts of electrical modulus peaks which were close to those of the d.c. conductivity implying the involvement of similar energy barriers in both the processes. The enhanced conductivity in these glasses can be attributed to the migration of Na+, in expanded structures due to the introduction of SO4 (2-) ions.

On a Degenerate Parabolic Problem in Holder Spaces

In this paper, we study some degenerate parabolic equation with Cauchy-Dirichlet boundary conditions. This problem is considered in little Holder spaces. The optimal regularity of the solution v is obtained and is specified in terms of those of the second member when some conditions upon the Holder exponent with respect to the degeneracy are satisfied. The proofs mainly use the sum theory of linear operators with or without density of domains and the results of smoothness obtained in the study of some abstract linear differential equations of elliptic type.

Evaluación de líneas de sorgo por su resistencia a la mosquita, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coq.) en Nicaragua

Con el objetivo de evaluar líneas de sorgo por su resistencia a la mosquita, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coq.), se introdujo procedente de la Universidad de Texas A & M, en el año 2004 un vivero de 64 líneas de sorgo con resistencia a mosquita. Se seleccionaron las mejores 35 por aspecto de planta para sembrarlas nuevamente en 2005. Además en 2005 se intro dujo otro vivero de 50 líneas. Los tres viveros se sembraron en surcos de 5 m de largo distribuidos en bloques completos al azar con 3 repeticiones en la época de postrera (Agosto – Diciembre) de 2004 en Santa Rosa y 2005 en CNIA, am bas estaciones experimentales del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). El daño de mosquita se evaluó usando la escala visual para daño elaborada por Fre deriksen et al (1981). También las líneas se evaluaron para rendimiento de grano y se tomó datos de días a floración y altura de planta. Los resultados indican que en 2004 Las lí - neas de mayor rendimiento de grano fueron 02CM1137-BK/ LM, 03CM15085-BK, 03CM15038-BK y 03CM15033-BK con 6002, 5194, 5144 y 5066 kg/ha respectivamente y que el daño de mosquita fue muy bajo. En 2005, en la evaluación de 35 líneas seleccionadas en 2004, las de mayor rendimien to fueron 03CM15038-BK, 03CM15033-BK, 03CM15131 y 01LI9278 con 6406, 6396, 6255 y 6215 kg/ha y daño de mosquita de 1.3, 1.0, 1.3 y 1.0 respectivamente. El daño de mosquita fue severo y algunas líneas no produjeron grano. El menor rendimiento se encontró en la línea 01LI9275 con 280 kg/ha y daño de 8.3. En el vivero nuevo introducido en 2005 las líneas de mayor rendimiento fueron 05:03CM15087-BK, 05:04LI4366, 05:00LI1324 y 05LI4042,43 con 7915, 7238, 6625 y 5088 kg/ha respectivamente y daño de mosquita de 1.0 en las primeras tres líneas y 2.0 en la cuarta. En este vi vero, la línea 05:04LI4015,16 no produjo grano y el daño fue de 9.0.

双菱体λ/4消色差相位延迟器的设计

根据菲涅尔全内反射相变理论,给出了双菱体λ/4消色差器的结构设计、性能分析和测量方法.由有效通光孔径和光线追迹设计出BK7玻璃在波长532 nm时相位延迟λ/4的双菱体的结构,用作532 nm至1 064 nm波长范围的标准λ/4相位延迟器.理论分析了入射角变化和波长变化对双菱体相位延迟的影响,当入射角变化限制在±4.3°以内时,其影响得到补偿；波长从532 nm到1 064 nm产生的误差为－0.65°.采用椭偏法中的消光技术,分别实测了双菱体在532 nm和1 064 nm波长下的相位延迟为：90.08±0.14°和88.99±0.1°,可知两不同波长产生的相位延迟误差为－1.09°.

Thermal stress-induced birefringence in borate glass irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses

Thermal stress-induced birefringence in borate glass which has been irradiated by 800-nm femtosecond laser pulses is observed under cross-polarized light. Due to the high temperature and pressure formed in the focal volume, the material at the edge of the micro-modified region is compressed between the expanding region and the unheated one, then stress emerges. Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the stress distribution in the micro-modified region and indicates the redistributions of density and refractive index by Raman peak shift. We suggest that this technique can develop waveguide polarizers and Fresnel zone plates in integrated optics.

Study of crystal formation in titanate glass irradiated by 800 nm femtosecond laser pulse

The structure of the titanate glass is destroyed during irradiation by the femtosecond laser pulses, and (TiO6)(8-) and (TiO4)(4-) anion units are exsolved from the network of the titanate glass. These anion units are rearranged to form some crystals such as anatase and Ba2TiO4 crystals. By Raman spectroscopy, it is found that these crystals have a strong dependence on the intensity of the femtosecond laser pulses. The relation between the generation of these crystals and space distribution of the femtosecond laser power intensity is qualitatively explained. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.