Proanthocyanidins inhibit Ascaris suum glutathione-S-transferase activity and increase susceptibility of larvae to levamisole and ivermectin in vitro

Proanthocyanidins (PAC) are a class of plant secondary metabolites commonly found in the diet that have shown potential to control gastrointestinal nematode infections. The anti-parasitic mechanism(s) of PAC remain obscure, however the protein-binding properties of PAC suggest that disturbance of key enzyme functions may be a potential mode of action. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are essential for parasite detoxification and have been investigated as drug and vaccine targets. Here, we show that purified PAC strongly inhibit the activity of both recombinant and native GSTs from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. As GSTs are involved in detoxifying xenobiotic substances within the parasite, we hypothesised that this inhibition may render parasites hyper-susceptible to anthelmintic drugs. Migration inhibition assays with A. suum larvae demonstrated that the potency of levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM) were significantly increased in the presence of PAC purified from pine bark (4.6-fold and 3.2-fold reduction in IC50 value for LEV and IVM, respectively). Synergy analysis revealed that the relationship between PAC and LEV appeared to be synergistic in nature, suggesting a specific enhancement of LEV activity, whilst the relationship between PAC and IVM was additive rather than synergistic, suggesting independent actions. Our results demonstrate that these common dietary compounds may increase the efficacy of synthetic anthelmintic drugs in vitro, and also suggest one possible mechanism for their well-known anti-parasitic activity.

Habitat Split as a Cause of Local Population Declines of Amphibians with Aquatic Larvae

Most amphibian species have biphasic life histories and undergo an ontogenetic shift from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. In deforested landscapes, streams and forest fragments are frequently disjunct, jeopardizing the life cycle of forest-associated amphibians with aquatic larvae. We tested the impact of habitat split-defined as human-induced disconnection between habitats used by different life-history stages of a species-on four forest-associated amphibian species in a severely fragmented landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We surveyed amphibians in forest fragments with and without streams (referred to as wet and dry fragments, respectively), including the adjacent grass-field matrix. Our comparison of capture rates in dry fragments and nearby streams in the matrix allowed us to evaluate the number of individuals that engaged in high-risk migrations through nonforested habitats. Adult amphibians moved from dry fragments to matrix streams at the beginning of the rainy season, reproduced, and returned at the end of the breeding period. Juveniles of the year moved to dry fragments along with adults. These risky reproductive migrations through nonforested habitats that expose individuals to dehydration, predation, and other hazards may cause population declines in dry fragments. Indeed, capture rates were significantly lower in dry fragments compared with wet fragments. Declining amphibians would strongly benefit from investments in the conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation and corridors linking breeding and nonbreeding areas.

HOST-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF alpha-AMYLASES BY LARVAE OF THE MEXICAN BEAN WEEVIL Zabrotes subfasciatus (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: BRUCHINAE) IS IRREVERSIBLE AND OBSERVED FROM THE INITIATION OF THE FEEDING PERIOD

Larvae of Zabrotes subfasciatus secrete alpha-amylases that are insensitive to the alpha-amylase inhibitor found in seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. By analyzing amylase activities during larval development on P. vulgaris, we detected activity of the constitutive amylase and the two inducible amylase isoforms at all stages. When larvae were transferred from the non alpha-amylase inhibitor containing seeds of Vigna unguiculata to P. vulgaris, the inducible alpha-amylases were expressed at the same level as in control larvae fed on P. vulgaris. Interestingly, when larvae were transferred from seeds of P. vulgaris to those of V. unguiculata, inducible alpha-amylases continued to be expressed at a level similar to that found in control larvae fed P. vulgaris continuously. When 10-day-old larvae were removed from seeds of V. unguiculata and transferred into capsules containing flour of P. vulgaris cotyledons, and thus maintained until completing 17 days ( age when the larvae stopped feeding), we could detect higher activity of the inducible alpha-amylases. However, when larvae of the same age were transferred from P. vulgaris into capsules containing flour of V. unguiculata, the inducible alpha-amylases remained up-regulated. These results suggest that the larvae of Z. subfasciatus have the ability to induce insensitive amylases early in their development. A short period of feeding on P. vulgaris cotyledon flour was sufficient to irreversibly induce the inducible alpha-amylase isoforms. Incubations of brush border membrane vesicles with the alpha-amylase inhibitor 1 from P. vulgaris suggest that the inhibitor is recognized by putative receptors found in the midgut microvillar membranes. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Mice and larvae tracking using a particle filter with an auto-adjustable observation model

This paper proposes a novel way to combine different observation models in a particle filter framework. This, so called, auto-adjustable observation model, enhance the particle filter accuracy when the tracked objects overlap without infringing a great runtime penalty to the whole tracking system. The approach has been tested under two important real world situations related to animal behavior: mice and larvae tracking. The proposal was compared to some state-of-art approaches and the results show, under the datasets tested, that a good trade-off between accuracy and runtime can be achieved using an auto-adjustable observation model. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure, processing and midgut secretion of putative peritrophic membrane ancillary protein (PMAP) from Tenebrio molitor larvae

A cDNA coding for a Tenebrio molitor midgut protein named peritrophic membrane ancillary protein (PMAP) was cloned and sequenced. The complete cDNA codes for a protein of 595 amino acids with six insect-allergen-related-repeats that may be grouped in A (predicted globular)- and B (predicted nonglobular)-types forming an ABABAB structure. The PMAP-cDNA was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant protein (64 kDa) was purified to homogeneity and used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The specific antibody detected PMAP peptides (22 kDa) in the anterior and middle midgut tissue, luminal contents, peritrophic membrane and feces. These peptides derive from PMAP, as supported by mass spectrometry, and resemble those formed by the in vitro action of trypsin on recombinant PMAP. Both in vitro and in vivo PMAP processing seem to occur by attack of trypsin to susceptible bonds in the coils predicted to link AB pairs, thus releasing the putative functional AB structures. The AB-domain structure of PMAP is found in homologous proteins from several insect orders, except lepidopterans that have the apparently derived protein known as nitrile-specifier protein. Immunocytolocalization shows that PMAP is secreted by exocytosis and becomes entrapped in the glycocalyx, before being released into midgut contents. Circumstantial evidence suggests that PMAP-like proteins have a role in peritrophic membrane type 2 formation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization of a beta-1,3-glucanase active in the alkaline midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae and its relation to beta-glucan-binding proteins

Spodoptera frugiperda beta-1,3-glucanase (SLam) was purified from larval midgut. It has a molecular mass of 37.5 kDa, an alkaline optimum pH of 9.0, is active against beta-1,3-glucan (laminarin), but cannot hydrolyze yeast beta-1,3-1,6-glucan or other polysaccharides. The enzyme is an endoglucanase with low processivity (0.4), and is not inhibited by high concentrations of substrate. In contrast to other digestive beta-1,3-glucanases from insects, SLam is unable to lyse Saccharomyces cerevisae cells. The cDNA encoding SLam was cloned and sequenced, showing that the protein belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 as other insect glucanases and glucan-binding proteins. Multiple sequence alignment of beta-1,3-glucanases and beta-glucan-binding protein supports the assumption that the beta-1,3-glucanase gene duplicated in the ancestor of mollusks and arthropods. One copy originated the derived beta-1,3-glucanases by the loss of an extended N-terminal region and the beta-glucan-binding proteins by the loss of the catalytic residues. SLam homology modeling suggests that E228 may affect the ionization of the catalytic residues, thus displacing the enzyme pH optimum. SLam antiserum reacts with a single protein in the insect midgut. Immunocytolocalization shows that the enzyme is present in secretory vesicles and glycocalyx from columnar cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purification, characterization and sequencing of the major beta-1,3-glucanase from the midgut of Tenebrio molitor larvae

The major beta-1,3-glucanase from Tenebrio molitor (TLam) was purified to homogeneity (yield, 6%; enrichment, 113 fold; specific activity, 4.4 U/mg). TLam has a molecular weight of 50 kDa and a pH optimum of 6. It is an encloglucanase that hydrolyzes beta-1,3-glucans as laminarin and yeast beta-1,3-1,6-glucan, but is inactive toward other polysaccharides (as unbranched beta-1,3-glucans or mixed beta-1,3-1,4-glucan from cereals) or disaccharides. The enzyme is not inhibited by high substrate concentrations and has low processivity (0.6). TLam has two ionizable groups involved in catalysis, and His, Tyr and Arg residues plus a divalent ion at the active site. A Cys residue important for TLam activity is exposed after laminarin binding. The cDNA coding for this enzyme was cloned and sequenced. It belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 16, and is related to other insect glucanases and glucan-binding proteins. Sequence analysis and homology modeling allowed the identification of some residues (E174, E179, H204, Y304, R127 and R181) at the active site of the enzyme, which may be important for TLam activity. TLam efficiently lyses fungal cells, suggesting a role in making available walls and cell contents to digestion and in protecting the midgut from pathogen infections. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da densidade e crescimento populacional do mexilhào dourado Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) em suas diferentes fases de vida no Lago Guaíba, município de Porto Alegre, RS, como subsídios ao controle do bivalve invasor

Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), conhecido vulgarmente como mexilhão dourado é proveniente do sudeste asiático. Foi, provavelmente, introduzido nos nossos mananciais, não intencionalmente, através da água de lastro, com os primeiros registros na América do Sul, em 1991,no Rio da Prata, nas proximidades de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Foi visto pela primeira vez na área do Delta do Jacuí, em frente ao porto de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, no ano de 1998. Sua população vem se expandindo em superfície e densidades que ultrapassam 100.000 i/m2 e, desde o ano de 2000, vem causando problemas de entupimentos em indústrias e todas as captadoras de água no município de Porto Alegre, entorno do lago Guaíba e do baixo Rio Jacuí. A espécie vem causando uma série de danos à fauna bentônica nativa e à vegetação ripária, desencadeando a diminuição das mesmas. A carência de dados sobre o ciclo de vida e a dinâmica populacional da espécie na bacia do Guaíba, motivaram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. As coletas foram realizadas no lago Guaíba, Praia do Veludo, ao sul do município de Porto Alegre, quinzenalmente, ao longo de 16 meses (setembro 2002 a dezembro de 2003), acompanhadas das análises físicas e químicas da água. As larvas foram coletadas com rede de plâncton, com abertura de malha equivalente a 36 µm, filtrando-se a quantidade de 30 litros de água. A incidência de pós-larvas, foi verificada através de amostradores artificiais dispostos em seis suportes de ferro, cada um contendo quatro amostradores (tijolos vazados) colocados entre os juncais, a uma altura de 20 cm do fundo. Em cada suporte, os tijolos foram trocados: um em quinze dias, um a cada mês, outro semestralmente e o último, que permaneceu até completar um ano, foi considerado o controle do experimento. A coleta de exemplares adultos de L. fortunei efetivou-se sobre ramos submersos do “sarandi”, Cephhalanthus glabratus (Spreng.) K. Schum, onde foram extraídos cilindros com aproximadamente quatro centímetros de diâmetro e 10 centímetros de comprimento. Os resultados foram reunidos em dois capítulos sob a forma de artigos científicos. O primeiro reúne informações, com a descrição, medidas e ilustrações de cada fase larval de Limnoperna fortunei desde a fase larval ciliada, a larva trocófora com quatro estágios diferenciados e os estágios valvados, com as larvas “D”, veliger de charneira reta, veliger umbonado, pediveliger, até a pós-larva ou plantígrada. O segundo capítulo contém os dados ambientais correlacionados às densidades de larvas, pós-larvas e adultos e o resultado de uma série de análises multivariadas da quantidade dos indivíduos nas diferentes fases de vida e época do ano e das medidas dos indivíduos adultos com as datas de coleta Através dos testes quantitativos registrou-se que: a quantidade de larvas variou de 0 a 23 indivíduos por litro; as larvas estiveram presentes em todos os meses do ano, com picos de densidade alta na primavera no mês de outubro, tanto no ano de 2002 como 2003, e densidades menores sob temperaturas abaixo de 15º C. A quantidade média de pós-larvas variou de 1 a 7545 indivíduos por amostrador (tijolo). As pós-larvas estiveram presentes em todos os meses do ano, com picos de densidade na primavera, particularmente no mês de novembro 2003, seguindo-se ao pico larval do mesmo ano. Os adultos atingiram o tamanho máximo de 38mm. A densidade populacional de adultos agregados calculada por i/m2 variou de 15.700 i/m2 a 99.700 i/m2 em fevereiro de 2003. As análises de ordenação e agrupamento separaram a população em geral, em quatro grupos conforme a densidade de cada fase em diferentes épocas do ano. Os adultos foram ordenados em três diferentes grupos conforme as classes de comprimento que aqui denominase de recrutas, adultos menores e adultos maiores. Estes três grupos estão também relacionados às diferenças de comportamentos quanto à habilidade de locomoção e capacidade de fixação. Considerando os adultos conforme suas classes de comprimento, constatou-se a predominância dos recrutas (5 a 7mm de comprimento), presentes durante todos os meses amostrados. Seguiu-se aos picos de pós-larvas um recrutamento que se tornou mais intenso, em fevereiro de 2003 e se prolongou até agosto do mesmo ano. Os amostradores controle com medidas das populações submersas durante os meses mais frios apresentaram populações com comprimento médio menor que as do verão. Apesar de não ter-se encontrado correlação entre a quantidade de larvas e os picos de temperatura, houve uma diminuição da quantidade de larvas nos picos de temperaturas mais baixas e uma coincidência entre os picos de densidade larval e as oscilações bruscas na temperatura que ocorreram nos meses menos frios. Vendavais e tempestades ocorridas na primavera de 2002 seriam as causas prováveis da baixa densidade de pós-larvas após o pico larval no início da primavera de 2002. Os dados apresentados referentes ao ciclo de vida de Limnoperna fortunei são básicos à elaboração de projetos de pesquisa que objetivem a gestão e o controle do animal. Os resultados do presente trabalho, de um modo geral, também poderiam subsidiar métodos de controle do mexilhão dourado adequados e com isto minimizar prejuízos financeiros e impactos ambientais maiores do que o do próprio animal, advindos da aplicação de técnicas indevidas de gestão.

Uso do bivalve límnico Anodontites tenebricosus (LEA, 1834) no biomonitoramento de metais do Rio Ribeira de Iguape

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Predation of Artemia Nauplii by the Larvae of the Amazon River Prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862), is Affected by Prey Density, Time of Day, and Ontogenetic Development

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Vertical distribution of benthic invertebrate larvae during an upwelling event along a transect off the tropical Brazilian continental margin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The feeding activity of Colossoma macropomum larvae (tambaqui) in fishponds with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) fertilizer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Water quality and zooplankton in tanks with larvae of Brycon Orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1949)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Morphological Notes on the Worker and Queen Larvae of the Thief Ant Solenopsis helena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from Brazil

Young and mature larvae of queen and workers of the thief ant, Solenopsis helena, are herein described for the first time. Specimens were treated and described by usual methods of light and scanning electron microscopy. Many of the observed characteristics confirmed traits of the thief ant larva, reinforcing the assumption that they are a distinct group from fire ants. The larva of S. helena can be recognized from other close species by details of the mouthparts, but seem extensively similar to Solenopsis molesta. These findings are useful for taxonomic studies and phylogenetic inferences.