Location and characteristics of the reconnection X line deduced from low-altitude satellite and ground-based observations: 2. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and European Incoherent Scatter data

We present an analysis of a cusp ion step, observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F10 spacecraft, between two poleward moving events of enhanced ionospheric electron temperature, observed by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar. From the ions detected by the satellite, the variation of the reconnection rate is computed for assumed distances along the open-closed field line separatrix from the satellite to the X line, do. Comparison with the onset times of the associated ionospheric events allows this distance to be estimated, but with an uncertainty due to the determination of the low-energy cutoff of the ion velocity distribution function, ƒ(ν). Nevertheless, the reconnection site is shown to be on the dayside magnetopause, consistent with the reconnection model of the cusp during southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Analysis of the time series of distribution function at constant energies, ƒ(ts), shows that the best estimate of the distance do is 14.5±2 RE. This is consistent with various magnetopause observations of the signatures of reconnection for southward IMF. The ion precipitation is used to reconstruct the field-parallel part of the Cowley D ion distribution function injected into the open low-latitude boundary layer in the vicinity of the X line. From this reconstruction, the field-aligned component of the magnetosheath flow is found to be only −55±65 km s−1 near the X line, which means either that the reconnection X line is near the stagnation region at the nose of the magnetosphere, or that it is closely aligned with the magnetosheath flow streamline which is orthogonal to the magnetosheath field, or both. In addition, the sheath Alfvén speed at the X line is found to be 220±45 km s−1, and the speed with which newly opened field lines are ejected from the X line is 165±30 km s−1. We show that the inferred magnetic field, plasma density, and temperature of the sheath near the X line are consistent with a near-subsolar reconnection site and confirm that the magnetosheath field makes a large angle (>58°) with the X line.

Location and characteristics of the reconnection X line deduced from low-altitude satellite and ground-based observations: 1. Theory

A method for estimating both the Alfvén speed and the field-aligned flow of the magnetosheath at the magnetopause reconnection site is presented. The method employs low-altitude cusp ion observations and requires the identification of a feature in the cusp ion spectra near the low-energy cutoff which will often be present for a low-latitude dayside reconnection site. The appearance of these features in data of limited temporal, energy, and pitch angle resolution is illustrated by using model calculations of cusp ion distribution functions. These are based on the theory of ion acceleration at the dayside magnetopause and allow for the effects on the spectrum of flight times of ions precipitating down newly opened field lines. In addition, the variation of the reconnection rate can be evaluated, and comparison with ground-based observations of the corresponding sequence of transient events allows the field-aligned distance from the ionosphere to the reconnection site to be estimated.

Quantifying particle size and turbulent scale dependence of dust uplift in the Sahara using aircraft measurements

The first size-resolved airborne measurements of dust fluxes and the first dust flux measurements from the central Sahara are presented and compared with a parameterization by Kok (2011a). High-frequency measurements of dust size distribution were obtained from 0.16 to 300 µm diameter, and eddy covariance fluxes were derived. This is more than an order of magnitude larger size range than previous flux estimates. Links to surface emission are provided by analysis of particle drift velocities. Number flux is described by a −2 power law between 1 and 144 µm diameter, significantly larger than the 12 µm upper limit suggested by Kok (2011a). For small particles, the deviation from a power law varies with terrain type and the large size cutoff is correlated with atmospheric vertical turbulent kinetic energy, suggesting control by vertical transport rather than emission processes. The measured mass flux mode is in the range 30–100 µm. The turbulent scales important for dust flux are from 0.1 km to 1–10 km. The upper scale increases during the morning as boundary layer depth and eddy size increase. All locations where large dust fluxes were measured had large topographical variations. These features are often linked with highly erodible surface features, such as wadis or dunes. We also hypothesize that upslope flow and flow separation over such features enhance the dust flux by transporting large particles out of the saltation layer. The tendency to locate surface flux measurements in open, flat terrain means these favored dust sources have been neglected in previous studies.

The energy cycle and structural evolution of cyclones over southeastern South America in three case studies

In this paper, the Lorenz energy cycle over a limited area was applied for three cyclones with different origins and evolutions, where each of them was formed in an important cyclogenetic region near southeastern South America. The synoptic conditions and energetics were analyzed during each system`s life cycle and showed important relationships between their energy cycle and the evolution of their vertical structure. In the case of the weak baroclinic cyclone which formed on Brazil`s south-southeastern coast, the analysis showed that it originated through a midlevel cutoff low with contribution from barotropic instability. Its evolution would indicate potential transition to a hybrid system if the convective activity were stronger. The system that occurred in the La Plata River mouth had features of an oceanic bomb-type cyclogenesis and showed an important contribution from the available potential energy generation term through the latent heat release by the convection. Meanwhile, the system of the southern Argentina coast presented a classical baroclinic development of extratropical cyclogenesis in the energy cycle, from the wave amplification up to the final occlusion of the associated frontal system. These analyses revealed that the development of some cyclones that occur in eastern South America can present different mechanisms that are not related to the classical extratropical cyclogenesis.

An event of stratospheric air intrusion and its associated secondary surface cyclogenesis over the South Atlantic Ocean

This work presents an analysis of a lowermost stratospheric air intrusion event over the coast of Brazil, which may have been responsible for a secondary surface cyclogenesis over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The surface cyclone initiated at 0600 UTC 17 April 1999 in a cold air mass in the rear of a cold front after a primary cyclone developed over the same region. The analysis of the secondary cyclone revealed the presence of lowermost stratospheric air intrusion characterized by anomalous potential vorticity (PV), dry air, and high concentration of ozone in atmospheric column. The system developed on the eastern side of an upper level core of PV anomaly, which induced a cyclonic wind circulation at lower levels and favored the onset of the secondary cyclone. In midlevels (500 hPa), the cutoff low development contributed to reduce the propagation speed of the wave pattern. This feature seemed to (1) allow the low-level cold/dry air to heat/moisten associated with sensible and latent fluxes transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere, which intensified a baroclinic zone parallel to the coast, and (2) contribute to the long duration of the system. The present analysis indicates that this secondary cyclone development could be the result of the coupling between the PV anomaly in the upper levels and low-level air-sea interaction.

Symptomatic expression of depression among Jewish adolescents: effects of gender and age

Background Depression symptomatology was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in a sample of Jewish adolescents, in order to compare the frequency and severity of depression with non-Jewish adolescents as well as examine gender difference of the expression of depressive symptomatology. Method Subjects comprised 475 students from Jewish private schools, aged 13-17 years, who were compared with an age-matched non-Jewish sample (n = 899). Kendall`s definition was adopted to classify these adolescents according to level of depressive symptoms. The frequency of depression was calculated for ethnicity, gender and age strata. Discriminant analysis and principal component analysis were performed to assess the importance of depression-specific and non-specific items, along with the factor structure of the BDI, respectively. Results The overall mean score on the BDI in the Jewish and the non-Jewish sample was 9.0 (SD = 6.4) and 8.6 (SD = 7.2), respectively. Jewish girls and boys had comparable mean BDI scores, contrasting with non-Jewish sample, where girls complained more of depressive symptoms than boys (p < 0.001). The frequency of depression, adopting a BDI cutoff of 20, was 5.1% for the Jewish sample and 6.3% for the non-Jewish sample. The frequency of depression for Jewish girls and boys was 5.5% (SE = 1.4) and 4.6% (SE = 1.5), respectively. On the other hand, the frequency of depression for non-Jewish girls and boys was 8.4% (SE = 1.2) and 4.0% (SE = 1.0), respectively. The female/male ratio of frequency of BDI-depression was 1.2 in the Jewish sample, but non-Jewish girls were twice (2.1) as likely to report depression as boys. Discriminant analysis showed that the BDI highly discriminates depressive symptomatology among Jewish adolescents, and measured specific aspects of depression. Factor analysis revealed two meaningful factors for the total sample and each gender (cognitive-affective dimension and somatic dimension), evidencing a difference between Jewish boys and Jewish girls in the symptomatic expression of depression akin to non-Jewish counterparts. Conclusions Ethnic-cultural factor might play a role in the frequency, severity and symptomatic expression of depressive symptoms in Jewish adolescents. The lack of gender effect on depression, which might persist from adolescence to adulthood among Jewish people, should be investigated in prospective studies.

GLUON SATURATION AND THE TOTAL PROTON-AIR CROSS SECTION

In this work we propose a simple model for the total proton-air cross section, which is an improvement of the minijet model with the inclusion of a window in the p(T)-spectrum associated to the saturation physics. Our approach introduces a natural cutoff for the perturbative calculations which modifies the energy behavior of this component. The saturated component is calculated with a dipole model. The results are compared with experimental cross sections measured in cosmic ray experiments.

Renormalization of the S parameter in holographic models of electroweak symmetry breaking

We show that the S parameter is not finite in theories of electroweak symmetry breaking in a slice of anti-de Sitter five-dimensional space, with the light fermions localized in the ultraviolet. We compute the one-loop contributions to S from the Higgs sector and show that they are logarithmically dependent on the cutoff of the theory. We discuss the renormalization of S, as well as the implications for bounds from electroweak precision measurements on these models. We argue that, although in principle the choice of renormalization condition could eliminate the S parameter constraint, a more consistent condition would still result in a large and positive S. On the other hand, we show that the dependence on the Higgs mass in S can be entirely eliminated by the renormalization procedure, making it impossible in these theories to extract a Higgs mass bound from electroweak precision constraints.

Stability and related properties of vacua and ground states

We consider the formal non-relativistic limit (nrl) of the : phi(4):(s+1) relativistic quantum field theory (rqft), where s is the space dimension. Following the work of R. Jackiw [R. Jackiw, in: A. Ali, P. Hood-bhoy (Eds.), Beg Memorial Volume, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991], we show that, for s = 2 and a given value of the ultraviolet cutoff K, there are two ways to perform the nrl: (i) fixing the renormalized mass m(2) equal to the bare mass m(0)(2); (ii) keeping the renormalized mass fixed and different from the bare mass mo. In the (infinite-volume) two-particle sector the scattering amplitude tends to zero as K -> infinity in case (i) and, in case (ii), there is a bound state, indicating that the interaction potential is attractive. As a consequence, stability of matter fails for our boson system. We discuss why both alternatives do not reproduce the low-energy behaviour of the full rqft. The singular nature of the nrl is also nicely illustrated for s = 1 by a rigorous stability/instability result of a different nature. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min energy threshold, 6 x 10(19) eV. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than 3.1 degrees from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the Veron-Cetty and Veron 12th catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is (38(-6)(+7))%, compared with 21% expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of (69-(+11)(13))%. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Influence of age at onset on comorbidity patterns

Purpose. - This study investigates the influence of age at onset of OCS on psychiatric comorbidities, and tries to establish a cut-off point for age at onset. Methods. - Three hundred and thirty OCD patients were consecutively recruited and interviewed using the following structured interviews: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Data were analyzed with regression and cluster analysis. Results. - Lower age at onset was associated with a higher probability of having comorbidity with tic, anxiety, somatoform, eating and impulse-control disorders. Longer illness duration was associated with lower chance of having tics. Female gender was associated with anxiety, eating and impulse-control disorders. Tic disorders were associated with anxiety disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. No cutoff age at onset was found to clearly divide the sample in homogeneous subgroups. However, cluster analyses revealed that differences started to emerge at the age of 10 and were more pronounced at the age of 17, suggesting that these were the best cut-off points on this sample. Conclusions. - Age at onset is associated with specific comorbidity patterns in OCD patients. More prominent differences are obtained when analyzing age at onset as an absolute value. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Qualidade de vida em idosos

Introdução: Esta tese de doutorado é mais uma contribuição do Grupo de Qualidade de Vida (Centro Brasileiro) do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas: Psiquiatria, da UFRGS. Esse grupo têm trabalhado em projetos transculturais de elaboração de instrumentos de qualidade de vida (QV) sob a coordenação da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Entre os instrumentos genéricos de QV já desenvolvidos estão o WHOQOL-100 e o WHOQOL-Bref e entre os instrumentos específicos, para populações especiais, estão o WHOQOL-HIV, o WHOQOL-SRPB e, mais recentemente, o WHOQOL-OLD. O desenvolvimento de uma escala de QV para idosos é especialmente importante tendo em vista especificidades deste grupo etário, bem como o aumento da proporção de idosos na população mundial. Objetivos: O objetivo maior deste estudo é desenvolver uma escala de QV para idosos (WHOQOL-OLD). Entretanto, como trata-se de um processo com longa duração de tempo, foram gerados objetivos específicos a partir da revisão da literatura e coleta de dados, que deram origem a 5 artigos, cada um com sua proposta, a saber: artigo 1. Apresentar a metodologia utilizada e os resultados dos grupos focais para avaliação de QV do idoso, artigo 2. Identificar variáveis relevantes na QV de pessoas idosas, artigo 3. Investigar a relação da percepção de QV do idoso com a percepção de QV do idoso na opinião de seu cuidador, artigo 4. Investigar variáveis associadas com percepção subjetiva de saúde em idosos internados e artigo 5. Pesquisar um possível viés nas respostas de idosos no Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Métodos: O primeiro estudo teve um desenho qualitativo enquanto os demais foram quantitativos. As amostras variaram para cada estudo. Em todos os estudos idosos(as) acima de 60 anos foram entrevistados. Para os estudos 1 e 2, a amostra contou com profissionais da área da saúde (1) e cuidadores (1 e 2). E, para o estudo 5, adultos acima de 18 anos também foram pesquisados. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em hospitais, lares e grupos comunitários, residências e recrutamento utilizando a técnica de "snow-ball" (bola de neve) em que cada sujeito indicava um outro sujeito. Todos os entrevistados preencheram o Termo de Consentimento Informado e, a partir daí, foram convidados a responder acerca de informações sociodemográficas, QV percebida (WHOQOL-100) e sintomatologia depressiva (BDI), com pequena variação para os cuidadores. O último estudo contou apenas com os dados sociodemográficos e com as respostas ao BDI. Resultados: De forma abreviada, os resultados dos 5 artigos confirmam as especificidades do idoso e portanto a necessidade de desenvolvimento de instrumentos específicos para esta população. O artigo 1 teve como resultado a sugestão de novos itens para idosos, a partir das respostas espontâneas e análise dos domínios e facetas do WHOQOL-100. O artigo 2, por sua vez, mostrou associações da percepção de QV geral com níveis de depressão, percepção subjetiva de saúde e sexo. No artigo 3, foi possível verificar uma tendência, em todos os domínios e na medida QV geral, de o cuidador responder pior percepção de QV do idoso do que o próprio idoso cuidado, apesar de algumas concordâncias (domínios físico, nível de independência, meio ambiente e espiritualidade/religião). Também observou-se que a intensidade de depressão do idoso exerceu forte influência tanto na sua própria percepção de QV quanto na percepção do cuidador sobre o idoso. O artigo 4 mostrou uma prevalência alta e não esperada de idosos internados que se percebiam como saudáveis. Foi possível observar, ainda, uma associação significativa entre percepção saudável e menor intensidade de sintomas depressivos, bem como melhor percepção de QV no domínio nível de independência. E por último, o artigo 5 discute o viés da subescala somático e de desempenho nas respostas do idoso ao BDI. Conclusões: Idosos constituem um grupo particular e, como tal, apresentam especificidades relevantes. A avaliação dos idosos em relação às suas percepções de QV está associada a sexo, idade, estado civil, classe social, percepção de saúde e mais fortemente associada a níveis de sintomas depressivos. Explorando o cuidador como avaliador da QV do idoso observou-se uma tendência de o cuidador perceber a QV do idoso pior do que a própria percepção do idoso, apesar de fortes correlações para todos os domínios e na medida QV geral na percepção do par idoso-cuidador. Já na avaliação de percepção de saúde em idosos foi verificada a influência da intensidade dos sintomas depressivos bem como da dimensão independência: quanto menor a intensidade de depressão e quanto maior o nível de independência, maior associação com percepção de saúde entre idosos. Além desses, características próprias da população idosa podem interferir nos resultados do BDI fazendo com que seus achados sejam maximizados por questões somáticas e de desempenho sugerindo pontos de corte especiais para os idosos. Novos estudos são sugeridos a fim de atender a demanda específica do idoso.

Firm heterogeneity and lobbying

The structure of protection across sectors is usually interpreted as the result of competition among lobbies to influence politicians, but little attention has been devoted to the importance of individual firms in this process. This paper builds a model incorporating firm heterogeneity into a lobbying setup `a la Grossman and Helpman (1994), in a monopolistic competitive environment. We obtain that increased sectorial dispersion cause a fall in equilibrium tariff provided that the exporter’s cutoff is above the mean of the distribution. Also, higher average productivity brings about a fall in the equilibrium tariff, whereas an increase in export costs cause an increase in the tariff. JEL Classification codes: D43, D7, F12, F13, L11

Turno de trabalho, cronotipo e desempenho de memória e atenção de profissionais da área da saúde de dois serviços de emergência da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS/BRASIL

Trabalhadores forçados a alterar o ciclo sono/repouso em função do turno de trabalho tendem a dessincronizar seus ritmos fisiológicos (endógenos) em relação aos do meio ambiente (exógenos) acarretando transtornos na organização dos sistemas fisiológicos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a relação do turno de trabalho (manhã, noite e rotativo) e perfil cronobiológico e seus efeitos sobre desempenho em testes de atenção e memória de profissionais (médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem) dos serviços de emergência de dois hospitais de Porto Alegre (RS/Brasil). Uma amostra aleatória de 140 profissionais, de ambos os sexos e idade entre 25 e 60 anos, foi avaliada num estudo transversal. Os sujeitos que relataram presença de doença (clínica, neurológica ou psiquiátrica), transtornos do sono prévios ao emprego atual, e uso de benzodiazepínicos nas 6 horas anteriores à testagem foram excluídos. Padrão cronobiológico (matutinidade/vespertinidade) foi definido pelo questionário de Hidalgo-Chaves (2002). Os testes de atenção e memória foram span de dígitos, span palavras, stroop, memória lógica, e Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (versão computadorizada). Déficit de atenção foi definido pela combinação de testes positivos (50%+1). Não se observou associação significativa entre cronotipo e turnos de trabalho. A freqüência de desempenho abaixo do ponto de corte em diversos testes foi maior no turno da noite. Déficit de atenção/memória foi observado em 51% dos profissionais do turno da noite, 21% do turno da manhã, e 22% do rotativo. O desempenho nos testes de atenção/memória entre os sujeitos distribuídos por cronotipo (tanto no total, como entre coincidentes com o turno de trabalho) não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Em conclusão, a discordância entre turno de trabalho e cronotipo pode ser explicada por diferentes motivos como a falta de opção para escolher o turno, questões financeiras, e desconhecimento quanto às características relacionadas ao perfil cronobiológico. Os déficits observados podem expressar efeitos de longo prazo do trabalho em turnos e especialmente no noturno.

Expressão de p53 e relação clínico-patológica no adenocarcinoma de reto

O adenocarcinoma colorretal é um dos tumores malignos mais freqüentes no mundo ocidental. Sua incidência varia mundialmente; nos Estados Unidos (EUA), é o terceiro câncer mais comum entre os homens e o segundo mais comum entre as mulheres, sendo a segunda causa de morte por câncer, superada apenas pelo tumor de pulmão. No Brasil, está entre as seis neoplasias mais freqüentes, ocupando a quarta posição em mortalidade. Os principais indicadores prognósticos do adenocarcinoma colorretal incluem a diferenciação histológica, profundidade de invasão e ocorrência de metástases. Recentemente, têm sido realizados diversos estudos usando técnicas de biologia molecular objetivando a identificação de novos parâmetros prognósticos. Entre estes, os fatores que regulam o ciclo celular influenciando no crescimento e mecanismo de apoptose têm demonstrado resultados promissores. O p53 é um gene supressor de tumores, localizado no braço curto do cromossomo 17; produz uma proteína chamada p53. Sua principal função é controlar pontos de checagem do ciclo celular, promover o reparo do DNA através do estímulo de outras proteínas (p21, por exemplo) e estimular a apoptose. Mutações deste gene produzem uma proteína p53 inativa que acumula nas células tumorais. A expressão desta proteína alterada é detectada em 30 a 70% dos tumores de reto e pode estar relacionada a mau prognóstico. O p53 é um dos genes mais comumente mutados no câncer humano. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a expressão imuno-histoquímica da proteína p53 com variáveis clínico-patológicas do adenocarcinoma de reto e sobrevida. Foram estudados 83 casos de pacientes operados no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre 1985 e 1997 através de reação imunohistoquímica utilizando anticorpo monoclonal Pab-1801 em amostras biológicas fixadas em formalina e armazenadas em blocos de parafina. Com um ponto de corte de 5%, 44 pacientes (53%) demonstraram expressão imunohistoquímica da proteína p53 maior que 5% e, com um ponto de corte de 20%, 36 pacientes (43,4%) demonstraram a expressão maior que 20%. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre a expressão de p53 e as variáveis idade, gênero, localização, tamanho do tumor e comprometimento circunferencial. Encontramos associação entre p53 e óbito, recidiva local, metástases e recidiva total quando utilizado o ponto de corte de 20%, indicando um pior prognóstico nos pacientes com p53 positivos. Na análise multivariada em relação à sobrevida, o p53 teve poder prognóstico independente em relação às variáveis da classificação Astler- Coller e grau de diferenciação histológica da neoplasia.