Biomasses du phytoplancton et du zooplancton dans l'Atlantique tropical le long du méridien 1O' W (Résultats de la campagne Capricorne 7314)

The standing stock of chlorophyll, the quantities of copepods collected with a 30 liter Niskin bottle and the standing stock of zooplankton collected with a 'Bongo' net were measured from 0 to 200 m depth during a cruise along 10' W from 1' N to 12' S. These parameters are correlated to hydrological conditions measured simultaneously. 6 zonal areas have been delimited and described; the north equatorial convergence, the northern flow of the south equatorial counter-current, the trade winds drift, the south equatorial counter-current and the Benguela's drift.

Circulação e fluxo de material particulado em suspensão no principal canal de acesso à baía de Sepetiba

Entre 06/08/11 e 25/02/12 foram obtidas séries temporais contínuas de intensidade e direção das correntes e intensidade do eco ao longo de toda a coluna dágua, e medições, de temperatura e pressão, próximas ao fundo, na região adjacente ao canal de acesso à baía de Sepetiba (230'16.5"S e 4359'29.4"W, profundidade local de aproximadamente 25 m) através da utilização de um perfilador acústico ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler), modelo WorkHorse BroadBand Sentinel (600 kHz, Teledyne-RDI). A partir dos dados adquiridos, observou-se a existência de correntes intensas próximo ao fundo (até 1,02 m/s), principalmente durante os períodos de enchente sob condições de sizígia, que são fortemente influenciadas pela orientação do canal de navegação. A análise das séries temporais das componentes da velocidade mostraram, em conformidade ao relatado por alguns autores, que esta é uma baía cuja circulação é fortemente influenciada pela dinâmica da maré sendo M2, M4, M6 e M8 as principais componentes harmônicas que atuam no sistema. Além disso, observou-se significativa assimetria da maré, sendo os períodos de enchente consideravelmente mais curtos e associados às correntes mais intensas, o que permite concluir que no setor investigado da baía de Sepetiba há dominância de enchente. Outra característica interessante da área de estudo relaciona-se à observação de que ventos intensos de S-SO são responsáveis pelo empilhamento de água no interior da baía, sendo que altura do nível da superfície da água apresenta relação direta com as variações da pressão atmosférica local. Em diversos períodos, quando há atuação de ventos de E-NE é possível encontrar Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) no interior da baía de Sepetiba, desde a sua entrada principal até as adjacências da ilha Guaíba. Além disso, foram identificadas diversas oscilações de baixa frequência que puderam ser associadas à variação da pressão atmosférica. Oscilações de alta frequência foram associadas à dinâmica da maré, a co-oscilações da maré e ao vento. Em relação à concentração de Material Particulado em Suspensão (MPS), durante os períodos de sizígia foram registradas as maiores concentrações material particulado na coluna dágua. Durante os períodos de sizígia, o fluxo de MPS é mais pronunciado do que durante as quadraturas, sendo que, independente do período da maré, o fluxo cumulativo de material particulado em suspensão é dirigido para o interior da baía de Sepetiba. Considerando o alinhamento dos vetores de velocidade em conformidade a direção preferencial do canal de navegação, tem-se que o fluxo cumulativo de MPS varia entre dirigido para SE na região próxima ao fundo, a dirigido para NE próximo ao topo da coluna dágua, o que sugere a deflexão do movimento das correntes em consequência do atrito. Ao longo de um dia, o fluxo do material particulado é mais pronunciado durante as enchentes, quando há aumento das tensões cisalhantes que atuam sobre o leito da baía redisponibilizando para a coluna dágua o material que estava depositado no fundo.

Metodologia de avaliação de rendimento de aerogeradores de pequeno porte utilizando perfis diários típicos de vento.

O crescimento do uso dos aerogeradores de pequeno porte em áreas urbanas em todo o mundo aponta para um mercado em expansão e extremamente promissor, principalmente no brasil, onde o potencial eólico é grande. tratando-se de máquinas pequenas existe interesse dos consumidores residenciais na sua utilização, seja para economia de energia ou por adesão às fontes alternativas. existe uma grande quantidade de fabricantes no mundo incluindo aerogeradores de alta, média e baixa qualidade. com isso surge a necessidade de criar métodos que avaliem estes produtos quanto ao seu rendimento energético, como ocorrem com as geladeiras, lâmpadas, fogões e outros, a fim de resguardar a qualidade deste equipamento ao consumidor. a proposta é criar um ciclo de teste (ou ciclo de ventos) baseado nos perfis de comportamentos diários de ventos urbano obtidos através de medições reais feitos pelo projeto sonda. esse perfil será usado para testar os aerogeradores de até 1 kw em laboratório, com auxílio de um túnel de vento a fim de determinar o rendimento energético do conjunto gerador, servindo como método para o aprimoramento desses aparelhos. outra possibilidade é o uso desta metodologia no programa brasileiro de etiquetagem, que classifica os produtos em função de sua eficiência energética. este trabalho também pode ser usado para acreditação de laboratórios de certificação que avaliam produtos em função de sua eficiência e/ou rendimento, visto que a acreditação é uma ferramenta estabelecida em escala internacional para gerar confiança na atuação de organizações que executam atividades de avaliação da conformidade.

Otimização de torre de aço para aerogerador eólico.

Diversas formas de geração de energia vêm sendo desenvolvidas com o objetivo de oferecer alternativas ecologicamente corretas. Neste contexto, a energia eólica vem se destacando na região Nordeste do Brasil, devido ao grande potencial dos ventos da região. As torres, que representam parcela significativa do custo total do sistema, tendem a crescer buscando ventos mais fortes e permitindo assim a utilização de aerogeradores com maior capacidade de geração de energia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo formular um modelo de otimização de torres tubulares de aço, para aerogeradores eólicos. Busca-se minimizar o volume total (custo, indiretamente), tendo como variáveis de projeto as espessuras da parede da torre. São impostas restrições relativas à frequência natural e ao comportamento estrutural (tensão e deslocamento máximo de acordo com recomendações da norma Europeia). A estrutura da torre é modelada com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos e o carregamento atuante na estrutura inclui os pesos da torre, do conjunto de equipamentos instalados no topo (aerogerador), e o efeito estático da ação do vento sobre a torre. Para verificação das tensões, deslocamentos e frequências naturais, foram utilizados elementos finitos de casca disponíveis na biblioteca do programa de análise ANSYS. Os modelos de otimização foram também implementados no modulo de otimização do programa ANSYS (design optimization), que utiliza técnicas matemáticas em um processo iterativo computadorizado até que um projeto considerado ótimo seja alcançado. Nas aplicações foram usados os métodos de aproximação por subproblemas e o método de primeira ordem. Os resultados obtidos revelam que torres para aerogeradores merecem atenção especial, em relação à concepção do projeto estrutural, sendo que seu desempenho deve ser verificado através de metodologias completas que englobem além das análises clássicas (estáticas e dinâmicas), incluam também as análises de otimização.

Estudo de fluxos numéricos para modelos magneto-hidrodinâmicos utilizando o código Flash

A teoria magneto-hidrodinâmicos permite a estruturação de modelos computacionais, designados modelos MHDs, que são uma extensão da dinâmica dos fluidos para lidar com fluidos eletricamente carregados, tais como os plasmas, em que se precisa considerar os efeitos de forças eletromagnéticas. Tais modelos são especialmente úteis quando o movimento exato de uma partícula não é de interesse, sendo que as equações descrevem as evoluções de quantidades macroscópicas. Várias formas de modelos MHD têm sido amplamente utilizadas na Física Espacial para descrever muitos tipos diferentes de fenômenos de plasma, tais como reconexão magnética e interações de ventos estelares com diferentes objetos celestiais. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é analisar o comportamento de diversos fluxos numéricos em uma discretização de volumes finitos de um modelo numérico de MHD usando um esquema de malha entrelaçada sem separação direcional considerando alguns casos testes. Para as simulações, utiliza-se o código Flash, desenvolvido pela Universidade de Chicago, por ser um código de amplo interesse nas simulações astrofísicas e de fenômenos no espaço próximo à Terra. A metodologia consiste na inclusão de um fluxo numérico, permitindo melhoria com respeito ao esquema HLL.

The California flooding rains during February, 1986 [abstract]

After an unusually strong and persistent pattern of atmospheric circulation over the United State[s] in Fall 1985, it became quite changeable (although high amplitude anomalies still prevailed). Following a fall that was cold in the West and warm in the East with heavy precipitation, a high pressure ridge set in over the West during December, with generally light precipitation over most of the country. Throughout the winter, the central North Pacific was very active, with large negative atmospheric pressure anomalies centered at about 45°N, l60°W. This activity may have been encouraged by an enhanced meridional eastern North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, with positive SST anomalies in the subtropics and negative anomalies in midlatitudes. However, in January, the western high pressure ridge remained strong and temperatures were remarkably warm, increasing the threat of drought in California after the two previous dry winters. However, in February, storms from a greatly expanded and southerly displaced Aleutian Low broke into the West Coast. An unusual siege from February 11 to February 20 flooded central and northern California, with very heavy precipitation and record to near-record runoff. Upwards of 50 percent of annual average precipitation fell on locations from the upper San Joaquin to the Feather River drainage basins, and the largest flow since observations began in the early 1900's was recorded on the Sacramento River at Sacramento. The atmospheric pattern that was responsible for this remarkable stormy spell developed when the western high pressure retrograded to the northwest into the Aleutians, accompanied by the strengthened and southerly extended storm tract that moved into California. Although exact details vary from case to case, this episode displayed meteorological conditions similar to those in several other historical California winter flood events. These included a long duration of very strong westerly to southwesterly winds over a long subtropical fetch into California. Much of the precipitation during this series of storms was orographically induced by the moisture laden flow rising over the Sierra ranges. Due to the warm air mass, snow levels were relatively high (about 7500 feet) during the heaviest precipitation, resulting in copious runoff.

Extreme tides and sea levels in California [abstract]

During the winter of 1982-1983, a combination of high tides, higher than normal sea level and storm-induced waves were devastating to the coast of California. Damage estimates for public and private property destruction in the coastal counties of California totaled over $100,000,000. Much higher than average sea levels played a very important contributory role in the flooding damage. These unusually high sea levels were due to a combination of higher than normal mixed layer temperature associated with a strong, 2-year El Nino, storm surge due to low atmospheric pressure and persistent winds, and the cumulative effect of steady, "global" rise in relative sea level. Higher than average high tides coincided to an unusual extent with the peak sea levels reached during the numerous storms between November 1982 and March 1983. Important cyclical variations occur in California's mixed tide regime and the consequences of these on extreme tides have not been properly considered previously. In fact, erroneous "predictions" of much higher tides in the 1990's appearing in the popular press during the 1982-83 flooding, caused much public apprehension.

Change in Pacific Northwest coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Coastal Ecosystems Regional Study Workshop, August 73-14, 1996, Troutdale, Oregon

Over the past one hundred and fifty years, the landscape and ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest coastal region, already subject to many variable natural forces, have been profoundly affected by human activities. In virtually every coastal watershed from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Cape Mendocino, settlement, exploitation and development of resou?-ces have altered natural ecosystems. Vast, complex forests that once covered the region have been largely replaced by tree plantations or converted to non-forest conditions. Narrow coastal valleys, once filled with wetlands and braided streams that tempered storm runoff and provided salmon habitat, were drained, filled, or have otherwise been altered to create land for agriculture and other uses. Tideflats and saltmarshes in both large and small estuaries were filled for industrial, commercial, and other urban uses. Many estuaries, including that of the Columbia River, have been channeled, deepened, and jettied to provide for safe, reliable navigation. The prodigious rainfall in the region, once buffered by dense vegetation and complex river and stream habitat, now surges down sirfiplified stream channels laden with increased burdens of sediment and debris. Although these and many other changes have occurred incrementally over time and in widely separated areas, their sum can now be seen to have significantly affected the natural productivity of the region and, as a consequence, changed the economic structure of its human communities. This activity has taken place in a region already shaped by many interacting and dynamic natural forces. Large-scale ocean circulation patterns, which vary over long time periods, determine the strength and location of currents along the coast, and thus affect conditions in the nearshore ocean and estuaries throughout the region. Periodic seasonal differences in the weather and ocean act on shorter time scales; winters are typically wet with storms from the southwest while summers tend to be dry with winds from the northwest. Some phenomena are episodic, such as El Nifio events, which alter weather, marine habitats, and the distribution and survival of marine organisms. Other oceanic and atmospheric changes operate more slowly; over time scales of decades, centuries, and longer. Episodic geologic events also punctuate the region, such as volcanic eruptions that discharge widespread blankets of ash, frequent minor earthquakes, and major subduction zone earthquakes each 300 to 500 years that release accumulated tectonic strain, dropping stretches of ocean shoreline, inundating estuaries and coastal valleys, and triggering landslides that reshape stream profiles. While these many natural processes have altered, sometimes dramatically, the Pacific Northwest coastal region, these same processes have formed productive marine and coastal ecosystems, and many of the species in these systems have adapted to the variable environmental conditions of the region to ensure their long-term survival.

An ecological characterization of the marine resources of Vieques, Puerto Rico. Part I: Historical data synthesis

From the 1940s until 2003, portions of the island of Vieques, a municipality within the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, were used by the US Navy as a base and training facility, resulting in development and zoning history that differ in comparison to other Caribbean islands. The majority of former Navy lands are now under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior’s Fish and Wildlife Service as a National Wildlife Refuge, while a smaller percentage of land was transferred to the Vieques municipality and the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust. An analysis of the distribution and status of the marine resources is timely in light of the recent land transfer, increases in development and tourism, and potential changes in marine zoning around the island. To meet this need, NOAA’s Biogeography Branch, in cooperation with the Office of Response and Restoration and other local and regional partners, conducted Part I of an ecological characterization to integrate historical data and research into a synthesis report. The overall objective of this report is to provide resource managers and residents a comprehensive characterization of the marine resources of Vieques to support research, monitoring, and management. For example, knowledge of the spatial distribution of physical features, habitats, and biological communities is necessary to make an informed decision of the establishment and placement of a marine protected area (MPA). The report is divided into chapters based on the physical environment (e.g., climate, geology, bathymetry), habitat types (e.g., reefs and hardbottom, seagrasses, mangroves) and major faunal groups (e.g. fish, turtles, birds). Each section includes five subsections: an overview, description of the relevant literature, methods of analysis, information on the distribution, status and trends of the particular resource, and a discussion of ecological linkages with other components of the Vieques marine ecosystem and surrounding environment. The physical environment of Vieques is similar to other islands within the Greater Antilles chain, with some distinctions. The warm, tropical climate of Vieques, mediated by the northeasterly trade winds, is characterized by a dry season (December-April) and a rainy season (May-November), the latter of which is characterized by the occasional passage of tropical cyclones. Compared to mainland Puerto Rico, Vieques is characterized by lower elevation, less annual precipitation, and higher average temperatures. The amount of annual precipitation also varies spatially within Vieques, with the western portion of the island receiving higher amounts of rainfall than further east. While the North Equatorial Current dominates the circulation pattern in the Greater Antilles region, small scale current patterns specific to Vieques are not as well characterized. These physical processes are important factors mitigating the distribution and composition of marine benthic habitats around Vieques. In general, the topography of Vieques is characterized by rolling hills. Mt. Pirata, the tallest point at 301 m, is located near the southwest coast. In the absence of island wide sedimentation measurements, information on land cover, slope, precipitation, and soil type were used to estimate relative erosion potential and sediment delivery for each watershed. While slope and precipitation amount are the primary driving factors controlling runoff, land use practices such as urban development, military activity, road construction, and agriculture can increase the delivery of pollution and sediments to coastal waters. Due to the recent land transfer, increased development and tourism is expected, which may result in changes in the input of sediments to the coastal environment.

An oceanographic characterizations of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and Pacific Northwest: interpretive summary of ocean climate and regional processes through satellite remote sensing

This report presents the results of a two-year investigation and summary of oceanographic satellite data obtained from multiple operational data providers and sources, spanning years of operational data collection. Long-term summaries of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and SST fronts, Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA), surface currents, ocean color chlorophyll and turbidity, and winds are provided. Merged satellite oceanographic data revealed information on: (1) seasonal cycles and timing of transition periods; (2) linkages between seasonal effects (warming and cooling), upwelling processes and transport; and (3) nutrient/sediment sources, sinks, and physical limiting factors controlling surface response for Olympic Coast marine environments. These data and information can be used for building relevant hind cast models, ecological forecasts, and regional environmental indices (e.g. upwelling, climate, “hot spot”) on biological distribution and/or response in the PNW.

Wind climate trends in the Pacific Northwest and the implications to renewable energy supply

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): This paper examines the influence of wind climate variations on new Pacific Northwest renewable energy sources. Wind represents a potentially valuable supplemental source of energy in the region. ... The recent period of weaker winds may be associated with a stronger North Pacific Low in the last decade. This would result in winter storms more often being deflected farther north, to Canada. Also, in the last dozen years, lower SOI values were common. Other investigators have found low SOI to be associated with drier conditions in the Pacific Northwest.

Seasonal variation of mixed layer depth in the north Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is unique due to the extremes in atmospheric forcing that lead to the semi-annual seasonal changes. The reversing winds of summer and winter monsoon induce the variation in the characteristics of mixed layer depth. The importance of mixed layer depth is recognized in studying the biological productivity in the ocean. In this paper variability of mixed layer depth in the north Arabian Sea have been discussed. The study is based on the data collected under North Arabian Sea Environment and Ecosystem Research (NASEER) program. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant variation in the mixed layer depth from summer to winter monsoon as well as coast to offshore.

El estuario del Plata: donde el río se encuentra con el mar

The Rio de la Plata estuary is one of the largest estuarine environments of South America. It is characterized by a two-layer vertical salinity distribution and the existence of water masses convergence zones (fronts). Oceanographic scenario greatly influence the biology of the planktonic organisms that live in the water column, the benthic organisms that inhabit the soft sediment bottoms of the estuary, and the fishes, which show a differential degree of penetration into the diluted water of the estuary. Short and frequent events of strong weastward winds ('sudestada') alter completely the oceanographic conditions greatly influencing the especies ecology. Biological production of the estuary is high, and most of their organisms have a marine heritage.

An aerial survey for surface tuna resources in the seas around Ceylon

An aerial survey of the off shore range around Ceylon, for a quick evaluation of the potential surface tuna resources, for commercial exploitation, was organised by Mr. Manuel R. Cintas of Ocean Blazer Inc. (Commercial tuna), San Diego, California and his associate Mr. R. Perera. The organisers offered, through the Hon'ble Minister of Fisheries, to take an officer of the Fisheries Research Station, Ceylon, as an observer and the author participated in that capacity. Dr. V. Arkely served as the photographer. The survey period was within the South-West monsoon season and extremely bad weather with high speed winds were experienced particularly off the North-West and South coasts. Except during these two trips, an average altitude of 1,000 ft. and a flying speed of 110-115 m.p.h. were maintained. The program was to cover the off shore range between 15 miles and 50 miles, from shore. The total number of hours of flying was eighteen. Details of the flight plan are shown in figure 1.

Results of drift card experiments and considerations on the movement of milkfish eggs and larvae in the northern Sulu Sea

For a period of one year beginning December 1977, drift card experiments were conducted off the western and southern coasts of Panay Island to determine the surface currents in the area. Of a total 2,384 drift cards released during the study, 382 (16.02%) were recovered, 92% of them within 30 days following dispatch. The surface currents in the study area are strongly influenced, in direction and speed, by the prevailing monsoon winds. During the NE monsoon period, the surface currents move away from the coast; during the SW monsoon, toward and/or parallel to the coast. Based on the results, the probable movement and transport of milkfish (Chanos chanos) eggs and larvae from the spawning ground to the fry collection ground are also discussed.