Fatores de risco associados à colonização por Candida spp em neonatos internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal brasileira

Os objetivos desse estudo foram investigar a participação de Candida albicans e não-albicans como agente de colonização e sepse, bem como os fatores de risco associados aos neonatos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foi realizada vigilância epidemiológica pelo sistema National Healthcare Safety Network no período entre agosto de 2007 e abril de 2008. A taxa de incidência de sepse com critério microbiológico foi de 6,7/1.000 paciente/dia, constatando-se apenas um caso de candidemia. Aproximadamente, 19% dos neonatos estavam colonizados por Candida, identificadas como Candida albicans (50%) e Candida não-albicans (50%). Os fatores de risco significantes para colonização por Candida spp foram a idade gestacional entre 26 e 30 semanas, o uso prévio de antibiótico e o cateter vascular central umbilical. A mortalidade total foi de 11,8% nos neonatos internados durante o período de estudo com sepse, porém o recém-nascido com candidemia não evoluiu para óbito.

Past/present and future worries: na fMRI study

For the past decade, numerous imaging techniques gave rise to remarka-ble progresses in the understanding of brain’s structure and function. Amongst the wide variety of studies onto the field of neuroscience, neuropsychiatric re-searches with resource to neuroimaging have attracted increasing attention. The present study will focus on the identification of brain areas recruited while normative subjects read sentences related to past/present or future wor-ries. Our main aim was to accurately characterize these brain areas while providing them with a time-stamp that would hopefully help us understand the implications of past/present memories and future envisioning in worrying episodes. With that purpose, functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected from ten healthy individuals. The obtained data was processed and statistically treated using the General Linear Model and both Fixed and Ran-dom Effects Analysis for group-level results. Thereafter, a Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis with Searchlight Mapping was performed in order to find patterns of activation that allow differentiation between conditions. The obtained results indicate higher brain activation while reading sen-tences related to past/present worries when compared to future worry or neu-tral sentences. The main areas include frontal cortex, posterior parietal, occipital and temporal areas. Worrying, per se, was characterized by activation of the medial posterior parietal cortex, left posterior occipital lobe and left central temporal lobe. With the searchlight mapping approach we were able to further identify patterns of distinction between conditions, which were located in the parietal, limbic and frontal lobes.

A comunicação e difusão em Arquivística: planeamento de uma exposição virtual relativa à exposição «História dum gordo chinês que estava de barriga para o ar - no centenário de Álvaro Cunhal»

O Arquivo tem como funções primordiais, entre outras, comunicar e difundir o seu património, sendo as exposições um modo eficaz de o fazer. Por meio destas, o Arquivo dá a conhecer os conjuntos documentais que encerra e divulga o trabalho que leva a cabo. O presente trabalho tem numa primeira instância o objectivo de abordar três das exposições levadas a cabo na DGLAB, sendo descrito o trabalho levado a cabo e o modo como este contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do produto final. O desenvolvimento e ampliação da utilização das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) proporcionam aos Arquivos e outras instituições, como Bibliotecas e Museus, a possibilidade de acentuar estas duas funções, por meio da criação na web de exposições virtuais, que utilizam as ferramentas que advêm destas novas tecnologias. Neste sentido, é necessário compreender como é que as diferentes instituições fazem uso destas ferramentas na criação das suas exposições virtuais, uma vez que existem distintas tipologias com diversas aplicações. Procura-se assim nesta linha, escolher boas práticas de exposições virtuais e detalhar as suas potencialidades de modo a retirar ideias que se coadunem com as especificidades da exposição física para a qual se planeia criar uma exposição virtual. Este Relatório de Estágio procura assim responder à questão: Como pode uma exposição virtual valorizar uma exposição física de modo a contribuir para o desenvolvimento das funções de comunicação/ difusão na DGARQ?

Diagnosis of hantavirus infection in humans and rodents in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome (HPCS) is an emerging serious disease in the Americas. Hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae) are the causative agents of this syndrome and are mainly transmitted through inhalation of aerosols containing the excreta of wild rodents. In the Ribeirão Preto region (state of São Paulo, Brazil), HPCS has been reported since 1998, caused by the Araraquara virus (ARAV), for which Necromys lasiurus is the rodent reservoir. This study aimed to show diagnostic results relating to infection in humans and rodents, obtained at the Virology Research Center of the Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, between 2005 and 2008. METHODS: HPCS was diagnosed by means of ELISA and/or RT-PCR in 11 (21.2%) out of 52 suspected cases, and 54.4% of these were fatal. Furthermore, 595 wild rodents (Necromys lasiurus, Akodon sp, Calomys tener and Oligoryzomys sp) were caught between 2005 and 2008. RESULTS: Fifteen (2.5%) of these rodents presented antibodies for hantavirus, as follows: Necromys lasiurus (4%), Calomys tener (1.9%) and Akodon sp (1.5%). Nucleotide sequences obtained through RT-PCR from one HPCS patient and one Calomys tener rodent were compared with hantavirus sequences from GenBank, which showed that both were homologous with ARAV. CONCLUSIONS: This work corroborates previous studies showing that ARAV is the hantavirus causing HPCS in the Ribeirão Preto region. It also shows that rodents infected with hantavirus represent a constant risk of transmission of this virus to man.

Sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico: aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e prognóstico em pacientes de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um Hospital Universitário

INTRODUÇÃO: Sepse é considerada doença grave com alta mortalidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a incidência e evolução da sepse em pacientes críticos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada vigilância prospectiva de sepse na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos, de abril-dezembro de 2007. RESULTADOS: A frequência de pacientes/dia foi 442. Setenta e cinco (18,6%) pacientes tinham sepse; destes, 72% hospitalar. As taxas de sepse grave e choque séptico por paciente/dia foram 5,0 e 3,1, respectivamente. A mortalidade total foi 34,6%. Sessenta e um por cento dos casos tinham diagnóstico microbiológico. CONCLUSÕES: A sepse apresentou-se numa frequência maior, do que a usualmente descrita na literatura.

Fatores de risco associados a alterações renais em pacientes infectados por HIV-1

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença renal é uma das principais comorbidades envolvendo pacientes infectados com o HIV, em razão da melhora da sobrevida proporcionada pela terapêutica antirretroviral. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar fatores de risco, possivelmente correlacionados com função renal alterada, em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal foi realizado em 254 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, atendidos em ambulatório na Santa Casa de Vitória. Eles foram entrevistados e submetidos a coletas de amostras de sangue para contagem de células CD4, quantificação de carga viral do HIV-1, dosagens de glicose, lipídeos e creatinina. A proteinúria foi avaliada em amostra de primeira urina da manhã. A filtração glomerular foi estimada com as fórmulas de modified diet in renal disease (MDRD) simplificada e Cockcroft-Gault. RESULTADOS: Cento e três (40,6%) pacientes tinham alguma anormalidade no exame de urina, sendo proteinúria o achado mais comum (46; 18,1% pacientes). Vinte e cinco (9,8%) pacientes tinham filtração glomerular estimada inferior a 60ml/min/1.73m² de acordo com MDRD. A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que baixa filtração glomerular foi positivamente correlacionada com raça negra [OR 9,6 (IC95% 1,28-23,80)], hipertensão arterial sistêmica [OR 3,3 (IC95% 1,28-23,81)], idade acima de 51 anos [OR 3,3 (IC95%1,11-9,90)], proteinúria [OR 5,2 {IC95% 1,67-16,25}]; hematúria [OR 3,2 (1,12-9,29)] e negativamente com pacientes em uso de zidovudina [OR 0,2 (0,04-0,78)]. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco tradicionais para doença renal como raça negra, hipertensão arterial e idade avançada foram correlacionados com menor filtração glomerular estimada em nossos pacientes.

Aspergilose pulmonar em paciente imunocompetente e previamente sadio

A aspergilose pulmonar compreende uma das formas de infecção por fungo do gênero Aspergillus, tendo diversos modos de apresentação clínica a depender da imunidade e comorbidades. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de paciente, imunocompetente e previamente hígido, que desenvolveu uma forma de aspergilose pulmonar crônica e fazer uma breve revisão sobre o assunto.

The economics of Vieira da Silva

This paper investigates the time valuation and the age valuation profile of art-works created by the Portuguese female painter Maria Helena Vieira da Silva. It uses data from records from her paintings auction sales between 1986 and 2014, taken from Artprice.com. The study explores three aspects regarding her artistic career: (1) estimation of Age-valuation profile, defining her creativity pattern and the age at which she produced her most valuable paintings; (2) estimation of time valuation profile, through a creation of an individual hedonic price index for Vieira da Silva; (3) internationalization phenomenon of the artist, investigating whether selling prices are primarily set in euros or in US dollar. The results suggest that Vieira da Silva peaked quite early in her career; her paintings prices are not very sensible to economic cycles and tends to slightly increase afterlife; the empirical results are not suggestive on which currency is the best predictor of her paintings’ price.

Multidrug resistance genes, including blaKPC and blaCTX-M-2, among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in Recife, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of cephalosporins and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains is rising in Brazil, with potential serious consequences in terms of patients' outcomes and general care. METHODS: This study characterized 24 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae from two hospitals in Recife, Brazil, through the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, analyses of β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV,blaCTX-MblaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaSPM), plasmidial profile and ERIC-PCR (Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction). RESULTS: ERIC-PCR and plasmidial analysis grouped the isolates in 17 and 19 patterns, respectively. Six isolates from one hospital presented the same pattern by ERIC-PCR, indicating clonal dissemination. All isolates presented blaSHV, 62.5% presented blaCTX-M-2, 29% blaTEM, and 41.7% blaKPC. Metallo-β-lactamase genes blaand blawere not detected. Eleven isolates were identified carrying at least 3 β-lactamase studied genes, and 2 isolates carried blaSHVblaTEM, blaCTX-M-2 and blaKPC simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: The accumulation of resistance genes in some strains, observed in this study, imposes limitations in the therapeutic options available for the treatment of infections caused by K. pneumoniae in Recife, Brazil. These results should alert the Brazilian medical authorities to establish rigorous methods for more efficiently control the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in the hospital environment.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been outstanding due to the wide spectrum of antimicrobial degradation of these bacteria, reducing of therapeutic options. METHODS: Sixty-one clinical strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from five public hospitals in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, were examined between 2006 and 2010, aiming of evaluating the profiles of virulence, resistance to antimicrobials, presence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes, and clonal relationship among isolates. RESULTS: A high percentage of virulence factors (34.4% mucoid colonies; 70.5% pyocyanin; 93.4% gelatinase positives; and 72.1% hemolysin positive) and a high percentage of antimicrobial resistance rates (4.9% pan-resistant and 54.1% multi-drug resistant isolates) were observed. Among the 29 isolates resistant to imipenem and/or ceftazidime, 44.8% (13/29) were MBL producers by phenotypic evaluation, and of these, 46.2% (6/13) were positive for the blaSPM-1 gene. The blaIMP and blaVIM genes were not detected. The molecular typing revealed 21 molecular profiles of which seven were detected in distinct hospitals and periods. Among the six positive blaSPM-1 isolates, three presented the same clonal profile and were from the same hospital, whereas the other three presented different clonal profiles. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that P. aeruginosa is able to accumulate different resistance and virulence factors, making the treatment of infections difficult. The identification of blaSPM-1 genes and the dissemination of clones in different hospitals, indicate the need for stricter application of infection control measures in hospitals in Recife, Brazil, aiming at reducing costs and damages caused by P. aeruginosa infections.

Identification of dengue viruses in naturally infected Aedes aegypti females captured with BioGents (BG)-Sentinel traps in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

IntroductionIn Manaus, the first autochthonous cases of dengue fever were registered in 1998. Since then, dengue cases were diagnosed by the isolation of viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4.MethodsOne hundred eighty-seven mosquitoes were collected with BioGents (BG)-Sentinel traps in 15 urban residential areas in the Northern Zone of Manaus and processed by molecular tests.ResultsInfections with dengue viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 and a case of co-infection with dengue viruses 2 and 3 were identified.ConclusionsThese findings corroborate the detection of dengue in clinical samples and reinforce the need for epidemiological surveillance by the Health authorities.

Antioxidant factors, nitric oxide levels, and cellular damage in leprosy patients

Introduction The immune response caused by Mycobacterium leprae is a risk factor for the development of oxidative stress (OS) in leprosy patients. This study aimed to assess OS in leprosy patients before the use of a multidrug therapy. Methods We evaluated the nitric oxide (NO) concentration; antioxidant capacity; levels of malondialdehyde, methemoglobin and reduced glutathione; and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leprosy patients. Results We observed lower SOD activity in these leprosy patients; however, the NO levels and antioxidant capacity were increased. Conclusions The infectious process in response to M. leprae could primarily be responsible for the OS observed in these patients.

Species of the subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) present in the Collection of Chagas Disease Vectors (FIOCRUZ-COLVEC), State of Minas Gerais

Introduction Biological collections are depositories of information on different species and contribute to the knowledge, protection, conservation and maintenance of biodiversity. Methods A list of triatomine species currently included in the Collection of Chagas Disease Vectors (FIOCRUZ-COLVEC) was prepared from the database made available by the Reference Center on Environmental Information. Results COLVEC curatorship houses 4,778 specimens of triatomines, of which 811 come from other American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, the United States of America, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) and 3,967 are autochthonous from Brazil. Altogether, 56 species of Chagas disease vectors are represented in the COLVEC: two species of the Tribe Cavernicolini Usinger, 1944; fifteen species of the tribe Rhodniini Pinto, 1926, of which 12 are of the genus Rhodnius and 3 are of the genus Psamolestes; and 39 species of the tribe Triatomini Jeannel, 1919, represented by the genus Dipetalogaster, two species of the genus Eratyrus, two of the genus Meccus, seven of the genus Panstrongylus and 27 of the genus Triatoma. Conclusions This list provides important data on the diversity of triatomines currently included in COLVEC, including the expanded area of Panstrongylus lutzi occurrence in the municipalities Pirapora and Januária, State of Minas Gerais. The maintenance and expansion of the collection ensures the preservation of biodiversity and further studies.