Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: epidemiological study in Anzoategui state, Venezuela

A case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis produced by Naegleria fowleri was diagnosed in the Independencia county of Anzoategui State, Venezuela. This case motivated the realization of the present epidemiological study with the aim of identifying free-living amoebae in this area. Representative water samples were taken and physicochemical and microbiologic analyses were carried out. Trophozoites and cysts of Naegleria spp, were detected in 44.4% (n=4). An excellent concordance was found among the observations of free-living amoebae in smears and those of monoxenic cultures in non nourishing agar with Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kappa=1; p= 0.003). A variable load of aerobic mesophils was obtained. Moulds and yeast averages presented 3.0 CFU/ml (SD± 2.0) and 102.9 CFU/ml (SD± 32.2), respectively. One hundred per cent of the samples presented a most probable number of total and fecal coliforms of 240,000 NMP/100mL. Naegleria spp was present in waters of the Independence county of Anzoategui state, which constitutes a risk for people that use these sources.

Scorpionism due to Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Margarita Island, northeastern Venezuela

The first two cases of scorpion envenoming caused by Tityus neoespartanus (Buthidae) are described. The accidents took place within human environments (one inside a home and the other inside a school), in the village of La Sierra, Margarita Island, State of Nueva Esparta, northeastern Venezuela. Both cases were moderately severe and developed pancreatic involvement and electrocardiographic abnormalities. This report allows inclusion of Margarita Island among the endemic areas of scorpionism in Venezuela.

First case of human latrodectism in Venezuela

The first case of envenoming by Latrodectus geometricus in Venezuela is described. The accident occurred at the victim's home, in Aragua de Barcelona, Anzoátegui State. The 31-year-old female victim was bitten twice on the left scapular region, in quick succession (within seconds). She developed a hyperactive state of the central, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems with minor local symptoms.

Molecular characterization of Salmonella strains in individuals with acute diarrhea syndrome in the State of Sucre, Venezuela

INTRODUCTION:In Venezuela, acute diarrheic syndrome (ADS) is a primary cause of morbi-mortality, often involving the Salmonella genus. Salmonella infections are associated with acute gastroenteritis, one of the most common alimentary intoxications, and caused by the consumption of contaminated water and food, especially meat. METHODS: Conventional and molecular methods were used to detect Salmonella strains from 330 fecal samples from individuals of different ages and both sexes with ADS. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular characterization of Salmonella, using invA, sefA, and fliC genes for the identification of this genus and the serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively. RESULTS: The highest frequency of individuals with ADS was found in children 0-2 years old (39.4%), and the overall frequency of positive coprocultures was 76.9%. A total of 14 (4.2%) strains were biochemically and immunologically identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, of which 7 were classified as belonging to the Enteritidis serotype, 4 to the Typhimurium serotype, and 3 to other serotypes. The S. enterica strains were distributed more frequently in the age groups 3-4 and 9-10 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular characterization method used proved to be highly specific for the typing of S. enterica strains using DNA extracted from both the isolated colonies and selective enrichment broths directly inoculated with fecal samples, thus representing a complementary tool for the detection and identification of ADS-causing bacteria.

Anomalies of sand flies in Venezuela

Morphological anomalies in phlebotomine sand flies are reviewed and updated with abnormalites observed in Venezuela on the species L. trinidadensis, L.shannoni, L. lichyi and L. gomezi, and the description of a teratological unidentified male.

Transpiration rates for several woody successional species and for a pasture in the upper Amazon basin in Venezuela

Evapotranspiration rates for a eight month old tropical pasture were estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation. Transpiration rates for several woody secondary successional species and stump sprous in the pasture and conucos (farm sites) were measured using the tritiated water technique.The stuty area was located near the village of San Carlos de Rio Negro (1° 56' N, 67° 03' W) in southern Venezuela, near the confluence of the Casiquiare and the Rio Guania wich forms the Rio Negro. The terrain was gently rolling with the areas between the small ridges supporting Amazon caatina forests on spodosols, and higher never flooded areas (tierra firma) supporting a mixed species forest.Results indicated that for a one month period, ET loss (0.46 cm/day) from the pasture, including soil and root mat evaporation, was about 0.43 cm/day less than estimated from the adjacent undisturbed forest (0.89 cm/day). Pan A evaporation for the same time period was 0.64 cm/day. Transpiration rates for seed established species were significantly less (0.38 cm/day) than for stump sprouts (1.09 cm/day) of the primary forest in the pasture.

Contribution to Early Holocene vegetation and climate history of Eastern Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela, from a paleoecological record of a Mauritia L.f. swamp

A palynological analysis of an organic paleosol found at 150-125 cm depth in a Mauritia swamp from the Eastern Orinoco Llanos is presented. The 25 cm pollen record summarizes the vegetation history during the Early Holocene, from 10,225 to 7,800 calendar yr BP. The vegetation was characterized by a Poaceae marsh, where Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Schefflera-type and Phyllanthus were the most abundant shrubs and trees. Pollen-types richness was lower than that recorded today in similar environments, and Mauritia pollen was absent. Results suggest that climate was as humid as present during the beginning of the Holocene, with a decreasing trend in humidity from around 8,000-7,000 yr BP, in coincidence with the beginning of the "Early-Mid-Holocene Dryness" that affected deeply the Amazon Basin and neighboring areas. Dry climatic conditions could have existed in the study site until the Mid-Late Holocene when a Mauritia swamp developed, and humid conditions similar to present established. Main climate phases inferred in our study site fit well with regional trends recorded in other places located north Amazon Basin. However, conclusions are still limited by the lack of additional Quaternary records in the Orinoco Llanos area, avoiding regional correlations.

Identification and characterization of deforestation hot spots in Venezuela using MODIS satellite images

Land cover changes over time as a result of human activity. Nowadays deforestation may be considered one of the main environmental problems. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize changes to forest cover in Venezuela between 2005-2010. Two maps of deforestation hot spots were generated on the basis of MODIS data, one using digital techniques and the other by means of direct visual interpretation by experts. These maps were validated against Landsat ETM+ images. The accuracy of the map obtained digitally was estimated by means of a confusion matrix. The overall accuracy of the maps obtained digitally was 92.5%. Expert opinions regarding the hot spots permitted the causes of deforestation to be identified. The main processes of deforestation were concentrated to the north of the Orinoco River, where 8.63% of the country's forests are located. In this region, some places registered an average annual forest change rate of between 0.72% and 2.95%, above the forest change rate for the country as a whole (0.61%). The main causes of deforestation for the period evaluated were agricultural and livestock activities (47.9%), particularly family subsistence farming and extensive farming which were carried out in 94% of the identified areas.

Percepción y participación ciudadana para una cultura científico-tecnológica en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina.

En el marco del eje nacional para el Bicentenario, lograr un país independiente y soberano a través del desarrollo del conocimiento, la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación (DNPyE/SECyT. (2006) Plan Estratégico Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Bicentenario- (2006-2010)), así como de las acciones que se están desarrollando para el fomento de la ciencia y la tecnología, a las que se ha sumado el Gobierno de Córdoba y, particularmente el Ministerio de Educación, con el compromiso de contribuir con la mejora de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las Ciencias propiciando el acercamiento entre la escuela, los ámbitos de producción del conocimiento y la sociedad, se plantea el presente proyecto. Se parte del reconocimiento de la importancia del desarrollo y la apropiación del conocimiento científico-tecnológico en la sociedad y del valor de la educación científica, debido a que contribuyen al crecimiento individual y social fomentando la innovación y la competitividad productiva. En tal sentido, la percepción sobre la ciencia y la tecnología que poseen los ciudadanos de una comunidad debe ser considerada y analizada, ya que es determinante en el diseño, ejecución y evaluación de las políticas científico-tecnológicas y educativas. Por lo anterior, se pretende realizar la presente investigación en Córdoba, como un estudio de tipo descriptivo, con el fin de determinar cuál es la percepción social de la ciencia y la tecnología que tienen los agentes de los distintos ámbitos: educativo, empresarial, gubernamental, mediático y social. Esta investigación forma parte de un trabajo más amplio, dirigido al diseño de un modelo de participación ciudadana que estimule el uso de los resultados de la investigación científica y tecnológica en beneficio del desarrollo social y económico en Córdoba-Argentina, Jalisco-México, Región Sucre- Venezuela y Managua-Nicaragua. (Estudio comparado). Se pretende avanzar en determinación de indicadores regionales compartidos, a partir de metodologías ajustadas a las características sociales, políticas y económicas de los involucrados y obtener, a partir de allí, algunos lineamientos de política local y global. Es intención, articular un marco de análisis y evaluación acerca de cuán “científicamente orientada” se encuentra una sociedad en un momento histórico determinado, el cual permita evaluar el funcionamiento y desempeño científico-tecnológico en la dinámica cultural y productiva.

Percepción y participación Ciudadana para una Cultura Científico-tecnológica en la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina

En el marco del eje nacional para el Bicentenario, lograr un país independiente y soberano a través del desarrollo del conocimiento, la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación (DNPyE/SECyT. (2006), así como de las acciones que se están desarrollando para el fomento de la ciencia y la tecnología, a las que se ha sumado el Gobierno de Córdoba y, particularmente el Ministerio de Educación y de Ciencia y Tecnológia, con el compromiso de contribuir con la mejora de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las Ciencias propiciando el acercamiento entre la escuela, los ámbitos de producción del conocimiento y la sociedad, se plantea el presente proyecto. Se parte del reconocimiento de la importancia del desarrollo y la apropiación del conocimiento científico-tecnológico en la sociedad y del valor de la educación científica, debido a que contribuyen al crecimiento individual y social fomentando la innovación y la competitividad productiva. En tal sentido, la percepción sobre la ciencia y la tecnología que posen los ciudadanos de una comunidad debe ser considerada y analizada, ya que es determinante en el diseño, ejecución y evaluación de las políticas científico-tecnológica y educativa. Por lo anterior, se pretende realizar la presente investigación en Córdoba, como un estudio de tipo descriptivo, con el fin de determinar cuál es la percepción social de la ciencia y la tecnología que tienen los agentes de los distintos ámbitos: educativo, empresarial, gubernamental, mediático y social. Esta investigación formará parte de un trabajo más amplio, dirigido al diseño de un modelo de participación ciudadana que estimule el uso de los resultados de la investigación científica y tecnológica en beneficio del desarrollo social y económico en Córdoba-Argentina, Jalisco-México, Región Sucre- Venezuela y Managua-Nicaragua. (Estudio comparado). Se pretende avanzar en determinación de indicadores regionales compartidos, a partir de metodologías ajustadas a las características sociales, políticas y económicas de los involucrados y obtener, a partir de allí, algunos lineamientos de política local y global. Es intención, articular un marco de análisis y evaluación acerca de cuán “científicamente orientada” se encuentra una sociedad en un momento histórico determinado, el cual permita evaluar el funcionamiento y desempeño científico-tecnológico en la dinámica cultural y productiva.

The Rubiaceae of Venezuela, by Paul C. Standley.

v.7:no.4:index(1931)

The Rubiaceae of Venezuela, by Paul C. Standley.

v.7:no.4(1931)

Contributions to the flora of Venezuela : from Ericaceae through Compositae / Julian A. Steyermark and collaborators.

v.28:no.3(1953)

Contributions to the flora of Venezuela / [Julian A. Steyermark and collaborators].

v.28:no.1(1951)