Land Restitution and Prevention of Forced Displacement in Colombia

The armed conflict in Colombia, which has generated over three million internally displaced persons, has dramatic humanitarian consequences and raises serious issues regarding the protection of displaced peoples’ rights. The underlying reasons for the displacement often lie in the dynamics associated with territorial control and land seizures undertaken for strategic, military or purely economic purposes. Domestic and international legal provisions have established the victims’ right to the restitution of their homes and property as the “preferred remedy” in cases of displacement. However, policies dealing with displacement, both those of the Colombian government and of several international institutions, fail to take this sufficiently into account. A comprehensive reparation policy for victims must necessarily entail the reversion of lands, territories and goods seized in Colombia under the pretext of the internal armed conflict.

Sexual Violence Beyond all Reasonable Doubt

Establishing the pattern of crime is fundamental for the successful investigation ofinternational crimes (genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). A patternof crime is the aggregate of multiple incidents that share common features related tothe victims, the perpetrators, and the modus operandi. Pattern evidence and analysishave been used successfully, mainly in the investigation of large-scale killings, destruction,and displacement; the use for sexual violence charges has been remarkablymore limited. There is a need to overcome this gap by setting proper methods of datacollection and analysis. At the level of evidence collection, under-reporting should beaddressed through victimization surveys or secondary analysis of data available fromdifferent sources. At the level of analysis, the available evidence needs to be subject toimpartial examination beyond the pre-conceptions of the conflict parties and advocacygroups, in compliance with scientific standards for quantitative, qualitative, andGIS (Geographic Information Systems)methods. Reviewing the different investigativeexperiences and jurisprudence will help to set the right methodology and contribute mostefficiently to putting an end to the impunity regarding sexual crimes.

Protection of Urban Lands: Advances in Medellin’s Public Policy

The problem of land ownership protection in this country is an issue that must be faced by those who have as part of their responsibilities the recognition, the restitution and the reparation of victims of forced displacement. One of the points that must be analyzed is the protection of ownership of urban lands, a subject falling under municipal responsibility. The development of a public policy by the City of Medellín for the protection of such lands is a significant advance for the creation of protocols and for the return of rights to those who have adandoned their lands because of violence or who have been divested of their homes in urban areas.

Sexual Violence Against Women as a Strategy to Dispossess Land in the Colombian Armed Conflict

This article reviews the evidence collected by diverse national and international organizations regarding the relationship between sexual violence against women, forced displacement, and dispossession in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To this end, it uses the concept of “sexual violence regimes” to highlight that the endspursued by sexual violence are not always exhausted by simple consummation (that is, the act of sexual violence itself), but depending on the context, can be connected with broader strategic goals of armed actors. At the same time, this document admits the difficulty of proving this relationship with respect to judicial procedures, and thus sets out the possibility of creating a rebuttable presumption, in the framework of “unconstitutional state of affairs” created by judgment T-025 of 2004, that alleviates the burden of proof of the victims, and serves as a catalyst to promote new genderbased mechanisms of reparations.

La constitutio libertatis, criterio normativo para la Justicia transicional

Los procesos de Justicia Transicional (JT) se llevan a cabo en sociedades que han experimentado una ruptura moral que ha socavado en gran medida –y en algunos casos, totalmente- la capacidad de agencia política de las víctimas y la confianza social en las instituciones por parte de los ciudadanos. Ante este panorama una de las responsabilidades de la JT debería ser la de incluir entre sus elementos normativos –junto a los ya clásicos verdad, justicia y reparación- una noción de ciudadanía más exigente de aquella que se encuentra en la democracia liberal. Al respecto, se propone entender este elemento normativo a partir de la reflexión de Hannah Arendt sobre la revolución política como Constitutio libertatis.

La indeterminación del campo de la Justicia Transicional en Colombia

La justicia transicional debe enfrentar la negación de las atrocidades. A pesar de la sofisticación del marco de derechos humanos presente en el sistema legal colombiano, el campo de la justicia transicional en Colombia adolece de un significativo grado de indeterminación normativa, como si dicho campo aconteciera en un vacío constitucional”. Como consecuencia, ha sido objeto de uso estratégico por parte de distintos actores políticos dotados de intencionalidad en la fijación del sentido del arreglo institucional de la llamada justicia transicional. El uso estratégico gravita entre el acatamiento pleno del marco de derechos humanos o su elusión en distintos grados. La elusión niega las atrocidades. Para que el discurso de la justicia transicional en Colombia contribuya a hacer justicia por las atrocidades, debe dar viabilidad práctica a los derechos de las víctimas, no reducir esos estándares. Para ello, son necesarios dos requisitos: desde el punto de vista sustantivo, debe acatar las obligaciones en materia de verdad, justicia y reparación, que son parámetro de constitucionalidad, y respetar el núcleo esencial de tales derechos, sin perjuicio de la libertad de configuración legislativa y de la ponderación judicial. Desde el punto de vista procedimental, debe adoptar como metodología un enfoque contextualizado de análisis comparado que evite el trasplante acrítico de experiencias internacionales inaplicables.

Aproximación local al derecho a la justicia: un estudio de caso

Este artículo de antropología jurídica busca desentrañar las estructuras de significación desde las cuales víctimas y desmovilizados, de un municipio de Antioquia (Colombia), se aproximan al derecho a la justicia. Evidencia cómo el protagonismo que la literatura sobre justicia transicional le atribuye al castigo criminal se desdibuja peligrosamente en las expectativas expresadas por las víctimas en el nivel local. La tesis que sugiero demuestra cómo esta interpretación local del derecho a la justicia esta muy asociado a la forma en que las víctimas definen las categorías de víctimas y victimarios. 

The project of land restitution in Colombia: an illustration of the civilizing force of hypocrisy?

This article offers a theoretical interpretation of the dispositions on land restitution contained in the famous “Victims’ Bill”, which was debated in the Colombian Congress during the year 2008. The bill included specific mechanisms aimed at guaranteeing the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict. At the time, the bill was endorsed by all the main political actors in the country –notably the government and the elites that support it, on the one hand, and victims’ and human rights organizations and other opposition groups, on the other–. The fact that the restitution of land to victims of the Colombian armed conflict was being considered as a serious possibility by all political actors in the country seemed to indicate the existence of a consensus among actors whose positions are ordinarily opposed, on an issue that has traditionally led to high levels of polarization. This consensus is quite puzzling, because it seems to be at odds with the interests and/or the conceptions of justice advocated by these political actors, and because the restitution of land faces enormous difficulties both from a factual and a normative point of view, which indicates that it may not necessarily be the best alternative for dealing with the issue of land distribution in Colombia. This article offers an interpretation of said consensus, arguing that it is only an apparent consensus in which the actors are actually misrepresenting their interests and conceptions of justice, while at the same time adopting divergent strategies of implementation aimed at fulfilling their true interests. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the common adherence by all actors to the principle of restorative justice might bring about its actual realization, and thus produce an outcome that, in spite (and perhaps even because) of being unintended, might substantively contribute to solving the problem of unequal land distribution in Colombia. Even though the article focuses in some detail on the specificities of the 2008 Bill, it attempts to make a general argument about the state of the discussion on how to deal with the issue of land distribution in the country. Consequently, it may still be relevant today, especially considering that a new Bill on land restitution is currently being discussed in Congress, which includes the same restitution goals as the Victims’ Bill and many of its procedural and substantive details, and which therefore seems to reflect a similar consensus to the one analyzed in the article.

A juridical-practical framework for the investigation of crimes against granting of public housing services

The public service enterprises are victims of crimes and felonies which may reduce their capacity to perform their functions. These enterprises expend much money and effort in order to prevent those criminal behaviors. For this reason they ask from the authorities more efficient measures against crime; however, such enterprises may feel that they are not being given sufficient importance and/or remedies in dealing with such crime. The aim paper of this is not to study the problem from de substantive criminal law point of view. Rather, this paper’s goal is to study the Colombia’s Rules of Criminal Procedure, which regulate the investigation of this kind of crime. The article will look particularly at the competency of the relevant authorities at the investigative stages. Finally, it will make some recommendations regarding a proper route towards the investigation of these criminal behaviors.

Friendly Settlements in the Framework of the Inter- American Human Rights System

The Inter-American system for the protection of human rights provides that disputesbetween States and victims of human rights violations or their representatives can beresolved through a friendly settlement. In this arrangement, conducted before the regionalorgans of protection of human rights, the State accepts its international responsibility,commits itself to investigate and judge the responsible and makes commitmentson compensation to the offended, the victims, on his part, renounce to take the caseto the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and the Inter-American Commissionmonitors the legal consistency of the agreement and holds the role of independentobserver. What are these agreements, what possibilities and limitations provide to theopposing parties and, above all, what kind of reparation offer to victims of humanrights violations are issues to resolve in this article.

La política de tierras para la población desplazada 2001-2011: de la protección a la restitución

El proceso político y jurídico que dio origen al capítulo sobre restitución de tierras de la Ley 1448, o Ley de Víctimas, ha tenido una trayectoria amplia y compleja, en la que se produce una evolución de gran magnitud puesto que se pasa de la idea original de protección a la de restitución. En el presente artículo nos proponemos tres objetivos: reconstruir la trayectoria institucional del Proyecto de Protección de Tierras y Patrimonio para la población desplazada, como un caso particular dentro de la institucionalidad y como gestor de la política de restitución de tierras; en segundo término, buscamos mostrar los avances técnicos que posibilitaron esa evolución desde la idea de protección hasta la de restitución y, finalmente, analizar las lógicas gubernamentales que orientaron este proceso. Todo lo anterior desde un marco conceptual de la sociología y antropología política, mostrando la interacción entre diferentes actores e intereses, con lógicas de gobierno que superan al Estado (este primer estudio se sustenta en los archivos y documentos producidos y publicados por el proyecto).

EFECTOS PSICOPATOLÓGICOS DEL MALTRATO DOMÉSTICO

El maltrato doméstico es una situación aversiva que puede provocar un intenso malestarpsicológico. Tradicionalmente, se ha estudiado su repercusión en la adaptación a la vida cotidiana y en la salud mental de las víctimas. En este artículo se evalúan sus consecuencias psicológicas en una muestra de 70 mujeres maltratadas. Los resultados apoyan los datos de investigaciones previas acerca de la sintomatología postraumática, encontrándose un porcentaje importante de Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático y de Subsíndrome de Estrés Postraumático. Asimismo, se encontró la existencia de comorbilidad con depresión. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de mujeres que presentaba algún otro trastorno de ansiedad fue inferior al señalado en trabajos anteriores, y ninguna de ellas presentó problemas de abuso de alcohol o drogas. Se describe la presencia de determinadas variables concomitantes, destacándose el nivel de inadaptación general y la baja autoestima. Se apuntan consideraciones de cara al tratamiento a partir de la sintomatología específica encontrada.

Donde anidan las alondras.

La duración de la cinta de vídeo es de veintitres minutos

Intervención estatal en el mercado del suelo urbano. La reconstrucción del Eje Cafetero: el caso de Armenia

A raíz del pavoroso terremoto que tuvo lugar en el Eje Cafetero colombiano en 1999, que causógrandes pérdidas humanas y una gran destrucción, sobre todo del inventario inmobiliario, hubo ungran movimiento nacional de solidaridad tanto estatal como privado para socorrer las víctimas. Elprincipal rubro fue de recursos en la forma de subsidios a los afectados para que compraran nuevasviviendas, pero no se tomaron precauciones con respecto al mercado de tierras, a pesar de que lalegislación tiene valiosos instrumentos de gestión del suelo. En este estudio se hace una estimacióndel monto de estos subsidios que en realidad fueron apropiados por los propietarios de los terrenos,en la forma de elevación de precios del suelo y no por los damnificados. El caso es interesante porquelo observado tal vez pueda aplicarse al sistema general de subsidios de vivienda que constituyeel eje central de la política gubernamental

Alternativas para la medición de impactos de los desastres naturales

The present article corresponds to the main aspects analyzed in development of the investigation denominated “Adaptation of a Methodology of Evaluation of Socioeconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters for realized Colombia” with the support of Colciencias and the Fundación Universitaria del Area Andina, university that has come intruding in the thematic one with the purpose of incorporating it systematically in the different academic programs that it imparts. Initially the intervention methodologies in front of the disasters were proposed by the World Organization of the Health and for the aid organisms, as the Cruz Roja and the Defensa Civil, since it was to assist you kill. In the measure in that one has come understanding that you kill besides assisting, he/she needs to recover the lost development conditions of affected people and that you kill them they are civic with economic, social and political rights, the topic is expanded to other fi elds that it puts of present the necessity of more understanding and more integral methodologies that they involve the emergency attention, the later attention of rehabilitation, the reconstruction and the prevention in front of future events that can cause new  disasters.