977 resultados para Type Condition
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Red currants (Ribes rubrum L.), black currants (Ribes nigrum L.), red and green gooseberries (Ribes uva-crispa) were evaluated for the total phenolics, antioxidant capacity based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and functionality such as in vitro inhibition of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) relevant for potential management of hyperglycemia and hypertension. The total phenolics content ranged from 3.2 (green gooseberries) to 13.5 (black currants) mg/g fruit fresh weight. No correlation was found between total phenolics and antioxidant activity. The major phenolic compounds were quercetin derivatives (black currants and green gooseberries) and chlorogenic acid (red currants and red gooseberries). Red currants had the highest alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and ACE inhibitory activities. Therefore red currants could be good dietary sources with potential antidiabetes and antihypertension functionality to compliment overall dietary management of early stages of type 2 diabetes.
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The effect of thermal treatment on phenolic compounds and type 2 diabetes functionality linked to alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition and hypertension relevant angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition were investigated in selected bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L,) cultivars from Peru and Brazil using in vitro models. Thermal processing by autoclaving decreased the total phenolic content in all cultivars, whereas the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity-linked antioxidant activity increased among Peruvian cultivars, alpha-Amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were reduced significantly after heat treatment (73-94% and 8-52%, respectively), whereas ACE inhibitory activity was enhanced (9-15%). Specific phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and caffeic acid increased moderately following thermal treatment (2-16% and 5-35%, respectively). No correlation was found between phenolic contents and functionality associated to antidiabetes and antihypertension potential, indicating that non phenolic compounds may be involved. Thermally processed bean cultivars are interesting sources of phenolic acids linked to high antioxidant activity and show potential for hypertension prevention.
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Feeding mineral-deficient diets enhances absorptive efficiency as an attempt of the body to compensate for the lack of an essential nutrient. Under certain circumstances, it does not succeed, and nutritional deficiency is produced Our hypothesis was that mulin-type fructans (ITF), which arc known to affect mineral absorption, could increase Ca and Fe bioavailability in Ca- and Fe-deficient rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 48, 4 weeks old) were assigned to I of 8 groups derived from 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with 2 levels of added Fe (0 and 35 mg/kg), Ca (0 and 5 g/kg), and ITF (0 and 100 g/kg) for 33 days. The Fe status (hemoglobin, serum Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, liver minerals) was evaluated. Tibia minerals (Ca, Mg, and Zn), bone strength, and histomorphometry were determined In nondeficient rats, ITF supplementation did not affect Fe status or organ minerals, with the exception of tibia Mg Moreover, ITF improved bone resilience and led to a reduction in eroded surface per body surface and number of osteoclasts per area In Ca-deficient rats, ITF increased liver (Fe and Zn) and tibia (Zn) mineral levels but impaired tibia Mg, yield load, and resilience. In conclusion, ITF worsened the tibia Mg levels and elastic properties when supplemented in Ca-deficient diets In contrast, although bone Ca was not affected in nondeficient rats under the present experimental conditions, bone quality improved, as demonstrated by a moderate reduction in femur osteoclast resorption and significant increases in tibia Mg content and elasticity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Semicontinuous cultures were carried out at different dilution rates (D) and light intensities (I) to determine the maximum productivity of Arthrospira platensis cultivated in helicoidal photobioreactor up to the achievement of pseudo-steady-state conditions. At I = 108 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1), the semicontinuous regime ensured the highest values of maximum cell concentration (X(m) = 5772 +/- 113 mg L(-1)) and productivity (P(XS) = 1319 +/- 25 mg L(-1) d(-1)) at the lowest (D = 0.1 day(-1)) and the highest (D = 0.3 day(-1)) dilution rates, respectively. A kinetic model derived from that of Monod was proposed to determine the relationship between the product of light intensity to dilution rate (ID) and the cell productivity, which were shown to exert a combined influence on this parameter. This result put into evidence that pseudosteady-state conditions could be modified according to circumstances, conveniently varying one or other of the two independent variables. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A 2(3-1) factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the performance of a perforated rotating disc contactor to extract alpha-toxin from the fermented broth of Clostridium perfringens Type A by aqueous two-phase system of polyethylene glycol-phosphate salts. The influence of three independent variables, specifically the dispersed phase flowrate, the continuous phase flowrate and the disc rotational speed, was investigated on the hold up, the mass transfer coefficient, the separation efficiency and the purification factor, taken as the response variables. The optimum dispersed phase flowrate was 3.0 mL/min for all these responses. Besides, maximum values of hold up (0.80), separation efficiency (0. 10) and purification factor (2.4) were obtained at this flowrate using the lowest disc rotational speed (35 rpm), while the optimum mass transfer coefficient (0. 165 h(-1)) was achieved at the highest agitation level (140 rpm). The results of this study demonstrated that the dispersed phase flowrate strongly influenced the performance of PRDC, in that both the mass transfer coefficient and hold up increased with this parameter. (c) 2007 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND: Purification of a-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens type A in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was studied with a full two-level factorial design on two factors (concentrations of 8000 g mol(-1) PEG and phosphate salt at pH 8.0), to estimate the influence of these factors on the purification results. RESULTS: The partition coefficient (K), purification factor (PF) and activity yield (Y) were strongly influenced by the PEG and phosphate concentrations. Raising the levels of the two factors increased these responses. The highest purification factor (5.7) was obtained with PEG and phosphate concentrations of 17.5% and 15%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results support the proposal that polymer excluded volume and hydrophobic interactions are the factors that drive the alpha-toxin in PEG/phosphate aqueous two-phase systems. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
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Background: Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been demonstrated in patients with end-stage renal disease, where it is associated with oxidative stress and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this context, the generation of minimally oxidized LDL, also called electronegative LDL [ LDL(-)], has been associated with active disease, and is a detectable sign of atherogenic tendencies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum LDL(-) levels and anti-LDL(-)IgG autoantibodies in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis, comparing patients on hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and a control group. In addition, the serum lipid profile, nutritional status, biochemical data and parameters of mineral metabolism were also evaluated. Methods: The serum levels of LDL(-) and anti-LDL(-) IgG autoantibodies were measured in 25 patients undergoing HD and 11 patients undergoing PD at the Centro Integradode Nefrologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ten healthy subjects served as a control group. Serum levels of albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins were measured. Calculations of subjects` body mass index and measurements of waist circumference, triceps skin fold and arm muscle area were performed. Measurements of hematocrit, serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, parathyroid hormone, phosphorus and calcium were taken. Results: Levels of LDL(-) were higher in HD patients (575.6 +/- 233.1 mu g/ml) as compared to PD patients (223.4 +/- 117.5 mu g/ml, p < 0.05), which in turn were higher than in the control group (54.9 +/- 33.3 mu g/ml, p < 0.01). The anti-LDL(-) IgG autoantibodies were increased in controls (0.36 +/- 0.09 mu g/ ml) as compared to PD (0.28 +/- 0.12 mu g/ml, p < 0.001) and HD patients (0.2 +/- 0.1 mu g/ml, p < 0.001). The mean values of total cholesterol and LDL were considered high in the PD group, whereas the mean triceps skin fold was significantly lower in the HD group. Conclusion: Levels of LDL(-) are higher in renal patients on dialysis than in normal individuals, and are reciprocally related to IgG autoantibodies. LDL(-) may be a useful marker of oxidative stress, and this study suggests that HD patients are more susceptible to cardiovascular risk due to this condition. Moreover, autoantibodies reactive to LDL(-) may have protective effects in chronic kidney disease. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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The perivascular nerve network expresses a Ca(2+) receptor that is activated by high extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations and causes vasorelaxation in resistance arteries. We have verified the influence of perivascular nerve fibers on the Ca(2+)-induced relaxation in aortic rings. To test our hypothesis, either pre-contracted aortas isolated from rats after sensory denervation with capsaicin or aortic rings acutely denervated with phenol were stimulated to relax with increasing extracellular Ca(2+) concentration. We also studied the role of the endothelium on the Ca(2+)-induced relaxation, and we verified the participation of endothelial/nonendothelial nitric oxide and cyclooxygenise-arachidonic acid metabolites. Additionally, the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, K(+) channels and L-type Ca(2+) channels on the Ca(2+)-induced relaxation were evaluated. We have observed that the Ca(2+)-induced relaxation is completely nerve independent, and it is potentiated by endothelial nitric oxide (NO). In endothelium-denuded aortic rings, indomethacin and AH6809 (PGF(2 alpha) receptor antagonist) enhance the relaxing response to Ca(2+). This relaxation is inhibited by thapsigargin and verapamil, while was not altered by tetraethylammonium. In conclusion, we have shown that perivascular nervous fibers do not participate in the Ca(2+)-induced relaxation, which is potentiated by endothelial NO. In endothelium-denuded preparations, indomethacin and AH6809 enhance the relaxation induced by Ca(2+). The relaxing response to Call was impaired by verapamil and thapsigargin, revealing the importance of L-type Ca(2+) channels and sarcoplasmic reticulum in this response. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Objective To evaluate the efficiency of pharmaceutical care on the control of clinical parameters, such as fasting glycaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Setting This study was conducted at the Training and Community Health Centre of the College of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods A prospective and experimental study was conducted with 71 participants divided in two groups: (i) pharmaceutical care group (n=40), and (ii) the control group (n=31). The distribution of patients within these groups was made casually, and the patients were monitored for 12 months. Main outcome measure: Values for fasting glycaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin were collected. Results Mean values of fasting glycaemia in the pharmaceutical care group were significantly reduced whilst a small reduction was detected in the control group at the same time. A significant reduction in the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin was detected in patients in the pharmaceutical care group, and an average increase was observed in the control group. Furthermore, the follow-up of the intervention group by a pharmacist contributed to the resolution of 62.7% of 142 drug therapy problems identified. Conclusion In Brazil, the information provided by a pharmacist to patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus increases compliance to treatment, solving or reducing the Drug Therapy Problem and, consequently, improving glycaemic control.
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Two hundred fifty-seven nalidixic acid-resistant enterobacterial isolates were collected in a Brazilian community from January 2000 to May 2005 to determine the prevalence of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The bla(CTX-M) genetic environment was determined by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Eleven isolates (4.2%) harbored a bla(CTX-M-2) gene, 3 isolates bla(CTX-M-9), 2 isolates bla(CTX-M-8), and 6 isolates bla(SHV-5). Two novel bla(CTX-M-2) variants, namely, bla(CTX-M-74) and bla(CTX-M-75), were identified. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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An inhibitory protein that neutralizes the enzymatic, toxic and pharmacological activities of several phospholipases A(2) from Bothrops venoms was isolated from B. jararacussu snake plasma by affinity chromatography using the immobilized myotoxin BthTX-I on Sepharose gel. Biochemical characterization of this inhibitory protein, denominated alpha BjussuMIP, showed it to be an oligomeric glycoprotein with M-r of 24,000 for the monomeric subunit. Secondary structural analysis by circular dichroism revealed 44% alpha-helix, 18% beta-sheet, 10% beta-turn and 28% random coil structures. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that no significant alterations in the secondary structure of either alpha BjussuMIP or the target protein occur following their interaction. The product from the reaction with reverse transcriptase produced a cDNA fragment of 432 bp that codifies for a mature protein of 144 amino acid residues. The first 21 amino acid residues from the N-terminal and five tryptic peptides were characterized by mass spectrometry of the mature protein and confirmed by the nucleotide sequence. Alignment of alpha BjussuMIP with other snake inhibitors showed a sequence similarity of 73-92% with these alpha PLIs. alpha BjussuMIP was relatively stable within the pH range of 6-12 and temperatures from 0 degrees C to 80 degrees C, even after deglycosylation. The results showed effects against Bothrops phospholipase A(2) activities (enzymatic, edema inducing, myotoxic, cytotoxic and bactericidal), suggesting that alpha BjussuMIP may prove useful in the treatment of snakebite envenomations. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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Aim: Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) may be one of the most important factors responsible for the development of oxidative stress, which promotes the main complications in DM patients. Therefore, this study evaluated if the hyperglycemia could be related to oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid profile, and renal function in type 2 diabetes patients without clinic complications. Methods: Plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA), serum protein carbonyl (PCO), serum creatinine levels, microalbuminuria, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile were analyzed in 37 type 2 diabetic patients and 25 subjects with no diabetes. Results: Serum creatinine levels were within the reference values, but microalbuminuria presented increased levels in all the patients compared with controls (P G 0.05) and above of the reference values. The MDA, PCO, low- density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels showed positive correlation with microalbuminuria levels. Moreover, glycated hemoglobin presented positive correlation with MDA, PCO, and microalbuminuria levels. Conclusions: The hyperglycemia could be responsible for the increase of the microalbuminuria levels and for the oxidation process in lipids and proteins in DM patients. Therefore, we suggested that the microvascular lesion is a direct consequence from hyperglycemia and an indirect one from the increased oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels could be suggested as additional biochemical evaluation to verify tissue damage in type 2 DM patients.
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The language profile of a group of 18 Alzheimer patients is documented and their performance on a standard aphasia test battery compared to a group of institutionalized, nonneurologically impaired control subjects matched for age, sex, and educational level. The Alzheimer patients scored significantly lower than the controls in the areas of verbal expression, auditory comprehension, repetition, reading, and writing. Articulation abilities were the same in each group. A language deficit was evident in all Alzheimer patients. The language disorder exhibited resembled a transcortical sensory aphasia. Syntax and phonology remained relatively intact but semantic abilities were impaired. The results support the inclusion of a language deficit as a diagnostic criterion of Alzheimer's disease.
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A theoretical analysis is presented to investigate fully developed (both thermally and hydrodynamically) forced convection in a duct of rectangular cross-section filled with a hyper-porous medium. The Darcy-Brinkman model for flow through porous media was adopted in the present analysis. A Fourier series type solution is applied to obtain the exact velocity and temperature distribution within the duct. The case of uniform heat flux on the walls, i.e. the H boundary condition in the terminology of Kays and Crawford [1], is treated. Values of the Nusselt number and the friction factor as a function of the aspect ratio, the Darcy number, and the viscosity ratio are reported.