940 resultados para Targets: (HIP 78530, [PGZ2001] J161031.9-191305, GSC 06214-00210, 1RXS J160929.1-210524)


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研究了地质样品中超痕量Au、Pt和Pd的测定方法。采用C 4 1 0阴离子交换树脂在 1 .5mol LHCl条件下对Au、Pt、Pd的吸附率分别为 91 .2 %、1 0 0 .0 %、95 .7%。共存离子除Ge4+ 、Cr6 + 、Ti4+ 外 ,无显著性干扰。用ICP MS测定Au、Pt、Pd的检出限分别为 0 .2 7、0 .4 00 .1g L。当n =8时 ,Au的RSD为 1 9.2 % ;Pt的RSD为 2 8.1 % ;Pd的RSD为 1 5 .6%。

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Four novel polymeric lanthanide(III) complexes of two new double betaine derivatives have been synthesized and structurally determined. In [{La-2(L-1)(2)(H2O)(9)}(n)]Cl-6n. 2nH(2)O (1) and [{Tb(L-1)(H2O)(4)}(n)]Cl-3n. nH(2)O (2) (L-1 =4,4'-trimethylenedipyridinio-N,N'-diacetate), the lanthanide(III) ions form a two-dimensional layer in which each pair of lanthanide(III) ions is bridged by two syn-anti mu-carboxylato-O,O' groups. Adjacent layers are cross-linked through hydrogen bonds among aqua ligands, lattice water molecules and chloride ions, to form a three-dimensional network. Isomorphous [{Ln(L-1)(H2O)(4)}(n)]Cl-3n. 5nH(2)O (Ln=La, 3; Ln=Tb, 4; L-2=1,3 bis(pyridinio-4-carboxylato)-propane) each contain a centrosymmetric paddle-wheel-like dimeric unit in which each pair of adjacent metal atoms is bridged by four syn-syn mu-carboxylato-O,O' groups that are oriented nearly perpendicular to each other about the metal-metal axis. Neighboring dimeric subunits are bridged by a pair of flexible LL ligands into a polymeric chain. Adjacent chains are inter-linked by hydrogen bonds among aqua ligands, lattice water molecules and chloride ions into a three-dimensional network. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The miscibility of blends of cellulose diacetate (CDA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was extensively studied by means of differential thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, tensile test, measuring viscosity of diluted and concentrated solutions of blends in acetone-ethanol mixture and morphological observations. A single glass transition temperature is observed, which is intermediate between the glass transition temperatures associated with each component and depends on composition. A synergism in mechanical properties of blends was found. The absolute viscosity and the intrinsic viscosity of solutions of blends are much higher than the weight average values of solutions of CDA and PVP. Optically clear and thermodynamically stable films were formed in the composition range of CDA/PVP = 100/0 to 50/50w/w. Fourier transform infrared was used to investigate the nature of CDA-PVP interaction. Hydrogen bonds were formed between hydroxyl groups of CDA and carbonyl groups of PVP. Heats of solutions of CDA/PVP blends and their mechanical mixtures were measured by using a calorimeter. Mixing enthalpy obtained with Hess's law approach was used to quantify interaction parameters of this blending system. It was found that mixing enthalpies and interaction parameters were negative and composition dependent. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

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[(C6H5CH2C5H4)(2)GdCl . THF](2) (1) and (C6H5CH2C5H4)(2)ErCl . THF (2) were prepared by the reaction of LnCl(3) (Ln=Gd, Er) with benzylcyclopentadienyl sodium in THF and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, MS and thermal gravimetry. The crystal structures of both compounds were determined. Complex 1 is dimeric and its structure belongs to the monoclinic, P2(1)/c space group with a=1.1432(2), b=1.2978(2), c=1.7604(3) nm, beta=108.75(2), V=2.4732(9) nm(3), Z=2(four monomers), D-c=1.54 g . cm(-3). R=0.0342 and R(w)=0.0362. Complex 2 is monomer and its structure belongs to the orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group with a=0.8645(2), b=1.1394(3), c=2.5289(4) nm, V=2.4919(9) nm(3), Z=4, D-c=1.56 g . cm(-3). R=0.0514, R(w)=0.0529. The determination of the crystal structure shows that in complex 1 the benzyl groups on the cyclopentadienyls coordinated to Gd3+ are located in the opposite direction (139 degrees); in complex 2 the benzyl groups on the cyclopentadienyls coordinated to Er3+ are located in the same direction (6.5 degrees).

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本工作借助于透镜对探测束发散的会聚补偿作用,设计了一个光热折射光谱的差分式光路构型,可以有效地消除溶剂空白吸收的影响和泵浦激光强度起伏与指向噪音的影响。本差分构型光路简单,容易实现样品池和参考池的定位与调整。文章还详细讨论了光热折射光谱法的实验参数,获得的结晶紫和钴的检测下限分别为1.0×10~(-9)mol/L和0.28 μg/ml,对应的最小吸光度为1.5×10~(-8)和2.5×~(-7)。

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At 18 degrees C and 33 psu, 24 and 48 h LC50 values of cadmium (Cd) for red sea bream Pagrus major embryos were 9.8 and 6.6 mg l(-1), respectively, while 24,48, 72, and 96 h LC50 values for larvae were 18.9,16.2, 8.0, and 5.6 mg l(-1), respectively, indicating that embryos were more sensitive to Cd toxicity than larvae. Cd concentrations at >= 0.8 mg l(-1) led to low hatchability (0-90% in >= 0.8 mg l(-1) solutions vs. 97-100% in lower ones), delay in time to hatch, high mortality (38-100% vs. 1-10%), morphological abnormality (42-100% vs. 1-10%), reduced length (3.55-3.60 vs. 3.71-3.72 mm) in the embryos and larvae. They were Cd concentration dependent and potential biological significant endpoints for assessing the risk of Cd to aquatic organisms. Heart beat and yolk absorption of the larvae were significantly inhibited at some high concentrations but they were not as sensitive as other endpoints to Cd exposure. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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A gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a C30 column was developed for the simultaneous determination of astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoesters and astaxanthin diesters in the green algae Chlorococcum sp., Chlorella zofingiensis, Haematococcus pluvialis and the mutant E1, which was obtained from the mutagenesis of H. pluvialis by exposure to UV-irradiation and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) with subsequent screening using nicotine. The results showed that the contents of total astaxanthins including free astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters ranged from 1.4 to 30.9 mg/g dry biomass in these green algae. The lower total astaxanthin levels (< 2 mg/g dry biomass) were detected in the green algae Chlorococcum sp. and C. zofingiensis. The higher total astaxanthin levels (> 16 mg/g dry biomass) were found in the green alga H. pluvialis and its mutant E1. It is notable that the mutant E1 is found to have considerably higher amounts of total astaxanthin (30.9 mg/g) as compared to the wild strain of H. pluvialis (16.1 mg/g). This indicates that UV-irradiation and EMS compound mutagenesis with subsequent screening using nicotine is an effective method for breeding of a high-producing astaxanthin strain of H. pluvialis. In addition, the green alga C. zofingiensis had a remarkably higher percentage of astaxanthin diesters (76.3% of total astaxanthins) and a remarkably lower percentage of astaxanthin monoesters (18.0% of total astaxanthins) in comparison with H. pluvialis (35.5% for diesters and 60.9% for monoesters), the mutant E1 (49.1% and 48.1%) and Chlorococcum sp. (18.0% and 58.6%).

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小型桡足类在生态系统中的重要作用近年来得到了广泛的关注,在近岸生态系统中,小型桡足类起着相当重要的作用。但关于小型桡足类种群动力学的研究在国内还处于起步阶段,因此我们选取了国内沿岸海域常见优势种小拟哲水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤及强额拟哲水蚤等四种小型桡足类为研究对象,探讨其种群动力学相关方面的变动机制。本文在2005年10月-2006年9月选取胶州湾为主要的研究海域,进行了一周年的小型桡足类的采样和培养实验研究。在胶州湾,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)全年出现,其种群数量变动呈现双峰型,在夏季(6月和8月)达数量高值,在冬季(1月)有一个小的高峰。种群数量在4月达全年最低值,在7月份数量也有一个明显的数量降低。从空间分布上来讲,该水蚤在冬季主要以CV期桡足幼体存在于湾南和湾外区域,湾北数量很少;从春末开始,各期幼体开始在各海区广泛分布。小拟哲水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(2月份除外),但较高的产卵率主要集中在春末到秋初,最大产卵率出现在5月,达27.9 eggs female-1d-1。总体来讲,在胶州湾小拟哲水蚤的产卵率与温度、叶绿素及体长均呈显著正相关,但与盐度呈负相关关系。从不同的区域来看,胶州湾湾北区域小拟哲水蚤产卵率较高,最高值出现在湾北6月份,产卵率达到了60.8 eggs female-1d-1。大于10 eggs female-1d-1的产卵率在湾北持续了6个月(4-9月),在湾口持续了5个月(4-8月),而在湾外只持续了3个月(5-7月)。小拟哲水蚤生物量在6月份达到最高值(6.15 mg C m-3),在4月达到全年最低值(0.028 mg C m-3)。次级生产的变动从4月到9月与生物量的变动趋势完全相似,但冬季生物量的高峰并没有伴随次级生产的高峰值,分析其原因是由于冬季低的生长率所致。小拟哲水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为158.41 mg C.m-3yr -1。强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)在胶州湾只在夏末到秋季出现,最大数量出现在8月份。从强额拟哲水蚤的分布区域来看,从湾内到湾外有递减趋势。在2006年9月份,只有湾北有部分种群,其他区域几乎没有该种出现。该种最大产卵率出现在8月,达11.2 eggs female-1d-1。强额拟哲水蚤生物量的变动与次级生产的变动趋势相似,最大值也都出现在8月份。该水蚤在胶州湾平均年次级生产仅为2.12 mg C m-3yr-1。双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)在胶州湾是全年出现,其种群数量在5-6月份突发性增加达全年最高值(>8000 ind. m-3),之后又急剧下降。从该种的区域分布来看,5-6月份数量的高峰主要出现在湾北区域,7月份虽然各区域数量均下降,但大部分种群集中在湾外区域。双刺纺锤水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(12月除外),产卵率的最高值出现在4月,达16.5 eggs female-1d-1。4月份雌体高的产卵率为5月份种群数量的大量增加提供了补充。双刺纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势一致,在5-6月份达到高值,在秋冬季次级生产较低。双刺纺锤水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为114.61 mg C m-3yr-1。太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)在胶州湾季节性出现,在冬春季节消失,从夏季开始出现。该种在5月零星出现,种群数量在6月份开始增多,到7月份达到最高值2356 ind. m-3,之后在8月数量锐减至196 ind. m-3。从区域分布来看,该水蚤在胶州湾只出现在湾北和湾南区域,湾外区域几乎没有,而且呈现湾北到湾南递减的趋势。6月份数量大部分出现在湾北区域,到7月份才有一部份在湾南出现。太平洋纺锤水蚤在其出现季节均产卵,最大产卵率出现在6月份,达37.17 eggs female-1 d-1,部分补充了7月份太平洋纺锤水蚤种群数量的大量增加。太平洋纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势相似,在7月份达到了最高值,在11月达到最低值。太平洋纺锤水蚤在胶州湾平均的年次级生产为45.63 mg C m-3yr-1。胶州湾四种小型桡足类总的年次级生产为~320 mg C m-3 yr-1

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本研究运用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术,对采自山东半岛4个不同地理位置的鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)和海黍子(S. muticum)种群进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的研究,从而对其种群间的地理隔离、基因流动水平及其影响因素做出估计和判断,为马尾藻自然资源的保护和开发提供依据。在室内对鼠尾藻有性生殖幼苗的早期发育和生长进行了研究,了解其繁殖生物学特性,为鼠尾藻人工种苗的培育提供依据。主要研究结果如下: 对4个鼠尾藻(S. thunbergii)地理种群的遗传多样性研究中,筛选出了28条RAPD 引物和19条ISSR引物,分别扩增产生了174和125个位点。选用的三种不同指标,即多态位点比率(P%,percentage of polymorphic loci),平均预期杂合度(H,the expected heterozygosity)和 Shannon's 信息多样性指数(I,Shannon's information index),均可反映出鼠尾藻种群内部的遗传多样性呈较低水平。而群体间遗传距离(D,Nei’s unbiased genetic distance)矩阵和固定化指数(FST,the fixation index)矩阵均反映出群体间高度的遗传分化。通过分子变异分析(AMOVA,Analysis of molecular variance)来区分来自种群内部和种群之间的遗传变异,揭示出多数的遗传变异(57.57% 或59.52%)来自于鼠尾藻种群之间。另外,Mantel分析表明,4个鼠尾藻种群间的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关(r>0.5),遵循传统的IBD(isolation by distance)模式,UPGMA(unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages)聚类分析也反映出相似的结果。 对4个海黍子(S. muticum)地理种群遗传结构的研究中,筛选出的24条RAPD 引物和19条ISSR引物分别扩增出164和122个位点。遗传多样性评估结果表明,海黍子种群内部存在较低或者中等水平的遗传多样性,而D矩阵和FST 矩阵均显示种群间存在高水平的遗传分化。并且,发现D和FST 矩阵在RAPD和ISSR分析中均具有高且显著的相关性。AMOVA分析显示,种群之间的遗传变异高于种群内部。Mantel分析和UPGMA聚类分析均发现海黍子种群间的遗传分化遵循IBD模式,即与地理隔离呈正相关(r>0.6)。 并且,RAPD和ISSR分析的结果高度一致(r>0.9,P<0.05),均揭示4个海黍子种群之间存在高度的遗传分化。 对鼠尾藻有性生殖幼苗早期生长发育的研究结果表明,其早期发育过程属于马尾藻科(Sargassaceae)中典型的“8核1卵”型。在一定条件下培养两个月后,产生了12个小叶,幼苗的长度达2~3毫米。生长实验发现,温度(10, 15, 20, 25℃)和光照强度(9, 18, 44, 88 µEm-2s-1)对培养第一周幼苗的生长均有显著的影响(ANOVA, P<0.01)。在两个月的培养中,幼苗对温度和光强的耐受范围较宽,在10℃~25℃,9~88 µEm-2s-1条件下均可生长,最适温度和光强为25℃,44 µEm-2s-1;低温(10℃)对幼苗的生长有显著抑制。不同光质对幼苗生长的影响显著(P<0.01),相同光强条件下,蓝光和白光相比较,蓝光显然不能满足鼠尾藻幼苗早期生长的需要。

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本研究中运用四种不用的方法提取海带孢子体RNA,通过对比分析,确定了采用CTAB提取液[2% (w/v) CTAB,100 mM Tris-HC1 (pH 8.0), 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, 2 M NaCl, 50 mM DTT]提取RNA的方法,该方法的主要改进之处: (1) 高浓度(50 mM)的 DTT作为防止多酚氧化的还原剂加入提取液中;(2) 1/4 体积的乙醇和 1/9 体积的3 M 醋酸钾(pH 4.8)用来沉淀去除多糖;(3) 1/10倍体积的3 mol/L醋酸钠(pH 5.0)和两倍体积的乙醇选择性沉淀RNA;(4) -80℃沉淀30 min沉淀RNA。CTAB改进法提取的海带孢子体RNA质量好(A260/280 =1.96±0.05),产量高(68 μg/g),分离的RNA可用于RT-PCR反应,扩增相关基因片段。该方法提取海带配子体RNA效果也很好。 根据拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、 莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) 、铁线蕨(Adiantum capillus-veneris)、转板藻(Mougeotia scalaris)和无隔藻(Vaucheria frigida)等的蓝光受体蛋白保守序列,设计一系列简并引物,进行RT-PCR扩增,筛选并克隆测序了4条序列片段,通过比对分析,所得序列与已知的蓝光受体基因序列不一致。在所获得的序列中,一条783 bp的序列与肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶基因的片段有较高的相似性,通过RACE法克隆出该基因的3’末端,5’末端克隆没有成功,全长序列有待深入分析。

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附着生物又称污损生物,是附生在海洋设施和生物体表面的动物、植物和微生物等生物的总称(Azis et al., 2001)。附生在养殖器材和生物体表面的数量巨大的附着生物,对贝类养殖和海湾生态系统内的物质和营养盐循环等多个方面产生影响。本研究以北方重要的养殖海湾----桑沟湾为研究对象,对贝藻养殖区附着生物的群落演替及其生态效应进行了研究。主要研究结果如下: ① 2007年5月至2008年5月,采用挂网的方法对桑沟湾栉孔扇贝和海带混养区的附着生物的季节变化进行了研究。结果显示挂网上的附着生物具有显著的季节变化特征,网片上的附着生物湿重与水温的变化相一致,生物量为3~1210 g226;m-22月份附着生物的生物量最低,8月份最高。2007年9月至11月,对栉孔扇贝养殖笼上和贝壳上的附着生物种类和数量进行了研究。结果显示9月份养殖笼上附着生物的湿重约为1.94 kg10月份降至0.99 kg11月份又稍有增加,为1.03 kg。扇贝壳上的附着生物变化趋势与养殖笼上的相同,9~11月份壳上附着生物的数量约0.49~2.09 g。扇贝养殖笼上可鉴定的大型附着生物约23种,包括藻类、海鞘类、苔藓虫类、环节动物、腔肠动物、软体动物、甲壳动物和海绵动物等。玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘、紫贻贝和苔藓虫等是附着生物群落中的优势种。 ② 通过在栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝上壳上添加不同重量的“模拟附着生物”(速凝水泥)的方法,研究了贝壳上附着生物的重量对这两种扇贝生长和存活的影响。结果显示水泥重量是上壳重0.5-3倍的各组实验组扇贝的生长和存活与对照组(未添加水泥的扇贝)之间没有显著差异。说明贝壳上附着生物重量为上壳的3倍重时,也不会显著影响扇贝生长存活。9-11月份贝壳上的自然附着生物的重量约为1.47-2.09 g,为上壳重的28.16 (±38.6)%—31.29 ± (31.63)%。因此,贝壳上附着的生物重量不太可能对扇贝的生长存活造成显著的负面影响。 ③ 在桑沟湾现场测定了玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的生物沉积速率。9月份(水温约24℃)玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的生物沉积速率分别为32.14和90.06 mg226;ind-1226;d-1或(858.99 和467.76 mg226;gdw-1226;d-1),据此计算,养殖笼上的两种海鞘的生物沉积速率约为84.29 mg226;m-2226;d-1。海区的自然沉积速率为41.49 mg226;m-2226;d-1;玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘沉积物中有机质含量分别为14.34%和13.77%,对照组海区自然的有机质含量为14.36%;以上三者有机碳的含量分别为24.72%,23.74%和24.76%;氮的含量分别为0.27%和0.25%,自然沉积物中的氮含量为0.30%。9月份扇贝养殖笼上附着的海鞘将产生2588.16吨的沉积物,即向底部沉积363.77吨的有机物、6.99吨的氮和1.79吨的磷。 ④ 通过测定扇贝养殖笼上优势种附着生物--玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝的摄食、呼吸和排泄,研究了这些优势种类对贝类养殖和海湾环境的影响。9月份(水温约24.5℃)玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘对颗粒有机物(POM)的摄食率分别为14.3017.01 mg226; h-1226;ind-1。根据实验结果计算这两种海鞘摄取的颗粒有机物相当于312个扇贝的摄取量,大于笼内养殖的扇贝的摄取量;玻璃海鞘和柄海鞘的耗氧率分别约为0.320.18 mg226;h-1226;ind-1,养殖笼上的这两种海鞘消耗的溶解氧约等于75个扇贝消耗的溶解氧。栉孔扇贝、玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝的排氨率分别为33.66 ±11.34,117.90±23.46,35.91±6.2228.08±3.41 ug NH4-N226;gdw-1226;h-1。以此估算,9月份玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和贻贝每天排泄的氨氮约为654.08 kg,相当于16467吨栉孔扇贝(鲜重)排泄的氨氮。海鞘和贻贝排泄的氨氮可提供浮游植物等所需的2.75%的氮,可以提供1204吨海带的生长所需的氮。 ⑤ 一个养殖笼内的栉孔扇贝和全部附着生物(Scallop Culture Unit, SCU)在夏季(6-9月)对颗粒有机物的摄食速率约为43.13-98.94 mg/h,平均74.05 mg/h,期间桑沟湾养殖的栉孔扇贝及附着生物摄取的POM约为1279.58吨;同期,SCU对氨氮和磷(PO4-P)的排泄速率分别为125.59-1432.23 μmol226;h-1和76.2-252.89μmol226;h-1,期间桑沟湾养殖扇贝及附着生物排泄的氮磷分别为211.09 吨和83.79 吨。一串牡蛎及吊绳和牡蛎壳上的附着生物(Oyster Culture Unit, OCU),夏季摄食率为5-41.43μmol226;h-1,耗氧率为16.54-41.76μmol226;h-1,对氨氮和磷(PO4-P)的排泄速率分别为35.56-489.34μmol226;h-1 和9.92-16.68μmol226;h-1。以此估算,夏季OCU可摄取POM535.68吨,消耗溶解氧955.58吨,排泄氮磷分别为62.37 吨和15.50 吨。

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中国牡蛎种类丰富,但是由于贝壳可塑性强,表型变化大,分类学及系统发生学研究进展缓慢,存在诸多争议。本文在全国部分海区采集牡蛎样品,并通过表型和分子生物学方法进行鉴定,重点调查潮下带牡蛎的分布情况。选取江苏南通小庙洪牡蛎礁作为典型海域,研究亲缘关系接近的巨蛎属牡蛎之间在繁殖上如何维持相互之间的关系。本研究的目的在于摸索牡蛎物种鉴定的实用方法,并阐明熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎生殖隔离是如何维持的。研究结果对牡蛎等海洋贝类的分类及系统发生学研究具有一定的借鉴作用,为牡蛎礁的生态保护提供生物学参考依据。 在辽宁营口、海洋岛,河北秦皇岛,山东西霞口、潍坊、青岛,江苏南通,浙江舟山、奉化,福建莆田,广东汕头等地区采集牡蛎样品,重点采集潮下带的牡蛎,通过地理分布、表型、DNA含量测定和COI种特异性探针鉴定对各地区的牡蛎物种组成进行分析。选取了南通小庙洪牡蛎礁作为研究牡蛎物种间相互关系的最佳地点。该地区牡蛎由主要分布在潮间带的熊本牡蛎和主要分布在潮下带的近江牡蛎组成。 对南通小庙洪牡蛎礁上两种巨蛎属牡蛎在空间上的分布进行调查;定期取样,制作性腺切片,观察两种牡蛎的性腺发育情况;同时,定期在海区挂板,采用半人工采苗的方式采集海区牡蛎幼体,通过ITS1基因鉴定采集的稚贝所属物种。通过调查发现二者的分布存在重叠区域;两种牡蛎在2007年6月中旬至9月中旬存在两个明显的繁殖高峰期,在每个繁殖期内两种牡蛎同时发生大量繁殖行为的可能性极高。结果表明,两种牡蛎不存在明显的生态隔离和季节隔离等交配前生殖隔离机制。 在室内对两种牡蛎进行2×2完全双列杂交,并通过ITS1基因的克隆测序验证杂种后代。双列杂交受精实验采用多亲本混合交配的方式(即每个物种的卵子或精子均来自多个个体),共进行7次重复。结果表明,熊本牡蛎的卵子能够被近江牡蛎的精子以较低的受精率(24.6%)受精,且形成的后代确实为两个物种杂交产生,而反方向不能受精。 幼虫和稚贝生长存活的双列杂交实验共进行3次重复。估测受精率、受精卵的孵化率,第129日每两天测量一次D形幼虫的壳高和密度。结果表明杂交幼虫(熊本牡蛎♀与近江牡蛎♂的杂交,SA)的受精率(12.5%)显著低于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(75.4%)和近江牡蛎(84.5%)纯种对照组;而孵化率与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);自受精至29日龄,杂交幼虫壳高的生长速度明显低于纯种对照组(P < 0.05);但是存活率与熊本牡蛎无显著差异(P > 0.05)。杂交幼虫附着变态期间死亡率高;93日龄,熊本牡蛎有10.08%的匍匐期面盘幼虫存活至稚贝,显著大于(P < 0.05)近江牡蛎(2.18%)和杂交幼虫(0.76%);杂交稚贝壳高显著小于(P < 0.05)纯种对照组。稚贝在海区挂养3个月。与挂养前相比,杂交稚贝在潮下带的存活率为19.2%,125个稚贝仅存24个,壳高平均增加2.15 mm。熊本牡蛎在潮间带的存活率达到65%,壳高平均增加3.99 mm。近江牡蛎在潮下带的存活率达到85.7%,壳高平均增加5.22 mm,在潮间带的存活率仅10.9%,壳高平均增加3.28 mm。受精6个月后,所有杂交稚贝仅剩3枚,运回实验室暂养一段时间后全部死亡。 设置2025、30、35共4个盐度梯度,估算双列杂交组合在不同盐度下的受精率、孵化率、7日内的存活率和壳高生长,实验共进行3个重复。结果表明,杂交组合在4个盐度下的受精率(平均为11.2%)均显著低于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(75.0%)和近江牡蛎(77.5%)纯种对照组;而孵化率与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);杂交组合在盐度35时的孵化率(85.0%)显著大于20(49.6%)、25(51.3%)和30(55.4%)三个盐度梯度。7日龄杂交幼虫(10.5%)和近江牡蛎(11.4%)的存活率显著小于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(30.3%);杂交幼虫的壳高(75.7 μm)显著小于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(81.5 μm)和近江牡蛎(85.6 μm)对照组。两因素方差分析表明,杂交组合方式对受精率、孵化率、7日龄存活率和7日龄壳高均有显著影响,盐度对7日龄壳高的影响显著。 实验结果表明,江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁上的熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎之间在分布空间上存在重叠区域,繁殖时间也存在重叠,并未产生明显的生态隔离和季节隔离。二者之间存在不对称性杂交,熊本牡蛎的卵子能够与近江牡蛎的精子以较低的受精率受精,而反方向完全不亲和。杂交幼虫在受精率上存在显著劣势;但是受精卵的孵化率与纯种受精卵无显著差异;杂交幼虫在生长上也存在显著劣势;而存活率与熊本牡蛎无显著差异;杂交幼虫附着变态期间大量死亡,存活下来的稚贝生长缓慢,死亡率高。表明熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎之间即存在交配前的配子不亲和性隔离,又存在交配后隔离,主要表现为杂种不活。

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The aim of this study was to optimize the cryopreservation protocols for the sperm of red seabream, Pagrus major. The 2-mL cryovials and programmable freezer were employed for cryopreservation. Six extenders, six cryoprotectants in various concentrations ranging from 6 to 20% (v/v), four cooling rates, and three thawing temperatures were evaluated by postthaw sperm motility and fertility. The ratio of sperm to egg for postthaw sperm fertilization trials was experimentally standardized and was optimal at 500:1. The best motility of postthaw sperm (79.4 +/- 4.7% to 88.6 +/- 8.0%), fertilization rates (89.6 +/- 2.9 to 95.6 +/- 1.9%), and hatching rates (85.3 +/- 5.1% to 91.4 +/- 4.3%) were achieved when Cortland extender, dimethyl sulfoxide (15, 18, and 20%) or ethylene glycol (9, 12%) as cryoprotectants, 20 C/min as the cooling rate, and 40 C as the thawing temperature were employed. Moreover, the results on embryonic development were not significantly different between cryopreserved sperm and fresh sperm during incubation process. In conclusion, these methods of cryopreservation of red seabream sperm are suitable for routine aquaculture application and preservation of genetic resources.

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以青海果洛黄河源区高寒退化草甸生态系统为对象,应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒退化草甸生态系统CO_2释放进行了初步研究.结果表明:所选4种不同退化程度高寒草甸,即未退化草甸(A)、轻度退化草甸(B)、中度退化草甸(C)和重度退化草甸(D),其CO_2释放速率有明显的日变化特征,日最大排放速率在15:00-17:00左右出现,最低值出现于清晨7:00-9:00左右,释放白天大于夜晚;(2)CO_2释放速率具有明显的季节性变化特征,生长期CO_2释放速率明显高于枯黄期,8月为CO_2释放高峰期,1月或2月为CO_2释放低谷期;(3)CO_2释放速率的日变化主要受地表温度和5cm地温制约,季节动态与5cm地温呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),本研究为进一步进行高寒退化草甸生态系统源江效应的准确估测提供科学依据.