Dissimilaridade genética de girassol por meio de caracteres quantitativos

The aim of this study to evaluate by means of quantitative traits, the genetic dissimilarity among sunflower cultivars in different locations, in addition to the agreement between the methods in order to extract lines for future crosses. There were eight sunflower hybrids grown in two locations in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, mainly with soil type Oxisol. Multivariate methods were used to determine the genetic diversity, using the Mahalanobis distance. Although the different yield between locations and cultivars, methods of grouping agreed among them selves. To obtain segregating populations, regardless of location, the cultivate 'Olisun 5', demonstrated greater potential for hybridization, with major contributions through number of achenes per chapter and height of the insertion section.

Análise da lubricidade do biodiesel brasileiro de ésteres etílicos de soja e girassol

Fuel is a material used to produce heat or power by burning, and lubricity is the capacity for reducing friction. The aim of this work is evaluate the lubricity of eight fossil and renewable fuels used in Diesel engines, by means of a HFRR tester, following the ASTM D 6079-04 Standard. In this conception, a sphere of AISI 52100 steel (diameter of 6,000,05 mm, Ra 0,050,005 μm, E = 210 GPa, HRC 624, HV0,2 63147) is submitted to a reciprocating motion under a normal load of 2 N and 50 Hz frequency to promote a wear track length of 1.10.1mm in a plan disc of AISI 52100 steel (HV0,05 18410, Ra 0,020,005 μm). The testing extent time was 75 minutes, 225,000 cycles. Each one test was repeated six times to furnish the results, by means of intrinsic signatures from the signals of the lubricant film percentage, friction coefficient, contact heating, Sound Pressure Level, SPL [dB]. These signal signatures were obtained by two thermocouples and a portable decibelmeter coupled to a data acquisition system and to the HFRR system. The wettability of droplet of the diesel fuel in thermal equilibrium on a horizontal surface of a virgin plan disc of 52100 steel, Ra 0,02  0,005 μm, were measured by its contact angle of 7,0  3,5o, while the results obtained for the biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 blends originated by the ethylic transesterification of soybean oil were, respectively, 7,5  3,5o, 13,5  3,5o e 19,0  1,0o; for the distilled water, 78,0  6,0o; the biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 blends originated by the ethylic transesterification of sunflower oil were, respectively, 7,0  4,0o, 8,5  4,5o e 19,5  2,5o. Different thickness of lubricant film were formed and measured by their percentage by means of the contact resistance technique, suggesting several regimes, since the boundary until the hydrodynamic lubrication. All oils analyzed in this study promoted the ball wear scars with diameters smaller than 400 μm. The lowest values were observed in the scar balls lubricated by mixtures B100, B20 and B5 of sunflower and B20 and B5 of soybean oils (WSD < 215 μm)

Estudo das propriedades físico-químicas do biodiesel e suas influências na deterioração dos elastômeros aplicados no sistema de injeção dos motores diesel

The biodiesel use has become important due to its renewable character and to reduce environmental impacts during the fuel burning. Theses benefit will be valid if the fuel shows good performance, chemistry stability and compatibility with engines. Biodiesel is a good fuel to diesel engines due to its lubricity. Then, the aimed of this study was to verify the physicalchemistry properties of biodiesel and their correlations with possible elastomers damage after biodiesel be used as fuel in an injection system. The methodology was divided in three steps: biodiesels synthesis by transesterification of three vegetable oil (soybean, palm and sunflower) and their physical-chemistry characterization (viscosity, oxidative stability, flash point, acidity, humidity and density); pressurized test of compatibility between elastomers (NBR and VITON) and biodiesel, and the last one, analyze of biodiesels lubricity by tribological test ball-plan( HFRR). Also, the effect of mixture of biodiesel and diesel in different concentrations was evaluated. The results showed that VITON showed better compatibility with all biodiesel blends in relation to NBR, however when VITON had contact with sunflower biodiesel and its blends the swelling degree suffer higher influences due to biodiesel humidity. For others biodiesels and theirs blends, this elastomer kept its mechanical properties constant. The better tribological performance was observed for blends with high biodiesel concentration, lower friction coefficient was obtained when palm biodiesel was used. The main mechanisms observed during the HFRR tests were abrasive and oxidative wear

Estudo tribológico de biolubrificantes com adição de nanopartículas de óxidos (zinco e cobre)

Currently, vegetable oils have been studied for bio-lubricants base that fits the new environmental standards. Since, in a world full of finite natural resources, mineral oils bring consequences to the environment due to its low biodegradability and toxicity, also it is important to consider that synthetic oils have a high cost The aim of this work is to obtain a biolubricant additived with oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and CuO) for better resistance to friction and wear, which is not toxic to the environment and have better adherence under boundary lubrication. The methodology consisted in the synthesis of bio-lubricants (soybean and sunflower base) by epoxidation reaction. Then, some physical-chemical analysis in bio-lubricants are made to characterize theses lubricants, such as, density, acidity, iodine value, viscosity, viscosity index. Later, the lubricants were additive with nanoparticles. The tribological performance was evaluated by the equipment HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) consisting of a wear test ball-plan type. The characterization of wear analysis was performed by SEM / EDS. The results show that bio-lubricants may be synthesized by reaction of epoxidation with good conversion. Tribological point of view, the epoxidized oils are more effective than lubricant additived with the oxide nanoparticles, they had lower coefficients of friction and better rate of film formation in the study. However, because they are environmentally friendly, bio-lubricants gain the relevant importance in tribological field

Inibição do desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de girassol, milho e triticale por palhada de capim-colchão

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos da massa seca de plantas de capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis), incorporadas ao solo em diferentes densidades, sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de milho, girassol e triticale. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, e as parcelas foram constituídas de uma planta, conduzida em vasos com capacidade para 2,5 L, dispostos inteiramente ao acaso. Material seco de capim-colchão nas quantidades equivalentes a 0, 2,5, 5,0 e 10 t ha-1 foi incorporado à terra. A emergência foi avaliada diariamente até 10 dias após a semeadura, quando se calculou a porcentagem final de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). A altura e a massa seca das plantas foram avaliadas 35 dias após a semeadura. A incorporação da palhada da planta daninha não interferiu na germinação e no IVE das espécies avaliadas. A massa seca e a altura de plantas de todas as espécies foram influenciadas pela palhada, decrescendo de acordo com o aumento da concentração da palhada incorporada ao solo, com exceção do triticale, que não teve alteração quanto à altura.

Determinação dos períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o período anterior à interferência e o período total de prevenção à interferência da comunidade infestante sobre a cultura do girassol (híbrido M 734). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por parcelas constituídas por períodos de controle e de presença de plantas daninhas. Para os períodos de controle, o girassol foi mantido livre das plantas daninhas pelos períodos crescentes de 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 125 dias após a sua emergência (DAE). Quanto a convivência, a cultura foi mantida na presença da comunidade infestante pelos mesmos períodos. Foram avaliados a densidade e o peso da matéria seca das plantas daninhas e, no girassol, a altura de plantas, o diâmetro de capítulos e a produtividade de aquênios e de óleo. Para a produtividade de aquênios, o período anterior à interferência foi de 15 DAE da cultura, e o período total de prevenção à interferência, de 39 DAE. O período crítico de prevenção à interferência abrangeu 24 dias do ciclo da cultura. Quanto à produtividade de óleo, o período anterior à interferência foi de 32 DAE, e o período total de prevenção à interferência, de 28 DAE.

Avaliação de híbridos de girassol e relação entre parâmetros produtivos e qualitativos

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de determinar genótipos superiores de girassol, bem como realizar estudos de correlação entre suas características. Avaliou-se seis híbridos de girassol em condições de safrinha no município de Palotina - PR. O estudo avaliou quinze variáveis: massa seca de folhas, massa seca de caule e pecíolos, massa seca total, área foliar, altura de planta, diâmetro de colmo, massa de grãos por capítulo, diâmetro de capítulo, percentagem de grãos normais, massa de mil grãos, número de grãos por capítulo, produtividade, teor de proteína bruta, teor de óleo e rendimento de óleo. Os dados direcionam os híbridos H360 e MG2 com boa produtividade e maior teor de óleo para a produção de óleo e os híbridos M734 e Aguará 3 para a alimentação animal, com boa produtividade e menor teor de óleo. As correlações entre produtividade e os componentes de produção foram de 0,62; 0,47; 0,60; 0,49 e 0,47 para massa de grãos por capítulo, diâmetro de capítulo, percentagem de grãos normais, massa de mil grãos e número de grãos por capítulo, respectivamente, concluindo que a seleção de materiais a partir desses componentes ocasionará a seleção de materiais promissores em produtividade.

Estabilidade de agregados do solo após manejo com rotações de culturas e escarificação

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, em solo compactado, a estabilidade dos agregados influenciada pelo cultivo de espécies de cobertura em esquema de rotações de culturas, em sistema de semeadura direta, mediante o efeito da escarificação mecânica. As rotações de culturas repetidas por três anos consecutivos envolveram o cultivo de triticale e girassol, no outono-inverno, associados ao cultivo de milheto, de sorgo forrageiro e de Crotalária júncea como plantas de cobertura, antecedendo o da soja (cultura de verão). No tratamento envolvendo a escarificação mecânica, a área permaneceu em pousio entre os cultivos de outono-inverno e de verão. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado (Botucatu-SP), nos anos agrícolas de 2003/2004, 2004/2005 e 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As amostras para a análise da estabilidade de agregados foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 a 0,05 m e de 0,05 a 0,10 m após o manejo das plantas de cobertura em dezembro de 2003 e de 2005. Logo no primeiro ano de instalação do experimento, o cultivo de triticale resultou em maior porcentagem de agregados com mais de 2 mm, maior DMG e maior DMP na camada de 0 a 5 cm, além de maior DMP na camada de 0,05 a 0,10 m. Já a escarificação do solo e a ausência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura proporcionaram menor porcentagem de agregados maiores que 2 mm e menor DMP na camada de 0,05 a 0,10 m. A estabilidade dos agregados foi influenciada pela rotação de culturas, sendo maior na camada de 0 a 0,05 m e de 0,05 a 0,10 m quando o triticale foi introduzido como espécie de outono-inverno.

Remoção conjugada de metais e óleo de água produzida

Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de São Sebastião, São Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process

Extração e pirólise do óleo de girassol (Helianthus annus l.) visando a produção de biocombustíveis

Nowadays, the growing environmental worry leads research the focus the application of alternative materials from renewable resources on the industrial process. The most common vegetable oil extractant using around the world is the hexane, a petroleum derived, toxic and flammable. Based on this fact, the goal of this work was to test vegetable oil extractions from sunflower seeds cultivated on the Rio Grande do Norte State using two extraction process, the mechanical expelling and solvent extraction, this one using hexane and ethanol as a alternative solvent. The solvent extractions were carried out in the Soxhlet extractor in three different extraction times (4, 6, and 8 hours). The effect of solvent and extraction time was evaluated. The mechanical extraction was carried out in a expeller and the sunflower oil obtained was characterized by its physical-chemical properties and compared with sunflower refinery oil. Furthermore this work also explored the pyrolysis reaction carried out by thermogravimetry measurement as alternative route to obtain biofuel. For this purpose the oil samples were heated to ambient temperature until 900°C in heating rate of 5, 10, 20ºC min-1 with the objective evaluated the kinetics parameters such activation energy and isoconversion. The TG/DTG curves show the thermal profile decomposition of triglycerides. The curves also showed that antioxidant presents on the refinery oil not influence on the thermal stability of sunflower oil. The total yield of the extraction s process with hexane and ethanol solvent were compared, and the results indicated that the extraction with ethanol were more efficient. The pyrolysis reaction results indicated that the use of unpurified oil required less energy to obtain the bio-oil

Remoção do cobre de efluente galvânico aplicando tensoativos derivado de óleos vegetais

Copper is one of the most used metals in platingprocesses of galvanic industries. The presence of copper, a heavy metal, in galvanic effluents is harmful to the environment.The main objective of this researchwas the removal ofcopperfromgalvanic effluents, using for this purpose anionic surfactants. The removal process is based on the interaction between the polar head group of the anionic surfactant and the divalent copper in solution. The surfactants used in this study were derived from soybean oil (OSS), coconut oil (OCS), and sunflower oil (OGS). It was used a copper synthetic solution (280 ppm Cu+2) simulating the rinse water from a copper acid bath of a galvanic industry. It were developed 23and 32 factorial designs to evaluate the parameters that have influence in theremoval process. For each surfactant (OSS, OCS, and OGS), the independent variables evaluated were: surfactant concentration (1.25 to 3.75 g/L), pH (5 to 9) and the presence of an anionic polymer (0 to 0.0125 g/L).From the results obtained in the 23 factorial design and in the calculus for estimatingthe stoichiometric relationship between surfactants and copper in solution, it were developed new experimental tests, varying surfactant concentration in the range of 1.25 to 6.8 g/L (32 factorial design).The results obtained in the experimental designs were subjected to statistical evaluations to obtain Pareto charts and mathematical modelsfor Copper removal efficiency (%). The statistical evaluation of the 23 and 32factorial designs, using saponifiedcoconut oil (OCS), presented the mathematical model that best described the copper removal process.It can be concluded that OCS was the most efficient anionic surfactant, removing 100% of the copper present in the synthetic galvanic solution

Secagem de grãos de girassol em leito fixo e em leito de jorro

This work studies two methods for drying sunflower grains grown in the western region of Rio Grande do Norte, in the premises of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte - IFRN - Campus Apodi. This initiative was made because of the harvested grain during the harvest, being stored in sheds without any control of temperature, humidity etc. Therewith, many physical, chemical and physiological characteristics are compromised and grains lose much quality for oil production as their germination power. Taking into account that most of the stored grain is used for replanting, the studied methods include drying of grains in a thin layer using an oven with air circulation (fixed bed) and drying in a spouted bed. It was studied the drying of grains in natura, i.e., newly harvested. The fixed bed drying was carried out at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70°C. Experiments in spouted bed were performed based on an experimental design, 2² + 3, with three replications at the central point, where the independent variables were grains load (1500, 2000 and 2500 g) and the temperature of the inlet air (70, 80, and 90 °C), obtaining the drying and desorption equilibrium isotherms. Previously, the characteristic curves of the bed were obtained. Both in the fixed bed as in the spouted bed, drying and desorption curves were obtained by weighing the grains throughout the experiments and measurements of water activity, respectively. The grains drying in the spouted bed showed good results with significant reduction of processing time. The models of FICK and PAGE were fitted to the experimental data, models which will represent the drying of grains both in the fixed bed as in the spouted bed. The desorption curves showed no influence of the processing temperature in the hygroscopic characteristics of the grains. The models of GAB, OSWIN and LUIKOV could well represent the desorption isotherms

Efeito do nitrogenio na nutrição do girassol

Nitrogen (N), besides being one of the macro more absorbed by plants, is the that most limits the production of sunflower. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content in leaves, grains and nutrient export due to nitrogen levels in sunflower cultivation. A randomized experimental block design consisting of five treatments and four replications: T1 - 50 kg N ha(-1) divided by 10, 20 and 20 kg ha(-1), T2 - 70 kg N ha(-1) divided by 10, 30 and 30 kg ha(-1); T3 - 90 kg N ha(-1) divided by 10, 40 and 40 kg ha(-1), T4 - 110 kg N ha(-1) divided by 10, 50 and 50 kg ha(-1), T5 - 130 kg N ha(-1) divided by 10, 60 and 60 kg ha(-1). These applications were made in installments when sowing and 34 and 48 days after sowing. The parameters were evaluated in leaf nutrient content, nutrient content in grains and nutrient export. Under the experimental conditions it was found that the optimum foliar N were purchased at a dosage above 110 kg ha-1 N. With the increasing amount of N supplied in the sunflower crop was exported over this element, but not at the same rate of increase in dosage. The lowest dose of N the lowest rates of export of P, K, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn and Zn, while increasing the dose of this nutrient decreased the export of Ca.

Avaliação do potencial fitorremediador da mamona (Ricinus communis L.) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) quanto à remoção de chumbo e tolueno em efluentes sintéticos.

The development of research that aim to reduce or even eliminate the environmental impacts provided by anthropogenic actions. One of these main action is the discard of industrial waste in the biotic compartments such as soil, water and air, gained more space in academic settings and in private. A technique of phytoremediation involving the use of plants (trees, shrubs, creepers and aquatic) and their associated microorganisms in order to remove, degrade or isolate toxic substances to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for phytoremediation of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), wild crops suitable region of Rio Grande do Norte, to reduce concentrations of lead and toluene present in synthetic wastewater that simulate the characteristics of treated water production originated in the petrochemical Guamaré. The experiment was accomplished in randomized blocks in four replicates. Seeds of BRS Energy for the development of seedlings of castor beans and sunflower for Catissol 01, both provided by EMPARN (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte) were used. Lead concentrations tested were 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L called T2, T3 and T4, respectively, for toluene the concentrations used were 125, 256 and 501 μg/L, called T5, T6 and T7, respectively. The data for removal of lead in relation to sewage systems applied in castor bean and sunflower were 43.89 and 51.85% (T2), 73.60 and 73.74% (T3) and 85.66 and 87.80 % (T4), respectively, and toluene were approximately 52.12 and 25.54% (T5), 55.10 and 58.05% (T6) and 79.77 and 74.76% (T7) for castor and sunflower seeds, respectively. From the data obtained, it can be deduce that mechanisms involved in reducing the contaminants were of phytoextraction, in relation to lead and phytodegradation for toluene. However, it can be concluded that the castor bean and sunflower crops can be used in exhaust after-treatment of industrial effluents that have this type of contaminant

Tratamento de água de produção de petróleo visando o aproveitamento na obtenção de barrilha

The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use