Täpläpöllö - Amerikan liito-orava

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Microglia and neurons in the hippocampus of migratory sandpipers

The semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla and the spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia are long- and short-distance migrants, respectively. C. pusilla breeds in the sub-arctic and mid-arctic tundra of Canada and Alaska and winters on the north and east coasts of South America. A. macularia breeds in a broad distribution across most of North America from the treeline to the southern United States. It winters in the southern United States, and Central and South America. The autumn migration route of C. pusilla includes a non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean, whereas autumn route of A. macularia is largely over land. Because of this difference in their migratory paths and the visuo-spatial recognition tasks involved, we hypothesized that hippocampal volume and neuronal and glial numbers would differ between these two species. A. macularia did not differ from C. pusilla in the total number of hippocampal neurons, but the species had a larger hippocampal formation and more hippocampal microglia. It remains to be investigated whether these differences indicate interspecies differences or neural specializations associated with different strategies of orientation and navigation.

Radiographic analysis in castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor bean cropping has great social and economic value, but its production has been affected by factors such as low quality seeds used for sowing. The quick and precise evaluation of seed quality by x-ray test is known as an effective method to evaluate seed lots, but little is known about the interpretation between of the type of radiographic image and the seed quality correlation. The potential of x-ray analysis as a marker of seed physiological quality and as an initial process for the implementation of the use of computer-assisted image analysis was investigated using castor bean seeds of the different cultivars. The seeds were classified according to internal morphology visualized in the radiography and subjected to the germination test, emergency and seedling growth rate. It was possible to identify the different types of internal tissues, morphological and physical damage in castor bean seeds using the x-ray test. Tissues generating translucent images, embryo deformation, or tissues with less than 50% of endosperm reserves or spotted, negatively affected the physiological potential of the seed lots. Radiographic analysis is effective as an instrument to improve castor bean seed lot quality. This non destructive analysis allows the prediction of seedling performance and enabled the selection of high-quality seeds under the standards of a sustainable and precision agriculture

Toward a Reliable Classifier For Arrhythmia Diagnosis

Illnesses related to the heart are one of the major reasons for death all over the world causing many people to lose their lives in last decades. The good news is that many of those sicknesses are preventable if they are spotted in early stages. On the other hand, the number of the doctors are much lower than the number of patients. This will makes the auto diagnosing of diseases even more and more essential for humans today. Furthermore, when it comes to the diagnosing methods and algorithms, the current state of the art is lacking a comprehensive study on the comparison between different diagnosis solutions. Not having a single valid diagnosing solution has increased the confusion among scholars and made it harder for them to take further steps. This master thesis will address the issue of reliable diagnosing algorithm. We investigate ECG signals and the relation between different diseases and the heart’s electrical activity. Also, we will discuss the necessary steps needed for auto diagnosing the heart diseases including the literatures discussing the topic. The main goal of this master thesis is to find a single reliable diagnosing algorithm and quest for the best classifier to date for heart related sicknesses. Five most suited and most well-known classifiers, such as KNN, CART, MLP, Adaboost and SVM, have been investigated. To have a fair comparison, the ex-periment condition is kept the same for all classification methods. The UCI repository arrhythmia dataset will be used and the data will not be preprocessed. The experiment results indicates that AdaBoost noticeably classifies different diseases with a considera-bly better accuracy.

Étude du rôle des gènes TGF-β1 et HSP-70 lors du processus de régénération du membre chez l’axolotl

Les urodèles amphibiens, dont fait partie l’axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), ont la capacité de régénérer leurs organes et membres suite à une amputation, tout au long de leur vie. La patte est l’organe dont le processus de régénération est le mieux caractérisé et ce dernier est divisé en deux phases principales. La première est la phase de préparation et commence immédiatement suite à l’amputation. Elle renferme des étapes essentielles au processus de régénération comme la guérison de la plaie et la formation d’une coiffe apicale ectodermique. Par la suite, les fibroblastes du derme et certaines cellules musculaires vont revenir à un état pluripotent via un processus appelé dédifférenciation cellulaire. Une fois dédifférenciées, ces cellules migrent et s’accumulent sous la coiffe apicale pour former le blastème. Lors de la phase de redéveloppement, les cellules du blastème se divisent puis se redifférencient pour régénérer la partie amputée. Fait intéressant, la régénération d’un membre ou la guérison d’une plaie chez l’axolotl ne mène jamais à la formation d’une cicatrice. Afin d’en apprendre plus sur le contrôle moléculaire de la régénération, les gènes Heat-shock protein-70 (Hsp-70) et Transforming growth factor-β1 (Tgf-β1) ont été sélectionnés. Ces gènes jouent un rôle important dans la réponse au stress et lors de la guérison des plaies chez les mammifères. HSP-70 est une chaperonne moléculaire qui est produite pour maintenir l’intégrité des protéines cellulaires lorsqu’un stress se présente. TGF-β1 est une cytokine produite suite à une blessure qui active la réponse inflammatoire et qui stimule la fermeture de la plaie chez les amniotes. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent que Hsp-70 est exprimé et régulé lors du développement et de la régénération du membre chez l’axolotl. D’autre part, nos expériences ont mené à l’isolation de la séquence codante pour Tgf-β1 chez l’axolotl. Nos résultats montrent que Tgf-β1 est exprimé spécifiquement lors de la phase de préparation dans le membre en régénération. De plus, le blocage de la voie des Tgf-β avec l’inhibiteur pharmacologique SB-431542, lors de la régénération, mène à l’inhibition du processus. Ceci démontre que la signalisation via la voie des Tgf-β est essentielle à la régénération du membre chez l’axolotl.

Spechte als ökologische Indikatoren in Natur- und Wirtschaftswäldern im Bialowiera-Wald (Ostpolen)

Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert die Eignung der "Spechtgemeinschaft" als ökologische Indikatorengruppe und formuliert vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse Forderungen und Empfehlungen für einen "spechtgerechten" Umgang mit Wäldern. Die Habitatnutzung von sieben Spechtarten beim Nahrungserwerb wurde über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren in urwaldartigen und forstlich genutzten Beständen verschiedener Waldgesellschaften systematisch beobachtet. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist der Bialowieza-Wald im äußersten Osten Polens, wo in enger räumlicher Nachbarschaft Natur- und Wirtschaftswaldflächen bearbeitet werden konnten. Die Beobachtungen erfolgten zwischen Anfang März 1999 und Ende Februar 2001 und wurden zu allen Jahreszeiten durchgeführt. Vier der insgesamt sechs Probeflächen repräsentieren die wichtigste Laubwaldgesellschaft des Gebietes, das Tilio-Carpinetum, die übrigen zwei die wichtigste Nadelwaldgesellschaft, das Peucedano-Pinetum. Die Hälfte der zwischen 42 und 54 ha großen Probeflächen lag im streng geschützten Urwaldreservat des Bialowieza-Nationalparkes, die übrigen in forstlich genutzten Waldbeständen. Zusätzlich wurde ein 2,5 km langes Transekt durch bewirtschafteten Erlen-Eschen-Auenwald und sehr naturnahen Erlenbruch bearbeitet. Die Probeflächen wurden in ein Raster aus 50x50m großen Quadranten unterteilt. Zur Beobachtung der Spechte beim Nahrungserwerb erfolgten 21 Begehungen je Probefläche bzw. Transekt. Die Probeflächen wurden dazu auf parallelen Linien mit Abständen von je 100m begangen, Startpunkt und Startrichtung wurden variiert. Zur Charakterisierung der Vegetation und Bestandesstruktur erfolgten Erhebungen zur Baumartenzusammensetzung, Größenklassenverteilung der Bäume, Totholzanteil und Krautvegetation. 1332 Beobachtungen von Spechten beim Nahrungserwerb konnten ausgewertet werden. Der Buntspecht wurde in allen Flächen am häufigsten gesehen. Mittel-, Weißrücken- und Kleinspecht wurden überwiegend in den Tilio-Carpineten beobachtet, in den Naturwäldern häufiger als in den bewirtschafteten Beständen. Der Dreizehenspecht wurde im Nadelwald und stärker mit Fichten durchmischtem Laubwald angetroffen. Bei Schwarz- und Grauspecht konnte keine klare Vorliebe für bestimmte Waldgesellschaften ermittelt werden. Der Buntspecht ernährte sich vor allem im Herbst und Winter überwiegend von fetthaltigen Samen und wurde dann meist beim Bearbeiten von Fichten- oder Kiefernzapfen in Schmieden beobachtet. Der Mittelspecht suchte als "Sammelspecht" seine Nahrung vor allem an den Oberflächen der Stämme und Äste. Klein-, Weißrücken-, Dreizehen- und Schwarzspecht traten als Hackspechte in Erscheinung. Die wenigen Daten zum Grauspecht reichen nicht zur Ermittlung der bevorzugten Nahrungserwerbstechnik aus. Bei Bunt-, Mittel- und Weißrückenspecht konnte eine deutliche Vorliebe für die Stieleiche als Nahrungsbaum nachgewiesen werden. Der Dreizehenspecht ist jedoch die einzige der beobachteten Arten mit einer weitgehenden Spezialisierung auf eine bestimmte Baumart, er nutzte in allen Waldgesellschaften meist die Fichte. Insgesamt bevorzugten die Spechte Bäume mit großen Stammdurchmessern, beim Kleinspecht ist diese Vorliebe allerdings nur schwach ausgeprägt. Totholz wurde von Weißrücken-, Dreizehen- und Kleinspecht bei der Nahrungssuche bevorzugt, vom Mittelspecht jedoch nur gelegentlich genutzt. Beim Buntspecht zeigte der Totholz-Nutzungsanteil erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Baumarten. Liegendes Totholz spielte in den Tilio-Carpineten im Vergleich zu stehendem Totholz und toten Teilen lebender Bäume nur eine geringe Rolle für Nahrung suchende Spechte.

Predation in Ground-Nesting Birds: an Experimental Study Using Natural Egg-Color Variation

We tested the hypothesis that cryptically colored eggs would suffer less predation than conspicuous eggs in the ground-nesting red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. We used A. rufa as a model species because it has a wide range of natural egg colors, the eggs are widely available from breeding farms, and nests are easily mimicked because they are scrapes containing no vegetation. The study was conducted in the spring of 2001 in forest and fallow fields of central Spain in Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real. We used 384 clutches of natural eggs that were white, white spotted, brown, or brown spotted. Within clutches, eggs were consistent in color and size; among clutches, color differences were distributed across habitats. Clutches were checked once after 2 wk of exposure. Cryptic coloration had a survival advantage that was dependent on the local suite of predators. Rodent predation was nonselective with respect to clutch color; however, avian predation was significantly higher for conspicuous clutches. In addition, there was an interaction of landscape and egg color for avian predation. In forest landscapes, the clutches with highest survival were brown spotted, whereas in fallow landscapes, brown and brown spotted clutches had higher survival than white and white potted clutches. Thus, both the predator suite and the landscape had significant effects on the value of cryptic egg coloration. Our study is relevant for conservationists and managers in charge of restocking programs in hunting areas. The release of other partridge species or their hybrids could result in hybridization with wild partridges, potentially leading to nonoptimal clutch pigmentation and reduced survival of the native species. We therefore recommend that local authorities, managers, and conservationists be cautious with the use of alien species and hybrids and release only autochthonous species of partridges within their natural ranges.

The tagged microarray marker (TAM) method for high-throughput detection of single nucleotide and indel polymorphisms

The tagged microarray marker (TAM) method allows high-throughput differentiation between predicted alternative PCR products. Typically, the method is used as a molecular marker approach to determining the allelic states of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertion-deletion (indel) alleles at genomic loci in multiple individuals. Biotin-labeled PCR products are spotted, unpurified, onto a streptavidin-coated glass slide and the alternative products are differentiated by hybridization to fluorescent detector oligonucleotides that recognize corresponding allele-specific tags on the PCR primers. The main attractions of this method are its high throughput (thousands of PCRs are analyzed per slide), flexibility of scoring (any combination, from a single marker in thousands of samples to thousands of markers in a single sample, can be analyzed) and flexibility of scale (any experimental scale, from a small lab setting up to a large project). This protocol describes an experiment involving 3,072 PCRs scored on a slide. The whole process from the start of PCR setup to receiving the data spreadsheet takes 2 d.

Gene-chip technology and its applications

Gene Chips are finding extensive use in animal and plant science. Generally microarrays are of two kind, cDNA or oligonucleotide. cDNA microarrays were developed at Stanford University, whereas oligonucleotide were developed by Affymetrix. The construction of cDNA or oligonucleotide on a glass slide helps to compare the gene expression level of treated and control samples by labeling mRNA with green (Cy3) and red (Cy5) dyes. The hybridized gene chip emit fluorescence whose intensity and colour can be measured. RNA labeling can be done directly or indirectly. Indirect method involves amino allyle modified dUTP instead of pre-labelled nucleotide. Hybridization of gene chip generally occurs in a minimum volume possible and to ensure the hetroduplex formation, a ten fold more DNA is spotted on slide than in the solutions. A confocal or semi confocal laser technologies coupled with CCD camera are used for image acquisition. For standardization, house keeping genes are used or cDNA are spotted in gene chip that are not present in treated or control samples. Moreover, statistical analysis (image analysis) and cluster analysis softwares have been developed by Stanford University. The gene-chip technology has many applications like expression analysis, gene expression signatures (molecular phenotypes) and promoter regulatory element co-expression.

A maize bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from the European flint inbred line F2

We report here the construction and characterisation of a BAC library from the maize flint inbred line F2, widely used in European maize breeding programs. The library contains 86,858 clones with an average insert size of approximately 90 kb, giving approximately 3.2-times genome coverage. High-efficiency BAC cloning was achieved through the use of a single size selection for the high-molecular-weight genomic DNA, and co-transformation of the ligation with yeast tRNA to optimise transformation efficiency. Characterisation of the library showed that less than 0.5% of the clones contained no inserts, while 5.52% of clones consisted of chloroplast DNA. The library was gridded onto 29 nylon filters in a double-spotted 8 × 8 array, and screened by hybridisation with a number of single-copy and gene-family probes. A 3-dimensional DNA pooling scheme was used to allow rapid PCR screening of the library based on primer pairs from simple sequence repeat (SSR) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. Positive clones were obtained in all hybridisation and PCR screens carried out so far. Six BAC clones, which hybridised to a portion of the cloned Rp1-D rust resistance gene, were further characterised and found to form contigs covering most of this complex resistance locus.

Application of dried blood spots to determine vitamin D status in a large nutritional study with unsupervised sampling: the Food4Me project

An efficient and robust method to measure vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D2 in dried blood spots (DBS) has been developed and applied in the pan-European multi-centre, internet-based, personalised nutrition intervention study Food4Me. The method includes calibration with blood containing endogenous 25(OH)D3, spotted as DBS and corrected for haematocrit content. The methodology was validated following international standards. The performance characteristics did not reach those of the current gold standard liquid chromatography-MS/MS in plasma for all parameters, but were found to be very suitable for status-level determination under field conditions. DBS sample quality was very high, and 3778 measurements of 25(OH)D3 were obtained from 1465 participants. The study centre and the season within the study centre were very good predictors of 25(OH)D3 levels (P<0·001 for each case). Seasonal effects were modelled by fitting a sine function with a minimum 25(OH)D3 level on 20 January and a maximum on 21 July. The seasonal amplitude varied from centre to centre. The largest difference between winter and summer levels was found in Germany and the smallest in Poland. The model was cross-validated to determine the consistency of the predictions and the performance of the DBS method. The Pearson's correlation between the measured values and the predicted values was r 0·65, and the sd of their differences was 21·2 nmol/l. This includes the analytical variation and the biological variation within subjects. Overall, DBS obtained by unsupervised sampling of the participants at home was a viable methodology for obtaining vitamin D status information in a large nutritional study.

Exoplanet discoveries with the CoRoT space observatory

The CoRoT space observatory is a project which is led by the French space agency CNES and leading space research institutes in Austria, Brazil, Belgium, Germany and Spain and also the European Space Agency ESA. CoRoT observed since its launch in December 27, 2006 about 100 000 stars for the exoplanet channel, during 150 days uninterrupted high-precision photometry. Since the The CoRoT-team has several exoplanet candidates which are currently analyzed under its study, we report here the discoveries of nine exoplanets which were observed by CoRoT. Discovered exoplanets such as CoRoT-3b populate the brown dwarf desert and close the gap of measured physical properties between usual gas giants and very low mass stars. CoRoT discoveries extended the known range of planet masses down to about 4.8 Earth-masses (CoRoT-7b) and up to 21 Jupiter masses (CoRoT-3b), the radii to about 1.68 x 0.09 R (Earth) (CoRoT-7b) and up to the most inflated hot Jupiter with 1.49 x 0.09 R (Earth) found so far (CoRoT-1b), and the transiting exoplanet with the longest period of 95.274 days (CoRoT-9b). Giant exoplanets have been detected at low metallicity, rapidly rotating and active, spotted stars. Two CoRoT planets have host stars with the lowest content of heavy elements known to show a transit hinting towards a different planethost-star-metallicity relation then the one found by radial-velocity search programs. Finally the properties of the CoRoT-7b prove that rocky planets with a density close to Earth exist outside the Solar System. Finally the detection of the secondary transit of CoRoT-1b at a sensitivity level of 10(-5) and the very clear detection of the ""super-Earth"" CoRoT-7b at 3.5 x 10(-4) relative flux are promising evidence that the space observatory is being able to detect even smaller exoplanets with the size of the Earth.

Influence of Radiotransmitters on Fecal Glucocorticoid Levels of Free-Ranging Male American Kestrels

Although radiotelemetry is considered a valuable technique for ornithological field studies, several assumptions have been made about the impact that transmitters may have on the estimation of behavioral, ecological, and reproductive parameters. To assess the potential effects of backpack radiotransmitters, we captured and assigned 8 male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) into 2 groups: radiotagged (n = 6) and control individuals (leg-banded, n = 2). Thereafter, we collected feces approximately 2 hours after capture (day -1), and subsequently during days 0 (releasing day), 4, 7, 15, 30, 40, and 55. Prior to fecal analysis, we validated the corticosterone enzyme immunoassay using standard procedures (e. g., parallelism, dose-response curve), and we confirmed physiological significance of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites through adrenocorticotropin challenge, which induced an increase of 4-fold (446.10 +/- 60.73 ng/g) above baseline (114.27 +/- 15.23 ng/g) within 4 hours (P < 0.001). Both groups exhibited a significant increase in fecal glucocorticoids during day 0 (P < 0.001), but concentrations returned to preattachment values within 4 days. Fecal glucocorticoid concentrations did not differ between samples of radiotagged and leg-banded kestrels (P > 0.05). In spite of the small number of monitored subjects, these findings suggested that radiotransmitters did not affect adrenocortical activity in these male American kestrels. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 73(5): 772-778; 2009)

Complexity and anisotropy in host morphology make populations less susceptible to epidemic outbreaks

One of the challenges in epidemiology is to account for the complex morphological structure of hosts such as plant roots, crop fields, farms, cells, animal habitats and social networks, when the transmission of infection occurs between contiguous hosts. Morphological complexity brings an inherent heterogeneity in populations and affects the dynamics of pathogen spread in such systems. We have analysed the influence of realistically complex host morphology on the threshold for invasion and epidemic outbreak in an SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) epidemiological model. We show that disorder expressed in the host morphology and anisotropy reduces the probability of epidemic outbreak and thus makes the system more resistant to epidemic outbreaks. We obtain general analytical estimates for minimally safe bounds for an invasion threshold and then illustrate their validity by considering an example of host data for branching hosts (salamander retinal ganglion cells). Several spatial arrangements of hosts with different degrees of heterogeneity have been considered in order to separately analyse the role of shape complexity and anisotropy in the host population. The estimates for invasion threshold are linked to morphological characteristics of the hosts that can be used for determining the threshold for invasion in practical applications.

Instrumentos de apoio financeiro específicos a empresas localizadas em arranjos produtivos locais: um estudo de caso do APL de Nova Friburgo

In the last decade, the debate concerning more adequate means of promoting social and economic development, through policies of firm supporting, has been gaining strength. Among several means of support, there is one that addresses issues related to credit and funding. At the same time, interest on the phenomenon of firm agglomeration, known by clustering, is increasing, as well as one of its advantages - facilitating the development and strengthening of its firms. Additionally, there can be spotted advantages on clustering that allow tailoring financial instruments, specifically to firms in it, based on collective solutions, with better conditions. This dissertation focuses on how the capture of these opportunities is being done, in the presence of specific financial products to Brazilian clusters. The present analysis is conducted from the cluster located in Nova Friburgo and Region, specialized in women underwear. This study sought to capture advantages from three main collective solutions: information systems, guarantees systems, alternative funding. These solutions address to the following issues: information asymmetries, absence of guarantees from the credit taker, limited sources of funding. Semi-structured interviews were made with members of the cluster, when it was possible to identify that the capture of advantages is in its early stages, being limited by other issues, such as: adequate degree of human capital, governance framework and process inefficiencies.