Uso da krigagem indicatriz na avaliação de indicadores de fertilidade do solo

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar zonas diferenciadas de manejo por meio de indicadores de fertilidade em Latossolos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, utilizando-se a técnica de krigagem indicatriz, com vistas em buscar um aprimoramento na utilização de técnicas de agricultura de precisão. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de 90 ha pertencente a uma área maior de 1.900 ha, localizada em Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (21 ° 15 ' S e 48 ° 18 ' W). Na área experimental, foi estabelecida uma malha de amostragem regular de 50 m, com 420 pontos. em cada ponto, coletou-se uma amostra de solo, na qual foram determinados os teores de matéria orgânica, P, K disponíveis e o valor de V. Os dados obtidos para estas características do solo, assim como as combinações entre elas, foram codificados em valores indicadores 0 ou 1, conforme as variáveis apresentassem valores acima ou abaixo do valor de corte estabelecido, escolhido para cada variável, respectivamente. Os resultados propiciaram a confecção de mapas de probabilidade de cada variável (individual e combinada), o que possibilitou identificar regiões com diferentes níveis de fertilidade do solo na área experimental.

Quantificação das classes de erosão por tipo de uso do solo no município de Franca - SP

Impactos ambientais causados pelas atividades agropecuárias sobre o meio rural podem ser constatados quando são analisadas as paisagens da região. Vários estudos demonstraram que informações da paisagem obtidas a partir de imagens fotográficas são indispensáveis para o diagnóstico do processo erosivo do solo, aspecto indispensável no planejamento conservacionista. Neste trabalho, utilizando-se de técnicas de fotointerpretação, foi realizada a quantificação das classes de erosão acelerada no município de Franca - SP, relacionando-as com os tipos de cobertura vegetal. A coleção de fotografias aéreas empregadas foi produzida pela Base Aerofotogrametria e Projetos S.A., com escala aproximada 1:35.000, em outubro de 1990. Elaboraram-se cartas temáticas do uso/ocupação do solo e dos estados erosivos presentes em cada tipo de cobertura vegetal do solo, estabelecendo-se, em seguida, as relações entre a erosão acelerada e os tipos de comunidades vegetais do município de Franca. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, nesse município, o solo agrícola encontra-se relativamente conservado, apresentando 74,23% da área com erosão laminar ligeira/moderada. Os diferentes usos/ocupações do solo influenciaram de modos distintos na manifestação do processo erosivo.

Estabilização de um Solo com Cimento e Cinza de Lodo Para Uso em Pavimentos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Estudo da adequação do uso do solo, no município de Maringá - PR, utilizando-se de geoprocessamento

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo da adequação do uso do solo e análise da carta de aptidão agrícola, bem como o mapeamento da ocupação do solo, por meio da criação e estruturação de um banco de dados utilizando-se de Geoprocessamento, visando a atualizações e interações das informações com rapidez e eficiência, permitindo adaptações e/ou confecções de mapas temáticos da área estudada. Por meio da análise conjunta dos mapas de ocupação do solo com a carta de aptidão agrícola, pode-se constatar que: o município de Maringá - PR, apresenta ocupação de suas terras, em sua grande maioria, em acordo com a aptidão agrícola recomendada para a região; a alta porcentagem de mata nativa em terras de boa aptidão para culturas, certamente está vinculada a obediência às leis ambientais em vigor.

Propriedades físicas do solo em sistemas de rotação de culturas conforme o uso de corretivos da acidez

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de rotação de culturas e de corretivos da acidez nas propriedades físicas do solo. O experimento foi realizado entre outubro de 2006 e julho de 2008, em Botucatu, SP, em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e oito repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro sistemas de rotação: soja/pousio/milho/pousio, soja/aveia-branca/milho/feijão, soja/milheto/milho/guandu e soja/braquiária/milho/braquiária. As subparcelas consistiram do tratamento testemunha, sem correção, e da aplicação de 3,8 Mg ha-1 de calcário dolomítico (PRNT = 90%) ou de 4,1 Mg ha-1 de silicato de cálcio e magnésio (PRNT = 80%), na superfície de um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso. Foram determinadas: estabilidade de agregados, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, resistência do solo à penetração e umidade do solo. A aplicação dos corretivos de acidez em superfície não reduz a agregação do solo e aumenta a macroporosidade até 0,20 m de profundidade, após aplicação de silicato, e até 0,10 m, após aplicação de calcário. A manutenção do solo em pousio, na entressafra, prejudica a estruturação do solo, reduz a estabilidade de agregados e aumenta a resistência à penetração nas camadas superficiais. A semeadura de braquiária, entre as safras de verão, aumenta a estabilidade de agregados até 0,10 m de profundidade.

Uso do solo e análise temporal da ocorrência de vegetação natural na fazenda experimental Edgardia, em Botucatu-SP

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso e ocupação do solo e a concentração de metais pesados no sedimento e na água: bacia do rio Pitimbu

The accelerated growth of urban regions have produced relevant effects on water resources. Urban regions need an adequate institutional structure that can be able to face environmental demands and the adverse effects of land use on water resources. This study aims at analysing land use effects on heavy metals concentration in sediments and water, as well as making a comparative analysis involving water physical-chemical parameters. Applied methodology included both in loco water parameters measurement and water and bed sediment sampling at 8 sections along the fluvial system. Sample analysis was performed in laboratory in order to measure heavy metal concentrations. It was measured metal concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni and Zn. Once the samples were subjected to acid digestion (method 3050B), concentration values were measured by using atomic absorption spectrometry by flame (ICP-FLAA). The analysis results were compared with normative reference, these standards is intended to assess the risks of toxic substances in sediment and water management programs. The normative reference used in this work were: a) Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy (OMEE, 1993) b) Normative Netherlands (VROM, 2000); c) Normative Canadian (CCME, 1999); d) United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1977), e) CONAMA Resolution No. 344/2004; f) CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005. The high concentrations of iron (38,750 mg.g-1), Lead (1100 mg.g-1), Nickel (100 μg.g-1) and zinc (180 μg.g-1) detected sediments confirm the state of degradation of the aquatic system. Iron concentrations (1.08 mg.L-1), Aluminum (0.6 mg.L-1) and phosphorus (0.05 mg.L-1) present in the water are outside the established standards for human consumption

Análise do uso e ocupação do solo das margens de um reservatório e a sua influência na qualidade da água

The building of water reservoirs has become a solution for water scarcity of the semiarid regions, however, the land use and occupation near the margins of the reservoirs have been causing serious damage to water quality, harming their use. This paper aims to analyze the land use and occupation in the margins of the Northeast reservoir and evaluate their influence on the water quality, to identify the areas and activities that represent an higher risk of contamination to the reservoir. The study was conducted at the reservoir Dourado, located in the city of Currais Novos - RN, during the period from August 2012 to February 2013. Were defined six areas regarding the land use and occupation, then, Water samples were collected from the margins in these areas for the characterization of water quality. The results showed that almost all Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) from the reservoir is degraded, increasing the susceptibility of large input of nutrients and contaminants loads. The water reservoir showed low quality, being with strong evidence of eutrophication due to the nutrient accumulation arising from the activities surrounding the reservoir, mainly from agriculture and Livestock. The Areas 1 and 2 are the areas that present a greater risk of reservoir degradation, because are the possible major sources of nutrients (phosphorus total, orthophosphate and nitrate), however, due to the small size of the reservoir, any compound that reaches its margins ultimately affects the water quality of the same

Influência do uso e ocupação de solo na qualidade de água de um reservatório mesotrófico na região semiárida tropiocal

In the semiarid region of northeastern of Brazil, the reservoirs are vulnerable to water level seasonal fluctuations, they re related to the hydrological cycle. The rain periods are irregular and there are long periods of drought that increases eutrophication process. That happens because of the water level s reduction and nutrient concentration. The Boqueirao, located in northeastern Brazil , is a mesotrophic reservoir. The reservoir is naturally susceptible to deterioration of water quality. This happens because of the potential diffuse sources arising from the use and occupation of the basin, associated with shallow soil caatinga biome and highly vulnerable to erosion. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the use and occupation of the area around and the water quality of the watershed. A study of the area around the Boqueirão was performed, taking the potentially polluting activities. Limnological variables were monitored monthly in 3 points of the reservoir to assess the water quality. Was evidenced an event of prolonged drought, with rainfall below the historical average for the year of study. By the index of water quality, the watershed was classified as " good " during the whole year of 2012. According to the trophic index adopted the reservoir is characterized as mesotrophic. The main anthropogenic impacts identified in the soil were arboreal selective logging, mining, diffuse contribution of residues from agricultural and livestock activities. The lack of precipitation and the degradation of the surrounding area, affect negatively the water quality, requiring immediate control to prevent degradation of the watershed . Although there wasn t a majority polluting activity in the region. The total of several impacting activities, the high susceptibility of the soil and the selective clearing of caatinga vegetation can accelerate the natural process of eutrophication in the water body

Geoprocessamento aplicado a gestão de informações territoriais do município de Grossos-RN :estudo multitemporal do uso e ocupação do solo

The present work was carried through in the Grossos city - RN and had as main objectives the elaboration of an physicist-ambient, socioeconomic survey and execution a multisecular evaluation of 11 years, between 1986 and 1996, using remote sensing products, to evaluate the modifications of the land use, aiming at the generation of an information database to implementation a geographical information system (GIS) to management the this city. For they had been in such a way raised given referring the two Demographic Censuses carried through by the IBGE (1991 and 2000) and compared, of this form was possible to the accomplishment of an evaluation on the demographic aspects (degree of urbanization, etária structure, educational level) and economic (income, habitation, vulnerability, human development). For the ambient physical survey the maps of the natural resources had been confectioned (simplified geology, hydrography, geomorphologi, veget covering, ground association, use and occupation), based in comments of field and orbital products of remote sensoriamento (images Spot-HRVIR, Landsat 5-TM and IKONOS - II), using itself of techniques of digital picture processing. The survey of these data and important in the identification of the potentialities and fragilities of found ecosystems, therefore allows an adequate planning of the partner-economic development by means of an efficient management. The project was part of a partnership between the Grossos city hall the municipal City hall of Grossos - RN and the Geoscience post-graduate program of the UFRN, more specifically the Geomatica laboratory LAGEOMA

Diagnóstico geoambiental com uso do geoprocessamento visando a determinação de potencialidades de uso do solo para a área estuarina do Rio Curimataú - Canguaretama(RN)

The activities developed in the coastal zone always arise the researchers interest, mainly when it is developed in fragile ecological areas, not observing the sustenable development laws. In this context, the analysis presented developed around the estuary of Curimatau river, located in the Eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, integrates information provided by high resolution images of orbital remote sensing (IKONOS II, dated of July of 2003) and images of not-orbital remote sensing (Air photographs of DPU, dated of March of 1997) in a multitemporary perspective, diagnosising patterns of use and occupation, evaluating the main area´s impacts, together with the estuarian region fisiograph of Curimatau river. The use of high resolution images consequently allowed generates a precision cartography, facilitating the quantification of the evolution of the landscape and supporting decisions. Was possible yet, the definition of use areas, conservation areas and preservation areas; that were inserted in the concept of Potentialities: a fundamental element to management of vulnerable areas of the natural point of view. The information provided during the research had been stored in an Enviromental Georreferenced Data Base, constructed under the optics of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), that they facilitate the environment management Through fast access to information. The results were satisfactory, because permits the quantification of evolution of the landscape and the mapping. Beyond the geoenviromental diagnosis, was possible develop maps and matrixes that support the Rio Grande do Norte state costal Management.

Por uma "cidade nova": apropriação e uso do solo urbano no terceiro bairro de Natal (1901-1929)

This research aimed to analyze the forms of ownership and use of urban land in Cidade Nova, third official neighborhood of Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), between 1901 and 1929. During this period, the city and state authorities began an urban renewal, trying to transform the city, represent it as a new, modernized, able to track the progress and the new political condition of the capital of a republican state. It is observed in Cidade Nova construction of a new material and symbolic territory: the area that was once occupied by huts built by refugees of drought and some summer houses, was, from 1901, transformed, scanned through a urban plan. In Natal various municipal resolutions published between 1901-1929, showed the desires of the group leader to build on Cidade Nova neighborhood a delightful, modernized its structures to reflect the new political condition of the capital of a republican state. The analyzes of the edicts of the materials published in the newspapers A Republica and Diário do Natal, and especially the study of letters of aforamento, demonstrated how many laws were not enforced or resignified, highlighting the existing continuities. Thus, throughout the paper aims to examine how this territory was occupied and used by its inhabitants, such as the granting of land in aforamento may exemplify this practice and noncompliance and how the land was used to consolidate relations of influence and power. After all, the values given to a space, turning it into territory, resulting from the social dimension of this space, in other words, the social categories that use it. Cannot be, therefore, analyze the ways of appropriation and use of urban land in the third neighborhood of Natal without studying individuals who appropriated and used this territory. The study of the allocation of extant aforamentos of land located in this neighborhood process demonstrated the formation of a specific type of market that were at stake not only economic exchanges, but also, and above all symbolic exchanges involving political and social capital. The analysis of such personnel developed market with the lands of Cidade Nova may indicate the existing relations of power between state government, Stewardship and tenants, providing a significant example of this modernization Natal early twentieth century process, guided by a more wealthy group and influential and characterized by limited social changes

Uso de lodo de esgoto na reestruturação de solo degradado

O uso do solo nem sempre dá lugar a um novo sistema ecológico sustentável, seja de lavouras, seja de pastagens. Com isso, solos utilizados intensamente e de forma inadequada são levados à degradação. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência do lodo de esgoto na recuperação de propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho degradado, cultivado há 2,5 anos com eucalipto (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook) e braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) no município de Selvíria, MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: 1-vegetação de Cerrado; 2-solo exposto sem tratamento para recuperação; 3-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária sem uso do lodo de esgoto e adubação mineral; 4-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com adubação mineral; 5-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com uso de 30 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto; e 6-solo cultivado com eucalipto e braquiária com uso de 60 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto. Nas camadas do solo de 0,00-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m, foram estudadas as propriedades físicas do solo: macroporosidade, microporosidade; porosidade; e densidade do solo. Na braquiária foram avaliadas as matérias verde e seca e, no eucalipto, a altura média de planta e o DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito). Concluiu-se que o solo estudado está sendo recuperado por meio dos tratamentos estabelecidos. Dentre eles, destacam-se os tratamentos com a utilização do lodo, que influenciaram as propriedades físicas do solo, proporcionaram mais rendimentos de matérias verde e seca da braquiária e promoveram maior crescimento das plantas de eucalipto. O crescimento vegetal, a densidade do solo, a porosidade total e a macroporosidade foram os melhores indicadores da recuperação do solo.

Análise de uso e cobertura do solo no município de Parelhas/RN

The human interference in the semiarid region of Seridó Potiguar has promoted the increase of degraded areas. The economic dynamic that was established in the Seridó territory, especially after the fall of the trinomial cattle-cotton-mining in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century as pillars of the regional economy, resulted in an accelerated process of erosion of natural resources. The municipalities of the Seridó region have been spatially reordered by this new economic dynamic, marked by the growth of existing enterprises, and the development of new agricultural practices. One of the municipalities in the region that restructured its territorial space with the emergence of new agro-industrial activities was the town of Parelhas. With the demise of the trinomial cattle-cotton-mining in the 1980s, other productive activities were intensified from the 1990s, amongst them, pottery, responsible for the vegetal extraction for use as energy source. This recent economic and spatial restructuring in the region, reflected in the Parelhense municipal territory, required new productive ingredients responsible for the modification of past production relations that were based on cattle, cotton and mining. By that a process of exploring the environment was unleashed, especially the native vegetation, in an uncontrolled manner. In this context, the objective of this study was to survey and detect deforestation in the areas of Caatinga vegetation, used indiscriminately as energy supply for new agricultural practices, using remote sensing techniques based on the quantification of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index / NDVI, Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index / SAVI, surface temperature and rainfall data in the years 1990 and 2010. The results indicated that SAVI values above 0.2 in 1990 and 2010 represent the areas with the highest density of vegetation that occur exclusively along the major drainages in the town and areas of higher elevations. The areas between the ranges of values from 0.5 to 0.15 SAVI are areas with poor vegetation. On the other hand the highest values of temperature are distributed in the western and southeastern parts of the township, usually in places where the soil is exposed or there is sparse vegetation. The areas of bare soil decreased in extension in 2010 at 11, 6% when related to 1990, this was caused by a higher rainfall intensity in the first half of 2010, but no regeneration of vegetation occurred in some places in the western and southeastern areas of the municipality today, due to the extraction of firewood to fuel the furnaces of industries in town

Dinâmica do uso e ocupação do solo no litoral de Macau-RN no período de 1978 a 2008

This study was developed in the northern coast of the city of Macau, a total area of 88,52 km², located in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. It presents relatively plain surface, with interlaced of streams and gamboas, characterized by contributions of oceanic water, flooding areas of swamps. Altogether, the climatic and topographical conditions provide an ideal environment for the development of saline activity. Inserted in the geologic context of the Potiguar Basin, the region presents favorable conditions for the production of hydro-carbons. It still presents natural conditions for shrimp breeding and artisanal fishing. This work analyzes the transformations occurred in the land use, using air photographs of 1978, Landsat 5 ETM Images of 1988, 1998 and 2008. A secular analyzes was carried through the dynamics of the use of the territory and the transformations occurred in the landscape due to the increment of the productive activities. In the survey of the data for study of the area, it was verified that little alteration occurred in the 30 years. The saline activity that was present since the year of 1978 having an increase of about 5% in thirty years; the shrimp breeding activity that had its presence in the decade of 1990, presented a high growth in the land use, therefore in 1998 it presented 0.45% and currently it presents 6.59%. In the field it was observed that great areas used previously for the saline activity, today it is prepared for shrimp breeding and that the areas of petroleum exploration occupy salt mines, beaches and trays. In 1988 it presented a percentage of 0, 07% and currently it occupies 0.46%, having grown 50% in the last 10 years. Although the variation of the occupation of the area has been little expressive, shrimp breeding showed a growth of 1,200% in only 10 years. In regards to petroleum activity, there wasn t any demonstration of an increasing impact in the land use in the area of study in 26 years of exploration