Intereses exógenos y resistencia ciudadana en la transformación físicosocial de un asentamiento auto-producido de Dakar (2005-2011)

La presión sobre el acceso a la tierra en la península de Dakar, Senegal, ha generado un proceso de transformación físico-social del mayor asentamiento auto-producido de la periferia urbana de Dakar (Pikine Irregular Sur) en el periodo 2005-2011. Esta investigación se propone analizar en qué medida las acciones llevadas a cabo: i) satisfacen o no el sistema integral de necesidades de los afectados (Demanda); ii) favorecen la implicación de los afectados o, por el contrario, fortalecen las estructuras de poder dominantes (Oferta), y iii) promueven o no la autonomía económica, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la equidad social y la legitimidad de los actores que participan (Entorno). La investigación se ha llevado a cabo por el método de estudio de casos, mediante un proceso de recogida de información participativo, articulado de abajo hacia arriba, en el que han participado 196 personas; la información recogida se ha procesado mediante la utilización de dos herramientas de análisis de realidades complejas: flujo de programa y sistema funcional. Los resultados del estudio de los casos 1 y 2 muestran que las acciones se han llevado a cabo en beneficio de los intereses de los mercados y de los actores que toman las decisiones y gestionan los recursos, incrementando la dependencia económica, empobreciendo a los directamente afectados y fragmentando su tejido social, promoviendo un desarrollo urbano desequilibrado, disperso y segregado, y deslegitimando a las instituciones involucradas. En el estudio del caso 3, en cambio, se verifica que la acción se ha llevado a cabo en beneficio de los intereses de los directamente afectados, utilizando recursos endógenos, fortaleciendo su tejido social, promoviendo un desarrollo urbano concentrado e inclusivo, e incrementando la legitimidad de las instituciones involucradas. El análisis cruzado de los resultados muestra que la pobreza, la exclusión social y la precariedad habitacional, en el contexto específico de la periferia de Dakar, no son un problema de falta de recursos, sino de falta de ética por parte de quienes gestionan y financian los procesos de transformación físico-social, y de falta de voluntad por parte de las autoridades de implicar a los ciudadanos, y en particular a los directamente afectados, en los procesos de toma de decisiones de las acciones y los programas que les afectan. Finalmente se concluye que no se trata de luchar contra la pobreza, sino de luchar contra los sistemas injustos que generan la pobreza y la exclusión. ABSTRACT The pressure on the access to land in the area of Dakar, Senegal, has generated a physical/social transformation process in the largest self-produced settlement in the urban periphery of Dakar (South Irregular Pikine), in the period 2005-2011. This research aims to analyze to what extent the actions carried out: i) satisfy the integral needs of the affected population (Demand), ii) encourage the involvement of those affected or otherwise strengthen dominant power structures (Supply), and iii) promote or inhibit economic autonomy, environmental sustainability, social equity and legitimacy of the actors involved (Environment). The research was conducted by the case study method. 196 people participated in a bottom-up participatory process of information gathering. The information collected was processed using two custom tools aimed to analyse complex systems: the program flow and the functional system. The results of case studies 1 and 2 show that the actions were carried out in the best interest of the markets and the actors who made decisions and managed resources, increasing economic dependence, impoverishing those directly affected and fragmenting their social network by promoting an unbalanced, dispersed and segregated urban development, and de-legitimizing the institutions involved in the process. On the contrary, in the case study 3 it is verified that the action has been carried out on behalf of the interests of those directly affected, using endogenous resources, strengthening the social network, promoting a focused and inclusive urban development, and increasing legitimacy of the institutions involved. The comparative analysis of the results shows that poverty, social exclusion and precarious housing in South Irregular Pikine are not a problem of lack of resources but of unethical behaviour of those who manage and finance physical and social transformation processes, as well as unwillingness on the part of the authorities to involve citizens in the decision making processes for the actions and programs that affect them. Finally we conclude that the enemy to fight against is not poverty but unfair systems that generate poverty and exclusion. RÉSUMÉ La pression sur le foncier dans la presqu'île de Dakar, au Sénégal, a généré un processus de transformation physico-sociale du plus grand établissement auto-produit de la périphérie urbaine de Dakar (Pikine Irrégulier Sud), durant la période 2005-2011. Cette recherche vise à analyser dans quelle mesure les actions menées: i) répondent ou non à l’ensemble des besoins intégrales des personnes concernés (Demande), ii) encouragent l'implication des concernées ou au contraire renforcent les structures de pouvoir dominant (Offre), et iii) favorisent ou non l'autonomie économique, la durabilité environnementale, l'équité sociale et la légitimité des acteurs concernés (Contexte). La recherche a été menée par la méthode des études de cas, par un processus de collecte d'information participative articulée du bas vers le haut dans lequel ont participé 196 personnes. Les informations recueillies ont été traitées à l'aide de deux outils d'analyse de réalités complexes: le système fonctionnel et le flux de programme. Les résultats de l'étude de cas 1 et 2 montrent que les actions ont été menées au profit des intérêts des marchés et des acteurs qui prennent les décisions et gèrent les ressources, augmentant la dépendance économique, appauvrissant ceux qui sont directement concernés et fragmentant leur tissu social, encourageant un développement urbain déséquilibré, dispersé et ségrégé, et délégitimant les institutions concernées. Dans l'étude de cas 3, cependant, il est vérifié que l'action a été menée au profit des intérêts de ceux qui sont directement concernés, en utilisant des ressources endogènes, en renforçant son tissu social, en encourageant un développement urbain concentré et inclusif, et en augmentant la légitimité des institutions concernées. L'analyse comparée des résultats montre que la pauvreté, l'exclusion sociale et le logement précaire, dans le contexte spécifique de la banlieue de Dakar, ne sont pas un problème de manque de ressources, mais de manque d'éthique de la part de ceux qui gèrent et financent les processus de transformation physico-sociale, et de manque de volonté de la part des autorités d'impliquer les citoyens, en particulier ceux qui sont directement concernés, dans le processus de prise de décision des actions et des programmes qui les impliquent. Finalement, on conclut qu'il ne s'agit pas de lutter contre la pauvreté, mais de lutter contre les systèmes injustes qui produisent la pauvreté et l'exclusion.

Estudio de los principales CMS para la creación de una red social

Actualmente las redes sociales son muy utilizadas en todo el mundo, existen diferentes tipos de redes sociales con las que podemos conectar con amigos, ampliar nuestra red de contactos profesionales, aprender cosas nuevas, etc. Su elevado uso las ha convertido en uno de los negocios más rentables en internet generando fortunas para sus creadores, principalmente, a través de la publicidad. Muchas redes sociales son creadas por empresas que cuentan con un equipo experto, pero otras muchas han sido creadas por personas comunes, con bajos conocimientos informáticos, muchos motivados en sus aficiones o carreras profesionales, que al no encontrar nada en la red que les resulte útil, han decidido desarrollar ellos mismos sus propias redes sociales con la ayuda de herramientas informáticas. Una de esas herramientas son los sistemas de gestión de contenidos (CMS), con los cuales ahorraremos mucho tiempo de desarrollo y no necesitaremos invertir grandes cantidades de dinero. Este proyecto trata, principalmente, de cómo crear redes sociales haciendo uso de estas herramientas y tiene el objetivo de ser lo suficientemente claro para que cualquier persona, sin importar su nivel de conocimientos técnicos, sea capaz de desarrollar sus ideas. En la primera parte del proyecto se habla sobre las redes sociales en general y el impacto de éstas en la sociedad actual, donde se ve que, actualmente, debido a la cantidad de redes sociales y a la accesibilidad móvil, el uso de las redes sociales es una cotidianidad. También se explican algunos métodos para obtener beneficios económicos de una red social y las ventajas que presentan las redes sociales específicas frente a las generalistas, concluyendo que las redes sociales específicas van ganando mayor protagonismo con el paso del tiempo. Además, se habla sobre la crítica de las redes sociales desde el punto de vista del usuario de la red, donde se resalta el tema de la administración de la publicidad y la privatización que han supuesto las redes sociales. Posteriormente se presenta una base teórica sobre las herramientas antes mencionadas, los CMS. Se explica su funcionamiento, clasificación y las ventajas que obtenemos con el uso de este software en nuestros proyectos, de los cuales destacan el corto tiempo de desarrollo y el bajo coste. Al final se eligen los CMS de estudio en este proyecto principalmente en base a tres criterios: licencia, cuota de uso y características de red social. En la segunda parte del proyecto se habla acerca de los CMS elegidos: WordPress con su plugin BuddyPress, Elgg, y Joomla con su plugin JomSocial. Se explican las características de cada uno de ellos y se muestran ejemplos de redes sociales reales hechas con estos CMS. En esta parte del proyecto se hace un uso práctico de estos CMS y se detalla paso a paso todo el proceso de creación de una red social (instalación, configuración y personalización de la red social) para cada CMS. El resultado son tres redes sociales hechas con distintos CMS, de los cuales se hace una valoración en base a la experiencia obtenida con el uso de los mismos, concluyéndose que JomSocial es una buena opción para redes sociales de uso generalista, pero para redes específicas son mejores tanto Elgg como BuddyPress, presentando este último una ligera ventaja por tener una gran comunidad en español. ABSTRACT. Nowadays social networks are widely used throughout the world, there are different types of social networks where you can connect with friends, expand your network of professional contacts, learn new things, etc. Its high usage has turned them into one of the most profitable businesses on Internet generating fortunes to its developers, mainly through advertising. Many social networks are developed by companies that count on an expert team, but many others have been created by ordinary people, with low computer skills, many of them motivated in their hobbies or careers, that did not find anything useful on Internet and decide to develop their own social networks with the help of software tools. One of those tools is a content management system (CMS), which will help us to save a lot of development time and we will not need to invest large amounts of money. This project is, mainly, about how to create social networks using these tools and aims to be clear enough to help anyone, regardless of their computer skills, to develop their ideas. The first part of the project is about social networks in general and the impact on today's society, where we can see that, due to the number of social networks and mobile accessibility, the use of social networks is daily. Also it explains some ways to obtain economic benefits from a social network and the advantages of specific social networks against generalist social networks, concluding that specific social networks are gaining more prominence with the passage of time. In addition, it refers on social networks critique from the point of view of social network users, where it highlights the issue of the advertising administration and privatization which have brought social networks. Subsequently, it presents a theoretical base of the above mentioned tools, CMS. Explains their operation, classification and the advantages we get with the use of this software in our projects, where the short development time and lower cost are highlighted. At the end the CMS studied in this project are chosen mainly based on three criteria: license, community size and social network features. The second part of the project is about the chosen CMS: WordPress with its plugin BuddyPress, Elgg, and Joomla with its plugin JomSocial. It explains features of all of them and shows examples of real social networks developed with these CMS. This part of the project is a practical use of these CMS and detailed step by step throughout the process of creating a social network (installation, configuration and customization of the social network) for each CMS. The result are three social networks made with different CMS, from which is made an assessment on the basis of the experience gained with the use of these software, concluding that JomSocial is a good choice to develop generalist social networks, but for specific social networks are better Elgg and BuddyPress, presenting the latter a slight advantage by having a large community in Spanish.

Estudio del Fenómeno Social Media en las grandes corporaciones del sector TIC

Este trabajo trata el estudio de la implementación y desarrollo de las diversas plataformas del social media: redes sociales y del conocimiento, blogs y herramientas colaborativas en el ámbito corporativo de la empresa. El estudio recopila información de consultoras tecnológicas, de artículos y de diversas plataformas social media y se realiza una investigación sobre el tema planteado. Se incluye el análisis de 42 encuestas a profesionales de dos grandes empresas de las telecomunicaciones en España. Estas dos empresas cuentan una con cerca de 28000 empleados y la otra con más 300 empleados en sus filiales españolas. Ambas tienen una importante presencia internacional. Estas dos empresa se diferencian de otras empresas del sector de las telecomunicaciones en que están apostando en la implementación del social media en sus procesos internos. Además se incluye el estudio y análisis de las estadísticas de uso y de una series de encuestas realizadas en el muro de la red social corporativa de una multinacional de las telecomunicaciones durante tres meses. Se presenta una nueva cultura social de empresa innovadora en áreas como la gestión del conocimiento, comunicación interna, formación e innovación. Y se ofrece una visión cuantitativa y de la implantación del social media en los procesos de una empresa. Se desarrolla una exposición donde se detalla el proceso de estudio de las diferentes plataformas social media y áreas de aplicación en la empresa, el estudio de los aspectos legales de su aplicación y uso y la implementación y desarrollo. Asimismo se expone un análisis teórico-práctico del cálculo del retorno de la inversión (ROI) y por último un análisis de la información recopilada en las encuestas y en el estudio estadístico de la red social corporativa. Los datos de las encuestas fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva basada en gráficos y tablas de contingencia donde se calculan residuos y porcentajes totales para analizar la dependencia entre el social media, eficiencia, productividad y cuenta de resultados, además del análisis de la aportación del social media a la misión, comunicación interna y gestión del conocimiento en la empresa. También se realizan cálculos de distribuciones Chi-cuadrado para demostrar la dependencia del social media-productividad y del GAP que relaciona la importancia y el nivel de satisfacción del social media. En el análisis teórico-práctico se toman como parámetros los beneficios, costes, flexibilidad y riesgo. Los beneficios van ligados a la productividad, gestión del conocimiento, capital humano y procesos internos. Los costes a las licencias de software, administración, implementación y formación. A partir de estos parámetros se realizó el estudio de un modelo de empresa que representa a una gran empresa de las TIC en España. Los datos para el estudio son estimativos dentro de la realidad, debido a que la intención no es saber estos valores reales sino el estudio teórico-práctico del método y su aplicación para el calculo del ROI. El estudio estadístico del la red social se realizo durante tres meses y se obtuvo el progreso de uso de la red social en eventos tales como: número de participantes activos, mensajes publicados, archivos subidos, grupos activos y tipos y plataformas de acceso. Del estudio de los datos estadísticos de estos eventos se obtuvieron indicadores de participación, actividad y conocimiento de la red social que son útiles par el calculo del ROI. En conclusión, se demuestran las mejoras que ofrece el social media en campos como la comunicación interna, gestión del conocimiento, formación e innovación. Y gracias a estas mejoras el aumento de la productividad y eficiencia del profesional y asimismo un potencial retorno de la inversión (ROI). ABSTRACT. This paper deals with the study of the implementation and development of the different platforms of social media: social networks and knowledge, blogs and collaborative tools in the corporate enterprise level. The study collects information technology consulting, articles and several social media platforms and an investigation into the question raised is performed. Analysis of 42 surveys of professionals from two big companies telecommunications in Spain are included. These two companies have one about 28000 employees and another with more than 300 employees at its Spanish subsidiaries. Both have a strong international presence. These two companies differ from other companies in the telecommunications sector they are betting in the implementation of social media in their internal processes. Furthermore, the study and analysis of usage statistics and a series of surveys on the wall of the corporate social network of a multinational telecommunications is included for three months. A new social culture enterprise is presented innovative in areas such as knowledge management, internal communications, training and innovation. And a quantitative vision into implementation of social media in the processes of a company is offered. They develops an exhibition where shown the process of studying the different social media platforms and application areas in the company, the study of the legal aspects of your application and use and implementation and development. A theoretical and practical analysis also exposed of calculation of return on investment (ROI) and finally an analysis of the information collected in surveys and statistical study of corporate social network. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics based on graphs and contingency tables where waste and total percentages are calculated for analyze the dependence between the social media, efficiency, productivity and income statement, plus analysis of the contribution of social media on the mission, internal communication and knowledge management in the company. Also Calculations of chi-square distributions are conducted to demonstrate the dependence between of productivity and social media and the GAP that relates the importance and satisfaction level in social media. The theoretical and practical analysis parameters are the benefits, costs, flexibility and risk. The benefits are linked to productivity, knowledge management, human capital and internal processes. The costs are linked the software licensing, management, implementation and training. Based on these parameters was performed the study of a business model that represents a large ICT company in Spain. The data for the study are estimates within the reality, because the intention is not to know these real values but the theoretical and practical study and application of the method for calculating the ROI. Statistical analysis of the social network was made during or three months and was obtained the progress of social network use at events such as: number of active participants, messages posted, files uploaded, active groups and types and access platforms. Into study of statistical data of these events were obtained indicators of participation, activity and knowledge of the social network that are useful for calculating the ROI. In conclusion, the improvements offered by the social media in areas such as internal communication, knowledge management, training and innovation are shown. And thanks to these improvements increase the productivity and efficiency of professional and also a potential return on investment (ROI).

Definición de un proceso para la creación de perfiles institucionales en redes sociales de acuerdo a su estrategia de Social Media Marketing

Desde el 23 de febrero de 2004 la ETS Ingenieros Informáticos posee un perfil en dos redes sociales: Twitter y Facebook. Desde un primer momento el departamento de Unidad de Imagen y Comunicación, encargado de dichos perfiles, ha tenido claro que este era solo el primer paso para aprovechar al máximo las ventajas de las redes sociales en un contexto educativo universitario. En este trabajo se quiere dar forma a esa aspiración desarrollando una expansión del uso de las redes sociales. En este trabajo se analizan los seis primeros meses de trabajo con el perfil de Twitter y la página de Facebook con el objetivo de averiguar qué ha funcionado y qué ha fallado en la estrategia inicial prevista. Primero, se plantea un acercamiento desde el punto de vista estadístico con los datos que arrojan diferentes herramientas de análisis social y después, desde el punto de vista personal con las respuestas de la propia comunidad de la Escuela a una encuesta de satisfacción con los nuevos canales de comunicación. Además, de cara a la creación de nuevos perfiles se analiza el trabajo que realizan en ellas otras universidades y escuelas de informáticas. Con todos los datos sobre el trabajo previo se construyen una serie de buenas prácticas para instituciones universitarias en redes sociales que servirán para desarrollar los planes editoriales de dos nuevos perfiles: un canal de YouTube y una página de LinkedIn. Para terminar, se deja constancia de todo el proceso realizado en una metodología propia que servirá para poder seguir aumentando la red social de la escuela en el futuro con un enfoque en el alumno y que se fundamentará en el análisis y la mejora constante. Se espera que esta metodología pueda servir de modelo para la creación de perfiles sociales en otras universidades o para mejorar las ya existentes.---aBSTRACT---Since February 23rd of 2014, ETS Ingenieros Informáticos had a profile in two of the most popular social networks: Twitter and Facebook. From the beginning, the Communication Department in charge of these profiles knew that this was only a starting point to take advantage of all the advantages that social networks can bring to a higher education context. Thus, this paper aims at developing an expansion of the use of social networks. The present paper analyses the first sixth months of the use of the Twitter profile and the Facebook page to determine the aspects of the initial strategy that worked successfully and those that needed improvement. Firstly, I present a statistical approach the data from a statistical point of view taking into account all the information provided by the different social analysis tools. Then, I complement this first approach with a more personal point of view including the answers of the university community to a satisfaction survey regarding the new communication channels. Finally, in order to create new profiles, other universities’ work is reviewed and examined in depth. Taking into account the previous work, a series of good practices for university institutions is developed in order to be used as the basis of the new social plan to include two new social networks: a YouTube channel and a LinkedIn page. Finally, the whole process is described in a methodology that could be used to increase the School’s social network in the future. This procedure is student-centred and based on the constant analysis and improvement of the results. It is hoped that this methodology could be used as an example of a social network profile creation or improvement for other universities’ strategy.

Characterising social media users by gender and place of residence

Characterising users through demographic attributes is a necessary step before conducting opinion surveys from information published by such users in social media. In this paper, we describe, compare and evaluate different techniques for the identification of the attributes "gender"' and "place of residence" by mining the metadata associated to the users, the content published and shared by themselves, and their friendship networks. The results obtained show that the social network is a valuable source of information for obtaining the sociodemographic attributes of single users.

The anatomy of urban social networks and its implications in the searchability problem

The appearance of large geolocated communication datasets has recently increased our understanding of how social networks relate to their physical space. However, many recurrently reported properties, such as the spatial clustering of network communities, have not yet been systematically tested at different scales. In this work we analyze the social network structure of over 25 million phone users from three countries at three different scales: country, provinces and cities. We consistently find that this last urban scenario presents significant differences to common knowledge about social networks. First, the emergence of a giant component in the network seems to be controlled by whether or not the network spans over the entire urban border, almost independently of the population or geographic extension of the city. Second, urban communities are much less geographically clustered than expected. These two findings shed new light on the widely-studied searchability in self-organized networks. By exhaustive simulation of decentralized search strategies we conclude that urban networks are searchable not through geographical proximity as their country-wide counterparts, but through an homophily-driven community structure.

PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E CONSUMO DE ÁLCOOL EM DESEMPREGADOS

O desemprego tem sido objeto de preocupação no contexto político, econômico e social, uma vez que a população de trabalhadores desempregados enfrenta dificuldades diárias para a obtenção de trabalho/ou emprego, situação que gera intenso sofrimento psíquico e pode repercutir de modo negativo na saúde do trabalhador. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a percepção de suporte social e o consumo de álcool em desempregados. Por meio de estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e transversal constituímos uma amostra de 300 indivíduos, recrutados em uma agência pública em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que capta vagas no mercado e encaminha trabalhadores para recolocação profissional. A amostra resultou em 54,3% pessoas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 29,30, com mínimo de 18 anos e máximo de 56 anos; 67% tinham ensino médio, sendo 50% solteiros, 52% encontravam-se desempregados de um a seis meses, 37% residiam em imóvel próprio, e 37% possuíam renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos auto-aplicáveis para coleta dos dados: a) Questionário de características sócio-demográficas; b) Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS); c) Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool (AUDIT). Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao programa estatístico SPSS, versão 15.0 para Windows que permitiu fazer as correlações entre as variáveis. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis: suporte prático e renda; suporte prático e suporte emocional, com idade. Estas correlações sugeriram que os sujeitos apresentavam melhor percepção de suporte prático na medida em que aumentava a renda familiar, e que quanto maior a idade, menor é a percepção do suporte prático e emocional recebido pela rede social. O AUDIT não apontou correlações significativas entre as variáveis estudadas, e 76% da amostra se situou na zona 1 consumo de baixo risco ou abstinência. Não verificamos correlação entre consumo de álcool e desemprego.(AU)

PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E CONSUMO DE ÁLCOOL EM DESEMPREGADOS

O desemprego tem sido objeto de preocupação no contexto político, econômico e social, uma vez que a população de trabalhadores desempregados enfrenta dificuldades diárias para a obtenção de trabalho/ou emprego, situação que gera intenso sofrimento psíquico e pode repercutir de modo negativo na saúde do trabalhador. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a percepção de suporte social e o consumo de álcool em desempregados. Por meio de estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e transversal constituímos uma amostra de 300 indivíduos, recrutados em uma agência pública em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que capta vagas no mercado e encaminha trabalhadores para recolocação profissional. A amostra resultou em 54,3% pessoas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 29,30, com mínimo de 18 anos e máximo de 56 anos; 67% tinham ensino médio, sendo 50% solteiros, 52% encontravam-se desempregados de um a seis meses, 37% residiam em imóvel próprio, e 37% possuíam renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos auto-aplicáveis para coleta dos dados: a) Questionário de características sócio-demográficas; b) Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS); c) Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool (AUDIT). Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao programa estatístico SPSS, versão 15.0 para Windows que permitiu fazer as correlações entre as variáveis. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis: suporte prático e renda; suporte prático e suporte emocional, com idade. Estas correlações sugeriram que os sujeitos apresentavam melhor percepção de suporte prático na medida em que aumentava a renda familiar, e que quanto maior a idade, menor é a percepção do suporte prático e emocional recebido pela rede social. O AUDIT não apontou correlações significativas entre as variáveis estudadas, e 76% da amostra se situou na zona 1 consumo de baixo risco ou abstinência. Não verificamos correlação entre consumo de álcool e desemprego.(AU)

Assessment of groups in a network organization based on the Shapley group value.

The focus of this paper is the assessment of groups of agents or units in a network organization. Given a social network, the relations between agents are modeled by means of a graph, and its functionality will be codified by means of a cooperative game. Building on previous work of Gomez et al. (2003) for the individual case, we propose a Myerson group value to evaluate the ability of each group of agents inside the social network to achieve the organization's goals. We analyze this centrality measure, and in particular we offer several decompositions that facilitate obtaining a precise interpretation of it.

Rede e apoio social entre idosos atendidos em um ambulatório de Geriatria

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a rede e apoio social, satisfação com o apoio social recebido e as variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde física e mental, dos idosos atendidos em um Ambulatório de Geriatria de um Hospital Geral Terciário do interior paulista. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e exploratório, realizado com 98 idosos atendidos no referido ambulatório. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se o Mini Exame do Estado Mental, um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e de saúde, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG-15), o Índice de Katz, a Escala de Lawton e Brody, a Escala de medida da rede e apoio social do Medical Outcomes Study e a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social. Os aspectos éticos foram respeitados conforme a Resolução 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. A média de idade dos idosos foi de 80,1 anos, 70,4% eram mulheres, 49,0% viúvos; a média de anos de estudo foi 2,3; 24,5% dos idosos residiam com o cônjuge e filhos ou somente com os filhos; a renda familiar média foi de R$1.773,70. Quanto à capacidade funcional, 80,6% eram independentes para as atividades básicas da vida diária e 88,8% eram parcialmente dependentes para as instrumentais. Os idosos possuíam, em média, 5,3 diagnósticos médicos e os sintomas depressivos estiveram presentes para 61,2% deles. Quanto à rede social, o escore total médio foi de 6,4 pessoas para contato na rede, sendo que 36,7% apresentavam médio contato e participação em atividades sociais. Em relação ao apoio social, o maior escore médio foi para a dimensão material (90,2) e o menor para a interação social positiva (81,8); já para a satisfação com o suporte social, 36,7% e 32,7% apresentaram alta e média satisfação, respectivamente. Foi encontrada correlação inversa entre os escores de todas as dimensões da escala de apoio social e os escores da EDG-15, indicando que quanto maior o apoio social em todas as dimensões, menor é a presença de sintomas depressivos e houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas para todas as dimensões, material (p=0,014), afetiva (p=0,026), interação (p=0,011), emocional (p=0,001) e informação (p=0,005); já a correlação entre os escores das dimensões da escala de apoio social e os escores na escala de Lawton e Brody, foi inversa e fraca para as dimensões material (r=-0,157) e informação (r=-0,027), sugerindo que quanto menor a independência para as AIVDs, maior o apoio social nas referidas dimensões, porém, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, material (p=0,121) e informação (p=0,789). A correlação entre os escores da EDG-15 e os escores da escala de satisfação com o apoio social, foi inversa e moderada (r=- 0,467), indicando que quanto maior a satisfação com o apoio social, menor a presença de sintomas depressivos, sendo estatisticamente significativa (p=0,000). Evidencia-se a importância de conhecer se os idosos estão inseridos em rede social e se percebem o apoio social para um melhor direcionamento da assistência prestada ao idoso e para o planejamento e formulação de políticas públicas, programas e projetos voltados a essa população

A Quantitative Exploration of Social Networks: Verifying the Legitimacy and Equitability of Social Networks in Recruiting

In this digital age organizations must focus on connecting with candidates and aspire for innovation in recruiting practices to remain competitive. This author investigated social networking to determine whether or not it provides reliable candidate information when recruiting for hire. Online media such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter and MySpace, have become an integrated part of social and professional lives. Analysis of social networking revealed use for recruiting but posed challenges and advantages for organizations. A quantitative cross-sectional survey of social network members (N=136) indicated discrepancy in generational use of social networks and concerns regarding the validity and reliability of candidate information. Social networking promotes innovation in recruiting, however, by itself might not endorse equitability, validity and reliability.

Audiencia tradicional frente a audiencia social: un análisis comparativo en el prime-time televisivo

La interacción de redes sociales y productos televisivos ha dado pie al nacimiento de la televisión social en la que el espectador participa activamente en el desarrollo de los espacios. Este fenómeno emergente está siendo objeto de múltiples investigaciones en el campo de las audiencias por las posibilidades y el potencial que supone para el medio a la hora de conocer e interactuar con los espectadores. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una comparación entre la audiencia real y la audiencia social (o impacto social) de los programas emitidos en prime-time durante varias semanas de los meses de abril y mayo de 2013. Esta investigación se centra en Twitter por ser la red social que concentra gran parte de los debates sobre televisión (Gallego, 2013). Para ello se plantean las siguientes hipótesis de partida: 1- No existe paralelismo entre los cinco programas más vistos en televisión con aquellos que se sitúan entre los cinco con mayor audiencia social del mismo día. 2- El éxito de un programa en audiencia social no depende exclusivamente de su formato. Para alcanzar los objetivos de la investigación se estudian los datos de audiencia real procedentes de Kantar Media, así como los de impacto social facilitados Tuitele y Global-In-Media.

From the initial interest in ‘Why do people often communicate in very "strange" ways on Social Media?’ to a research project on CMC

This presentation is about the inside story of the PhD project El malagueño real, mental y virtual. Configuración de los significados sociales de una variedad urbana in Hispanic Linguistics. That is, the production and perception of the Spanish spoken in the city of Malaga and used on the social network sites Facebook and Tuenti by users from Malaga is analysed. Actually, the southern Spanish variety in question is quite distinct from the national standard in terms of its phonetic features, its prestige, and the attitudes to it. Thus, the project started with the initial interest in «Why do people often communicate in very “strange” ways on social media» which then slightly changed to the final research interest in «What do the different non-standard variants mean in virtual (and real) malagueño?». This long – sometimes hazardous, yet mostly fun – process is exposed in more detail by looking at the research questions, the methods and results. Lastly, the presentation concludes with some lessons learnt and an outlook on possibilities and necessities for further investigation.

Personal factors, communication and vision predict social participation in older adults

Social isolation is a predictor of morbidity and mortality in older people. Speech pathologists often consider that communication disabilities associated with normal ageing (sensory loss, language and discourse changes) contribute to social isolation. The aims of this study were to describe the functioning of older people using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO, 2001) as a conceptual framework for language and sensory functioning, communicative activity, and social participation, and to explore the relationship between communication (both at an impairment level and an activity level), social participation and personal factors (demographics and emotional health). In a prospective study, 47 women and 28 men aged 62 to 98 years (mean=74 yrs) completed objective and subjective assessments of functioning and participation, and provided personal information. Assessments were individually conducted in a face- to-face interview situation with the primary researcher, who was a speech pathologist. Assessments revealed the sample had predominantly mild hearing and vision impairments, unimpaired naming ability, frequent involvement in a wide range of communication activities, and variable social network size and social activities participation. Social participation was shown to be associated with vision, communication activities, age, education and emotional health. Naming and hearing impairments were not reliable predictors of social participation. It was concluded that professionals interested in maintaining and improving social participation of older people could well consider these predictors in community-directed interventions. Speech pathologists should therefore promote older people's involvement in everyday communicative activities while also limiting the impact of communication-related impairments, so that social participation is maintained in our ageing population.

A probabilistic switch model of information flow in social networks: Application for virtual circuits to organizational design

Network building and exchange of information by people within networks is crucial to the innovation process. Contrary to older models, in social networks the flow of information is noncontinuous and nonlinear. There are critical barriers to information flow that operate in a problematic manner. New models and new analytic tools are needed for these systems. This paper introduces the concept of virtual circuits and draws on recent concepts of network modelling and design to introduce a probabilistic switch theory that can be described using matrices. It can be used to model multistep information flow between people within organisational networks, to provide formal definitions of efficient and balanced networks and to describe distortion of information as it passes along human communication channels. The concept of multi-dimensional information space arises naturally from the use of matrices. The theory and the use of serial diagonal matrices have applications to organisational design and to the modelling of other systems. It is hypothesised that opinion leaders or creative individuals are more likely to emerge at information-rich nodes in networks. A mathematical definition of such nodes is developed and it does not invariably correspond with centrality as defined by early work on networks.