New threats - old routines : bureaucratic adaptability in the security policy environment

Within the framework of state security policy, the focus of this dissertation are the relations between how new security threats are perceived and the policy planning and bureaucratic implementation that are designed to address them. In addition, this thesis explores and studies some of the inertias that might exist in the core of the state apparatus as it addresses new threats and how these could be better managed. The dissertation is built on five thematic and interrelated articles highlighting different aspects of when new significant national security threats are detected by different governments until the threats on the policy planning side translate into protective measures within the society. The timeline differs widely between different countries and some key aspects of this process are also studied. One focus concerns mechanisms for adaptability within the Intelligence Community, another on the policy planning process within the Cabinet Offices/National Security Councils and the third focus is on the planning process and how policy is implemented within the bureaucracy. The issue of policy transfer is also analysed, revealing that there is some imitation of innovation within governmental structures and policies, for example within the field of cyber defence. The main findings of the dissertation are that this context has built-in inertias and bureaucratic seams found in most government bureaucratic machineries. As much of the information and planning measures imply security classification of the transparency and internal debate on these issues, alternative assessments become limited. To remedy this situation, the thesis recommends ways to improve the decision-making system in order to streamline the processes involved in making these decisions. Another special focus of the thesis concerns the role of the public policy think tanks in the United States as an instrument of change in the country���s national security decision-making environment, which is viewed from the perspective as being a possible source of new ideas and innovation. The findings in this part are based on unique interviews data on how think tanks become successful and influence the policy debate in a country such as the United States. It appears clearly that in countries such as the United States think tanks smooth the decision making processes, and that this model with some adaptations also might be transferrable to other democratic countries.

Towards sustainable peace : peace-building and human security

Failed and fragile states that result from intrastate war pose severe threats to the security of both the international system and individual states alike. In the post-Cold War era, the international community has come to recognize the reality of these threats and the difficulty involved in ending violence and building sustainable peace in failed and fragile states. This work focuses upon the development of a comprehensive strategy for sustainable peace-building by incorporating the tenets of the human security doctrine into the peace-building process. Through the use of case studies of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and East Timor, the development and refinement of the doctrine of human security will occur, as well as, an understanding of how and where human security fits into the sustainable peace-building equation. The end result of the analysis is the development of a hierarchical pyramid formation that brings together human security and peace-building into one framework that ultimately creates the foundation and structure of sustainable peace-building. With the development of a sustainable peace-building structure based upon the human security doctrine, the role of Canada in the support of sustainable peace-building is analyzed in relation to the form and level of involvement that Canada undertakes and contributes to in the implementation and support of sustainable peace-building initiatives. Following from this, recommendations are provided regarding what role(s) Canada should undertake in the sustainable peace-building process that take into consideration the present and likely future capabilities of Canada to be involved in various aspects of the peace-building process. ii This paper outlines the need for a peace-building strategy that is designed to be sustainable in order that failed and fragile states resulting from intrastate conflict do not regress or collapse back into a condition of civil war, and subsequently designs such a strategy. The linking of peace-building and human security creates the required framework from which sustainable peace-building is derived. Creating sustainable peace is necessary in order to increase the likelihood that both present and future generations existing in failed and fragile states will be spared from the scourge of intrastate war.

Riffing on a Theme: Faculty Experiences With Service-Learning in a Food Security Research Network in Ontario

While service-learning is often said to be beneficial for all those involved���students, community members, higher education institutions, and faculty members���there are relatively few studies of the attraction to, and effect of, service-learning on faculty members. Existing studies have tended to use a survey design, and to be based in the United States. There is a lack of information on faculty experiences with service-learning in Ontario or Canada. This qualitative case study of faculty experiences with service-learning was framed through an Appreciative Inquiry social constructionist approach. The data were drawn from interviews with 18 faculty members who belong to a Food Security Research Network (FSRN) at a university in northern Ontario, reports submitted by the network, and personal observation of a selection of network-related events. This dissertation study revealed how involvement with service-learning created opportunities for faculty learning and growth. The focus on food security and a commitment to the sustainability of local food production was found to be an ongoing attraction to service-learning and a means to engage in and integrate research and teaching on matters of personal and professional importance to these faculty members. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of the FSRN���s model and the perceived value of a themed, transdisciplinary approach to service-learning. This study highlights promising practices for involving faculty in service-learning and, in keeping with an Appreciative Inquiry approach, depicts a view of faculty work at its best.

The great asymmetry : America's closest allies in times of war

This dissertation focuses on military cooperation between the United States and its special allies. It argues that alliance expectations determine the level of military cooperation, while two intervening variables - the level of government cohesion and military capabilities - determine its implementation. This study also shows how secondary states deploy strategies to overcome power asymmetries through bilateral concessions, international organizations and by appealing to principle. The focus of the research is on special allies, as they have the most to gain or lose by going along with American plans. My contention is that secondary allies can rarely influence the dominant ally decisively, but they can act autonomously and resist to pressures exerted by the stronger alliance partner. The argument builds on three central claims. First, power asymmetries between allies translate into different assessments of international threats. Second, when disagreements over threats arise, the outcome of intra-alliance bargaining is not necessarily dictated by the preferences of the stronger power. Third, secondary states, as opposed to the dominant partner, face unique constraints when facing major foreign policy decisions, i.e. they face a trade-off between establishing a credible reputation as an alliance partner in a politically feasible way while minimizing domestic audience costs. To examine the theoretical puzzle presented by asymmetric military cooperation, I introduce a causal explanation that builds on neoclassical realism, to zone in on the interaction between systemic and domestic variables. My research makes a contribution to alliance theory and foreign policy decision-making by studying how special allies respond to American decisions in times of threat and how systemic constraints are channeled through state-level variables. To investigate the causal link between threat perception, alliance expectations and domestic constraints, this study relies on the method of structured focused comparison with three detailed case studies. The focus is on the initial decision made by special allies regarding whether or not to participle in joint mobilization with the United States. The decision-making process is presented from the perspective of secondary allied states and measures the explanatory factors that motivated the decision on military cooperation. The case studies are the UK, Canada and Australia���s response to the war in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq during the period of 2001 to 2003.

Les motivations des acteurs ��tatiques dans les interventions humanitaires : les ��tats-Unis face aux cas du Rwanda (1994), du Kosovo (1999) et du Darfour (2003 �� 2008)

Ce m��moire vise �� comprendre les motivations des ��tats �� intervenir militairement dans un autre ��tat pour mettre fin aux violations graves des droits de l���homme tel que le nettoyage ethnique et le g��nocide. Plus pr��cis��ment, nous cherchons �� comprendre pourquoi il y a eu une variation dans la position am��ricaine face aux cas de g��nocide au Rwanda en 1994, au Kosovo en 1999 et au Darfour de 2003 �� 2008. �� partir d���une approche r��aliste en Relations Internationales qui met l���accent sur l���int��r��t national ��go��ste comme facteur principal explicatif du comportement des ��tats, nous proc��dons �� l�����tude des cas de la position am��ricaine lors de trois crises humanitaires. Plus pr��cis��ment, nous cherchons �� comprendre la non intervention des ��tats-Unis lors du g��nocide des Tutsis au Rwanda en 1994, l���intervention am��ricaine au Kosovo en 1999, et enfin la non intervention am��ricaine au Darfour de 2003 �� 2008. En somme, nos ��tudes de cas d��montrent que c���est l���int��r��t national qui motive les ��tats d���intervenir ou de ne pas intervenir lors des cas de nettoyage ethnique ou de g��nocide. D���une part, lors du g��nocide des Tutsis au Rwanda en 1994, les ��tats-Unis ne sont pas intervenus car l���int��r��t national interpr��t�� comme le repli sur les affaires internes am��ricaines ne serait pas maximis�� par l���intervention militaire. Ensuite, l���intervention des ��tats-Unis et de l���OTAN au Kosovo en 1999 est expliqu��e par l���int��r��t national am��ricain dans un contexte de l���apr��s guerre froide d���approfondir son engagement s��curitaire en Europe et de pr��server sa position h��g��monique et son prestige sur la sc��ne internationale, d���assurer la stabilit�� r��gionale et de pr��server la cr��dibilit�� de l���OTAN. Finalement, l���int��r��t national d��fini en termes de s��curit�� dans un contexte de la guerre au terrorisme explique la non intervention am��ricaine au Darfour de 2003 �� 2008.

Pratiques et usages de l'Europe dans le maintien de la paix : la coop��ration franco-irlandaise au Tchad

Th��se r��alis�� en cotutelle avec l'Universit�� libre de Bruxelles (Belgique)

New Standards of Justice: Uncovering Motivations for Mexico���s Recent Judicial Reforms amid a Security Crisis

From the introduction: Mexico is in a state of siege. In recent years, organized crime and drug-related violence have escalated dramatically, taking innocent lives and leaving the country mired in bloodshed. The Mexican government, under the leadership of President Felipe Calder��n, has responded in part by significantly extending the reach of its security operations, deploying thousands of federal police officers and military troops to combat the activities of drug cartels, and collaborating with the United States on an extensive regional security plan known as the M��rida Initiative. In the midst of the security crisis, however, the government has somewhat paradoxically adopted judicial reforms that protect human rights and civil liberties rather than erode them, specifically the presumption of innocence standard in criminal proceedings and the implementation of oral trials. Assuming that the new laws on the books will be applied in practice, these reforms represent an important commitment on the part of the government to uphold human rights and civil liberties. This is in stark contrast to the infamous judicial reforms in Colombia���the institutionalization of anonymous or ���faceless��� prosecutions in special courts���implemented after a surge in leftist and cartel brutality, and the murders of several prominent public and judicial officials in the 1980s.

Investigation of Offences against National Security

The study is a close scrutiny of the process of investigation of offences in India along with an analysis of powers and functions of the investigating agency. The offences, which are prejudicial to sovereignty, integrity and security of the nation or to its friendly relations with foreign states, are generally called the offences against national security. Offences against national security being prejudicial to the very existence of the nation and its legal system, is a heinous and terrible one. As early as 1971 the Law Commission of India had pointed out the need of treating the offences relating to national security and their perpetrators on a totally different procedural footing. The recommendation that, all the offences coming under the said category ought to be brought under the purview of a single enactment so as to confront such offences effectively. The discrepancies in and inadequacies of the criminal justice system in India as much as they are related to the investigations of the offences against national security are examined and the reforms are also suggested. The quality of criminal justice is closely linked with the caliber of the prosecution system and many of the acquittals in courts can be ascribed not only to poor investigations but also to poor quality of prosecution.

Social Security of Labour in the New Indian Economy

Globalisation has many facets and its impact on labour is one of the most significant aspects.Though its influence is worldwide,it is much more significant in a transforming economy like India.The right of workers to social security is seen recognised under the Constitution of India and other welfare legislations.But,after adoption of the new economic policy of liberalisation and privatisation by the Government of India,the labour is exposed to new set of challenges.They are posed mainly due to economic restructuring affected in employment relationship,coupled with the increase in unprotected informal labour force.This study is an attempt to analyse the new challenges stemming up in employment relation,efficacy of the existing measures for social security of labour in the present economic condition and the suggestions for securing workers'right to social security in the trade regime.

Studies on Riverine Fishing Gears of Central Kerala

The overall focus of the thesis involves Studies on the riverine fishing geara of central kerala.Rivers and reservoirs of India harbour a rich and varied spectrum of fishes exceeding 400 species, which include commercially important fishes.The fish and fisheries play a crucial role in kerala's economy,employment generation ,food security and well being of its people.In the present study ,results of investigations conducted during 2001-2002 on riverine fishing gears of central kerala are presented along with detailed description of fishing gears,their distribution and operation covering aspects of selectivity and operational economics.Chapter I gives an introduction to the topiC of the study highlighting the relevance of the study and reviews of the existing literature on fishing gears and practices in riverine sector and sets out objectives of the study.The chapter 11 deals with the Materials and Methods used for the conduct of the investigations. In this chapter the area and the rivers selected for the study. reasons for the selection process and methodologies used for survey of riverine fishing gaear and investigations on design, structure and operation of different gear systems are presented.The chapter III discusses gillnet and its operation. Gill netting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of fishing. They are the most widely operated fishing gear in the rivers of Central Kerala. Gill netting being a low cost fishing method is of special interest for artisanal fisheries. Twenty different types of gillnets are operated in this sector.Chapter IV deals with cast nets. The origin and evolution of cast net has been briefly described in the introductory part.The chapter V deals with fishing lines, traps and other miscellaneous gears.This findings will be useful for riverine fishermen for deployment of appropriate gear systems during different seasons to ensure profitability of fishing operations.

An��lisis de la influencia de los sistemas intra sociales en la evoluci��n del concepto de seguridad humana y su aplicaci��n en la pol��tica exterior canadiense. Per��odo 1995 - 2008

La presente monograf��a analiza la evoluci��n del concepto de seguridad humana y su aplicaci��n en la pol��tica exterior canadiense en el per��odo 1995 - 2008 desde un enfoque sist��mico. As�� pues, se estudia la influencia que ejercieron los insumos intrasociales en la importancia que se le otorg�� a dicho concepto en la agenda internacional de Canad��.

An��lisis de los intereses geoestrat��gicos de China y Estados Unidos en Corea del Sur tras el programa nuclear de Corea del Norte

La pen��nsula coreana ha sido desde la Guerra Fr��a y a la actualidad una zona convulsionada por intereses pol��ticos, econ��micos e ideol��gicos. Ese panorama obliga un an��lisis sobre la configuraci��n y los cambios que se han dado entre las potencias actuales, China y Estados Unidos, desde la existencia de un programa nuclear norcoreano que afecta a Corea del Sur y la definici��n de los intereses de Beijin y Washington.

Cambio de estrategia pol��tica y militar de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia ���FARC- durante el segundo periodo presidencial de ��lvaro Uribe V��lez

An��lisis del cambio de la estrategia pol��tica y militar de las FARC durante el segundo gobierno presidencial de ��lvaro Uribe V��lez y su relaci��n con los logros de la Pol��tica de Seguridad Democr��tica en su lucha contra las mismas.

Transformaciones discursivas en el proceso de securitizaci��n del narcotr��fico. Un an��lisis de los actos discursivos oficiales de Colombia y Estados Unidos en la Guerra contra las drogas 1986 - 1990

El tema de las drogas suscita un debate entre quienes defienden la prohibici��n y la represi��n, y aquellos que defienden alternativas como la legalizaci��n y/o regulaci��n y otras m��s moderadas como la descriminalizaci��n y la despenalizaci��n. Aunque ambas posturas muestran datos emp��ricos que las soportan, desde el ��mbito discursivo la visi��n represiva se ha posicionado como la m��s aceptada en el continente americano, m��s espec��ficamente, en Latinoam��rica. El presente trabajo, hace un estudio de caso del proceso de securitizaci��n del narcotr��fico entre los presidentes de Estados Unidos y Colombia durante el per��odo 1986-1990. A lo largo del texto, se analizan discursos oficiales de los presidentes de ambos Estados, resaltando las estrategias ret��ricas y sus transformaciones que legitimaron acciones represivas de tipo pol��tico-militar contra las drogas. Al final se apunta a reivindicar el discurso como un instrumento para reproducir creencias sobre fen��menos, en este caso, la creencia de que las drogas son una amenaza existencial a la seguridad pol��tica y militar para los Estados.

An��lisis del Dilema de Seguridad entre Estados Unidos y la Federaci��n Rusa a partir del control de la carrera armamentista. Periodo: 1991 - 2010

La aparici��n de las armas nucleares hacia los a��os ���40 ha cambiado la forma en que ciertos Estados desarrollan sus relaciones bilaterales en materia de seguridad, debido a que la obtenci��n de estas garantiza capacidad militar que no se tiene con las armas de car��cter convencional. Tanto Estados Unidos como la Uni��n Sovi��tica procuraron la producci��n de las armas nucleares a gran escala, lo cual conllev�� a la consolidaci��n de una carrera armamentista entre ambos que fue regulada por tratados bilaterales: esta situaci��n gener�� un Dilema de Seguridad entre ambos Estados. Con la disoluci��n de la Uni��n Sovi��tica y el surgimiento de la Federaci��n Rusa en el inicio de la d��cada del ���90, el Sistema Internacional que se hab��a configurado durante la Guerra Fr��a se alter�� debido a que, si bien se hab��a acabado el conflicto que exist��a en el periodo bipolar, a��n exist��an las armas nucleares con las que se garantizaba la continuaci��n del Dilema de Seguridad que hab��a surgido en los a��os anteriores. Con la presente monograf��a pretende analizar el Dilema de Seguridad durante el periodo comprendido entre 1991 y 2010 entre Estados Unidos y la Federaci��n Rusa.