A crise de legitimidade na democracia representativa e o desatendimento aos direitos fundamentais: um enfoque participativo-educacional

This study aims to bring reflection on the legitimacy crisis of the Brazilian representative democracy, which results in non-attendance of fundamental rights, regarding legal and social facts in light of the existing constitutional order and seeking solutions in more democratic procedures and in a more humane, critical, democratic and collaborative education. It has been an issue for some time the understanding that the authorities do not meet the basic needs of Brazilian citizens - the only way to make them autonomous and sufficiently able to conduct their lives in a competitive and globalized labor market. Such situation only worsened - as illustrated by the social movements in mid-2013 - when people took to the streets, showing a noticeable dissatisfaction with public services in general, and some other groups presenting specific complaints in those events. To find solutions or at least suggestions for the reflection of the problem found, a current approach to public authorities was necessary attempting to reveal how the constitutional order authorizes their operation and how - in fact - they act. In this endeavour, the legitimacy of power was discussed, involving the analysis of its origin, to whom it belongs and the legitimacy of deficit situations, concluding that it is only justified as it gets more democratic influence, with greater participation of people in its deliberations and decisions, with its plurality and complexity. Research carried out by official institutions was necessary to have evidence of the low level of social development of the country and the nonattendance of minimum basic rights, as well as exposure to various acts and omissions which show that all public authorities do not legitimately represent the people's interests. The competence of the Supreme Court to establish the broader scope of the remuneration policy in the public service received proper attention, presenting itself as an effective means to promote the reduction of the remuneration and structural inequality in public service and contributing to better care of fundamental rights. Also, considerations were made about the Decree 8243/2014, which established the National Policy for Social Participation (NPSP) and the National System of Social Participation (NSSP) and took other measures with the suggestion of its expansion into the legislative and judiciary powers as a way to legitimize the Brazilian democracy, considering its current stage. In conclusion, it is presented the idea expressed by the most influential and modern pedagogical trends for the creation of a participatory, solidary, non-hierarchical and critical culture since the childhood stage. This idea focuses on the resolution of questions addressed to the common good, which considers the complexity and the existing pluralism in society with a view to constant knowledge update. Knowledge update is in turn dynamic and requires such action, instilling - for the future generations - the idea that the creation of a more participatory and collaborative democracy is needed to reduce social inequality as a way to legitimize and promote social welfare, with the implementation of a policy devoted to meet the minimum fundamental rights to ensure dignity to the population.

Políticas públicas de saúde: Sistema Único de Saúde

A primeira parte da unidade aborda o Sistema Único de Saúde desde seus aspectos históricos, apresentando uma linha do tempo da história das políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil a partir do início do século XX, bem como suas principais diretrizes e princípios (com especial atenção a conceitos como universalidade, integralidade e equidade). A seguir os autores apresentam os principais impasses e dificuldades que o SUS enfrenta na atualidade e encerram com uma breve apresentação do Pacto da Saúde, o Pacto em Defesa do SUS e o Pacto de Gestão como possíveis estratégias de enfrentamento dos problemas citados.

Cachoeira da Serra II: conhecendo o sistema de saúde local

Este caso aborda o sistema de saúde do município fictício de Cachoeira da Serra - cenário para os debates de todos os casos complexos do curso. A introdução aborda temas gerais do sistema de saúde local, como histórico e principais locais de atenção secundária e terciária, além do controle social. A atenção básica contempla um maior aprofundamento, através da descrição dos serviços de atenção básica em cada território (Ilha das Flores, Santo Antônio e Pedra Azul), o aluno conhece os personagens das equipes de saúde da família de cada USF bem como características positivas e/ou negativas de cada uma e os desafios encontrados para desenvolver a atenção da população.

Desestruturação do sistema do SUS

O recurso educacional é uma charge onde o cidadão, mesmo possuindo um plano de saúde, utiliza os serviços do SUS que não estão disponíveis para ele em seu plano de saúde. O que acarreta a desestruturação do sistema do SUS e fere o principio da igualdade ao acesso às ações e serviços de saúde, uma vez que as demais pessoas cumprem todos os trâmites necessários para estar no SUS.

INTERVENÇÃO EDUCACIONAL NO PROCESSO SAÚDE-DOENÇA DE UM GRUPO: HIPERTENSOS

As doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil têm apresentado aumento significativo em sua incidência. São responsáveis por 284.685 dos óbitos em 2004 no país, representando 25% da mortalidade geral. Evidencia-se no grupo dessas doenças a HAS, que acomete 20% da população adulta sem restrição de cor, raça, etnias, cultura e classe social. Em 2007 ocorreram 308.466 óbitos por doenças do aparelho circulatório, e vale ressaltar ainda, que no mesmo ano foram registrados 1.157.509 internações por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Mediante a problemática exposta e tendo em vista que a HAS é o principal fator de risco para Acidente Vascular Cerebral (ACV), e que a previsão para 2015 e 2030 é de respectivamente 18 e 23 milhões de novos casos de AVC no mundo, foi desenvolvido este projeto em uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família no município de Águas Lindas de Goiás, com uma amostra de 30 hipertensos cadastrados no Hiperdia, idade igual ou maior 18 anos com níveis pressóricos controlados ou não. Realizou-se um estudo de intervenção educacional para ampliar o conhecimento sobre HAS e desta forma persuadir sobre o comportamento dos sujeitos, através de ações programadas, onde no primeiro momento enfatizamos a necessidade de conhecer o conhecimento dos sujeitos, posteriormente, enfatizamos as consequências da HAS descompensada, em outro momento compartilhamos o prazer de uma alimentação saudável e durante essas intervenções implantamos a consulta de enfermagem na rotina desses pacientes. Conclui-se que os sujeitos foram assíduos nas ações educativas; consulta de enfermagem e médica, desta maneira, conseguimos estimular o autocuidado na grande maioria dos participantes. Contudo, é fundamental a continuidade do projeto na unidade de estudo, e que a consulta de enfermagem seja uma prática de rotina.

Relatos de uso de tecnologias educacionais na educação permanente de profissionais de saúde no sistema Universidade Aberta do SUS

Apresenta os primeiros resultados do planejamento e da implantação de atividades de ensino e aprendizagem, empregando o estudo mediado pela tecnologia (EAD) de doze instituições componentes desse programa coordenado desde 2008 pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.

II Relato de experiências em tecnologias educacionais do Sistema UNA-SUS 2015

Apresenta o segundo relato de experiências de instituições que compõe a Rede UNA-SUS compreendendo o conhecimento desenvolvido na produção e na oferta de cursos, na modalidade a distância, no biênio 2014–2015.

Diagnóstico da Educação Ambiental no ensino de Geografia: Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí hidrographic basins

The goals of this study are to identify the potencialities avaiable in elementary public schools for the development of an educational process wich includes environmental issues helpping to find its integration with university in order to contribuite raises teaching levels for a better comprehension of regional environmental problems. Research data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with geography teachers analyising theirs activities and perspectives on the environmental crisis and environmental education. The study also offers sugestions for the devellopment of interdisciplinaires programs trying to contibute for the construction of citizenship showing the importance of better comprehension from environmental problems which includes physical, economics, social, political and cultural aspects.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México

This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.

Variabilidade espacial e sazonal da concentração de elementos-traço em sedimentos do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (SP)

Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

Sistema limpo em linha para extração em fase sólida de contaminantes emergentes em águas naturais

A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

Análise do investimento em climatização para bovinos de leite em sistema de alojamento free-stall

The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada

In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

Sistema de sincronismo entre a colhedora de cana-de-açúcar e o veículo de transbordo

One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.

Sistema MINUS® - técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur

The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.