Enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulation by Halomonas spp. in artificial biofilms of alginate beads.

Microbial mats are complex but stable, multi-layered and multi-functional biofilms, which are the most frequent bacterial formations in nature. The functional strategies and physiological versatility of the bacterial populations growing in microbial mats allow bacteria to resist changing conditions within their environment. One of these strategies is the accumulation of carbon- and energy-rich polymers that permit the recovery of metabolic activities when favorable conditions are restored. In the present study, we systematically screened microbial mats for bacteria able to accumulate large amounts of the ester carbon polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Several of these strains were isolated from Ebro Delta microbial mats and their ability to accumulate PHA up to 40-60 % of their dry weight was confirmed. According to two identification approaches (16S rRNA and ropD genes), these strains were identified as Halomonas alkaliphila (MAT-7, -13, -16), H. neptunia (MAT-17), and H. venusta (MAT-28). To determine the mode of growth yielding maximum PHA accumulation, these three different species were cultured in an artificial biofilm in which the cells were immobilized on alginate beads. PHA accumulation by cells that had detached from the biofilm was compared with that of their planktonic counterparts. Experiments in different culture media showed that PHA accumulation, measured as the relative fluorescence intensity after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C, was higher in immobilized than in planktonic cells, with the exception of cells growing in 5 % NaCl, in which PHA accumulation was drastically lower in both. Therefore, for obtaining high PHA concentrations, the use of immobilized cells may be a good alternative to the PHA accumulation by bacteria growing in the classical, planktonic mode. From the ecological point of view, increased PHA accumulation in detached cells from biofilms would be a natural strategy to improve bacterial dispersion capacity and, consequently, to increase survival in stressed environments.

INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL: SISTEMAS ESPECIALISTAS NO GERENCIAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO

O principal objetivo deste artigo é propor um modelo para sistemas de gerenciamento da informação baseado em técnicas de inteligência artificial. O modelo propõe uma arquitetura de sistema especialista para gerenciamento da informação, sugerindo a utilização de um analisador semântico embutido na interface do usuário final. A abordagem enfatiza a dificuldade em se obter informações com precisão e qualidade, para apoiar tomadores de decisões, e a necessidade de prover os usuários finais com mecanismos, poderosos, capazes de analisar, selecionar e direcionar-lhes informações, de acordo com as necessidades e urgências de cada um

La mortalité par tumeur maligne chez les ouvriers d'une fabrique de caoutchouc en Suisse: étude épidémiologique, 1955-1975. [Cancer mortality among the workers of a Swiss rubber goods factory. Epidemiological study, 1955-75].

In an epidemiologic investigation of mortality among workers in a Swiss rubber-goods factory the cancer mortality in the period 1955-1975 has been studied in all male workers active on 1 January 1955 in (a) a rubber-goods factory and (b) a munitions factory, the latter as reference population. The two groups numbered some 1000 each. Both factories were located in the same Central Swiss village where no other industry was present. Mortality in each industry is compared with that in the Swiss population in general (SMR) and the mortalities of the two industries are compared with each other. The results tend to confirm that rubber workers are exposed to a higher risk of cancer mortality. Three particular types of cancer are briefly discussed: cancer of the stomach, of the lower urinary tract, and glioblastoma.

Rubber Buffings for Bridge Approach Expansion Joints, MLR-01-01, 2001

Many of the bridges in the state of Iowa have type ‘CF’, ‘EE’, or ‘EF’ expansion joints installed in the bridge approach slabs. These joints, which are typically 4” wide, are currently filled with a foam expansion joint material that is covered with a sealant. Over time the sealant begins to pull off of the walls of the joint and it ultimately fails. The joint, which is now exposed to the weather, is then filled with water and solids. The foam joint material, which is lighter than water, floats out of the joint onto the highway. This foam resembles a large 4” X 6” plank and poses a threat to motorists. A possible solution to this problem would be to replace the foam material with rubber buffings. Rubber buffings are a by-product of the tire retread industry.

Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt-Rubber in Asphalt Paving Mixture, MLR-89-15, 1990

Interest in the use of ground rubber from used tires as a hot asphalt mix binder has been increasing due to the magnitude of the disposal problem posed by the annual addition of millions of waste tires to the refuse stream. This study evaluates, through laboratory means, the performance of asphalt-rubber as a hot mix binder as compared to conventional asphalt. The results indicate that asphalt-rubber outperforms its base asphalt in mixes of identical gradation and comparable void content on tests that are heavily dependent on binder characteristics (resilient modulus and indirect tension). An appreciable increase in rut resistance due to the use of asphalt-rubber is not indicated.

Artificial muscle for end-stage heart failure.

We describe a device made of artificial muscle for the treatment of end-stage heart failure as an alternative to current heart assist devices. The key component is a matrix of nitinol wires and aramidic fibers called Biometal muscle (BM). When heated electrically, it produces a motorless, smooth, and lifelike motion. The BM is connected to a carbon fiber scaffold, tightening the heart and providing simultaneous assistance to the left and right ventricles. A pacemaker-like microprocessor drives the contraction of the BM. We tested the device in a dedicated bench model of diseased heart. It generated a systolic pressure of 75 mm Hg and ejected a maximum of 330 ml/min, with an ejection fraction of 12%. The device required a power supply of 6 V, 250 mA. This could be the beginning of an era in which BMs integrate or replace the mechanical function of natural muscles.

Enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulation by Halomonas spp. in artificial biofilms of alginate beads.

Microbial mats are complex but stable, multi-layered and multi-functional biofilms, which are the most frequent bacterial formations in nature. The functional strategies and physiological versatility of the bacterial populations growing in microbial mats allow bacteria to resist changing conditions within their environment. One of these strategies is the accumulation of carbon- and energy-rich polymers that permit the recovery of metabolic activities when favorable conditions are restored. In the present study, we systematically screened microbial mats for bacteria able to accumulate large amounts of the ester carbon polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Several of these strains were isolated from Ebro Delta microbial mats and their ability to accumulate PHA up to 40-60 % of their dry weight was confirmed. According to two identification approaches (16S rRNA and ropD genes), these strains were identified as Halomonas alkaliphila (MAT-7, -13, -16), H. neptunia (MAT-17), and H. venusta (MAT-28). To determine the mode of growth yielding maximum PHA accumulation, these three different species were cultured in an artificial biofilm in which the cells were immobilized on alginate beads. PHA accumulation by cells that had detached from the biofilm was compared with that of their planktonic counterparts. Experiments in different culture media showed that PHA accumulation, measured as the relative fluorescence intensity after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C, was higher in immobilized than in planktonic cells, with the exception of cells growing in 5 % NaCl, in which PHA accumulation was drastically lower in both. Therefore, for obtaining high PHA concentrations, the use of immobilized cells may be a good alternative to the PHA accumulation by bacteria growing in the classical, planktonic mode. From the ecological point of view, increased PHA accumulation in detached cells from biofilms would be a natural strategy to improve bacterial dispersion capacity and, consequently, to increase survival in stressed environments.

Mecánica de la succión: comparación entre la lactancia artificial y la lactancia materna

Introducción: Hay poco conocimiento sobre la similitud de la mecánica entre la lactancia materna y la artificial. Evaluamos la mecánica de la succión en neonatos con lactancia materna exclusiva, lactancia artificial exclusiva y lactancia mixta. Nuestra hipótesis fue que el patrón fisiológico de los movimientos de succión varía según el tipo de alimentación. Según esta hipótesis, los niños con lactancia materna exclusiva realizan unos movimientos al mamar distintos a los de la succión de una tetina, realizados por niños con lactancia artificial. Los niños con lactancia mixta mezclan ambos tipos de movimientos de succión. Métodos: Estudio transversal de neonatos de 21-28 días de edad con lactancia materna o artificial exclusiva (124 parejas madre-hijo), y ensayo de campo, abierto, cruzado y aleatorizado, realizado en neonatos de 21-28 días (110 parejas madre-hijo) y en lactantes de 3-5 meses de edad (125 parejas madre-hijo) con lactancia mixta. Las variables principales fueron los movimientos de succión y las pausas. Resultados: Los neonatos de 21-28 días de edad alimentados con lactancia artificial exclusiva mostraron un menor número de movimientos de succión y el mismo número de pausas, pero de mayor duración, que los neonatos con lactancia materna exclusiva. Entre los niños que recibieron lactancia mixta, el número de movimientos de succión al recibir alimentación con biberón fue similar y las pausas menos numerosas y de menor duración respecto a lo observado al amamantar, tanto a los 21-28 días como a los 3-5 meses de edad. En este grupo de lactancia mixta, la cifra media de tomas de lactancia materna fue de 5,83 ± 1,93 a los 21-28 días de vida y de 4,42 ± 1,67 a los 3-5 meses de edad. En el análisis de equivalencia, realizado sobre los niños que recibieron lactancia mixta, el intervalo de confianza del 95% de la razón de movimientos con lactancia artificial y con lactancia materna se situó fuera del rango de equivalencia, indicó un número de movimientos de succión menor en un 5,9-8,7% al tomar el biberón, así como un menor número de pausas y una duración más breve de ellas en este mismo grupo. Conclusiones: En la lactancia mixta, la comparación entre las tomas de biberón y las de pecho se situó fuera del rango de equivalencia, aunque las diferencias fueron pequeñas. Los niños con lactancia mixta mezclan ambos tipos de movimientos (lactancia materna y lactancia artificial) durante la fase de aprendizaje y adoptan su propio patrón.

Comportamento de fungos e de sementes de feijoeiro durante o teste de envelhecimento artificial

O teste de envelhecimento artificial, recomendado para avaliar o vigor de lotes de sementes, apresenta variabilidade em seus resultados; a ação dos fungos é considerada uma das causas dessa variabilidade. Este trabalho objetivou verificar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de envelhecimento artificial, no comportamento fisiológico de sementes do feijoeiro e dos fungos Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium oxysporum e Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, inoculados artificialmente. Foram conduzidos testes de sanidade, germinação, tetrazólio, emergência, condutividade elétrica e lixiviação de potássio. As respostas obtidas, dependentes da duração do período de envelhecimento, indicaram efeitos da espécie fúngica presente. Concluiu-se que o teste de envelhecimento artificial associa a expressão de causas fisiológicas e sanitárias, o que prejudica a interpretação dos dados obtidos; a presença de fungos, principalmente de Aspergillus spp., pode ser considerada como capaz de interferir de modo negativo no desempenho das sementes envelhecidas artificialmente.

Asphalt Rubber Cement Concrete Webster County, HR-555, Construction Report, 1993

Discarded tires have become a major disposal problem in the U.S. Different techniques of recycling these discarded tires have been tried. The state of Iowa is currently evaluating the use of discarded tires ground into crumb rubber and blending it with asphalt to make asphalt rubber cement (ARC}. This was the sixth project this process has been used in. This project is located on US 169 from the east junction of IA 175 west and north to US 20. Only the binder course was placed this year with the surface course to be let at a later date. There are four test sections, two sections with conventional mixtures and two with ARC mixtures.

Mecánica de la succión: comparación entre la lactancia artificial y la lactancia materna

Introducción: Hay poco conocimiento sobre la similitud de la mecánica entre la lactancia materna y la artificial. Evaluamos la mecánica de la succión en neonatos con lactancia materna exclusiva, lactancia artificial exclusiva y lactancia mixta. Nuestra hipótesis fue que el patrón fisiológico de los movimientos de succión varía según el tipo de alimentación. Según esta hipótesis, los niños con lactancia materna exclusiva realizan unos movimientos al mamar distintos a los de la succión de una tetina, realizados por niños con lactancia artificial. Los niños con lactancia mixta mezclan ambos tipos de movimientos de succión. Métodos: Estudio transversal de neonatos de 21-28 días de edad con lactancia materna o artificial exclusiva (124 parejas madre-hijo), y ensayo de campo, abierto, cruzado y aleatorizado, realizado en neonatos de 21-28 días (110 parejas madre-hijo) y en lactantes de 3-5 meses de edad (125 parejas madre-hijo) con lactancia mixta. Las variables principales fueron los movimientos de succión y las pausas. Resultados: Los neonatos de 21-28 días de edad alimentados con lactancia artificial exclusiva mostraron un menor número de movimientos de succión y el mismo número de pausas, pero de mayor duración, que los neonatos con lactancia materna exclusiva. Entre los niños que recibieron lactancia mixta, el número de movimientos de succión al recibir alimentación con biberón fue similar y las pausas menos numerosas y de menor duración respecto a lo observado al amamantar, tanto a los 21-28 días como a los 3-5 meses de edad. En este grupo de lactancia mixta, la cifra media de tomas de lactancia materna fue de 5,83 ± 1,93 a los 21-28 días de vida y de 4,42 ± 1,67 a los 3-5 meses de edad. En el análisis de equivalencia, realizado sobre los niños que recibieron lactancia mixta, el intervalo de confianza del 95% de la razón de movimientos con lactancia artificial y con lactancia materna se situó fuera del rango de equivalencia, indicó un número de movimientos de succión menor en un 5,9-8,7% al tomar el biberón, así como un menor número de pausas y una duración más breve de ellas en este mismo grupo. Conclusiones: En la lactancia mixta, la comparación entre las tomas de biberón y las de pecho se situó fuera del rango de equivalencia, aunque las diferencias fueron pequeñas. Los niños con lactancia mixta mezclan ambos tipos de movimientos (lactancia materna y lactancia artificial) durante la fase de aprendizaje y adoptan su propio patrón.

Evaluation of Recycled Rubber in Asphalt Concrete, HR-330, 1996

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the performance and the use of asphalt rubber binders and recycled rubber granules in asphalt pavement in the state of Iowa. This five year research project was initiated in June 1991 and it was incorporated into Muscatine County Construction Project US 61 from Muscatine to Blue Grass over an existing 10 in. (25.4 cm) by 24 ft (7.3 m) jointed rigid concrete pavement constructed in 1957. The research site consisted of four experimental sections (one section containing rubber chip, one section containing reacted asphalt rubber in both binder and surface, and two sections containing reacted asphalt rubber in surface) and four control sections. This report contains findings of the University of Northern Iowa research team covering selected responsibilities of the research project "Determination of the aging and changing of the conventional asphalt binder and asphalt-rubber binder". Based on the laboratory test, the inclusion of recycled crumb rubber into asphalt affects the ductility of modified binder at various temperatures.

ATP citrate lyase activity is post-translationally regulated by sink strength and impacts the wax, cutin and rubber biosynthetic pathways.

Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is involved in the synthesis of a variety of compounds, including waxes, sterols and rubber, and is generated by the ATP citrate lyase (ACL). Plants over-expressing ACL were generated in an effort to understand the contribution of ACL activity to the carbon flux of acetyl-CoA to metabolic pathways occurring in the cytosol. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants synthesizing the polyester polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from cytosolic acetyl-CoA have reduced growth and wax content, consistent with a reduction in the availability of cytosolic acetyl-CoA to endogenous pathways. Increasing the ACL activity via the over-expression of the ACLA and ACLB subunits reversed the phenotypes associated with PHB synthesis while maintaining polymer synthesis. PHB production by itself was associated with an increase in ACL activity that occurred in the absence of changes in steady-state mRNA or protein level, indicating a post-translational regulation of ACL activity in response to sink strength. Over-expression of ACL in Arabidopsis was associated with a 30% increase in wax on stems, while over-expression of a chimeric homomeric ACL in the laticifer of roots of dandelion led to a four- and two-fold increase in rubber and triterpene content, respectively. Synthesis of PHB and over-expression of ACL also changed the amount of the cutin monomer octadecadien-1,18-dioic acid, revealing an unsuspected link between cytosolic acetyl-CoA and cutin biosynthesis. Together, these results reveal the complexity of ACL regulation and its central role in influencing the carbon flux to metabolic pathways using cytosolic acetyl-CoA, including wax and polyisoprenoids.