Multivariate Techniques in Biomechanical Analysis

This work outlines the theoretical advantages of multivariate methods in biomechanical data, validates the proposed methods and outlines new clinical findings relating to knee osteoarthritis that were made possible by this approach. New techniques were based on existing multivariate approaches, Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and validated using existing data sets. The new techniques developed, PCA-PLS-LDA (Principal Component Analysis – Partial Least Squares – Linear Discriminant Analysis), PCA-PLS-MLR (Principal Component Analysis – Partial Least Squares –Multiple Linear Regression) and Waveform Similarity (based on NMF) were developed to address the challenging characteristics of biomechanical data, variability and correlation. As a result, these new structure-seeking technique revealed new clinical findings. The first new clinical finding relates to the relationship between pain, radiographic severity and mechanics. Simultaneous analysis of pain and radiographic severity outcomes, a first in biomechanics, revealed that the knee adduction moment’s relationship to radiographic features is mediated by pain in subjects with moderate osteoarthritis. The second clinical finding was quantifying the importance of neuromuscular patterns in brace effectiveness for patients with knee osteoarthritis. I found that brace effectiveness was more related to the patient’s unbraced neuromuscular patterns than it was to mechanics, and that these neuromuscular patterns were more complicated than simply increased overall muscle activity, as previously thought.

An Ergonomic Evaluation of a Wrist Brace for Canadian Tree Planters

Tree planting is one of the most physically demanding occupations in Canada and as a result, tree planters are at an elevated risk of injury, specifically at the wrist. Wrist injuries develop on account of the highly repetitive nature of the job, as well as other musculoskeletal risk factors including non-neutral wrist postures and high impact forces sustained at the wrist during shovel-ground impact. As a result, wrist brace use has become common among planters, in an effort to limit deviated wrist postures while also providing enhanced stability at the wrist. The external stability provided by a wrist brace is thought to reduce the muscular effort required to provide stiffness at the wrist during shovel-ground impact. Since these prospective benefits have not been formally investigated, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a wrist brace on wrist posture, muscle activity, and joint rotational stiffness about the wrist joint (for two degrees of freedom: flexion/extension and ulnar/radial deviation). We hypothesized that the brace would promote more neutrally aligned wrist angles, and that muscle activity and joint rotational stiffness would also decrease when participants wore the brace. Fourteen tree planters with at least one season of experience were recruited to complete two planting conditions in a laboratory setting: one condition while wearing the brace (with brace, WB) and one condition without the brace (no brace, NB). The results from this study showed that at shovel-ground impact muscle activity trended towards increasing in three muscles when participants wore the brace. Additionally, wrist angles improved about the flexion/extension axis of rotation while increasing in deviation about the ulnar/radial axis of rotation when participants wore the brace. Joint rotational stiffness increased when participants wore the wrist brace. Participants from this study indicated difficulty gripping the shovel due to the bulk of the wrist brace, and this feature is discussed with possible suggestions for future iterations of design. In addition to grip diameter this analysis also prompts the suggestion that hand length and experience should also be considered in the design of tree planting tools, specifically an ergonomic aid such as a wrist brace.

Tooth Mobility, Periodontal Ligament Space, and the Alveolus During Periodontal Health, Disease, and Disuse

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-07

Objective Methods for Characterizing Physical Exposures which may contribute to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Agricultural Workers

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Arterial entrapment syndrome in the cubital fossa: a rare cause of acute stress-related arterial thrombosis in a patient with brachial artery duplication

Arterial entrapment syndrome (AES) at elbow level is very rare and to our knowledge no case of AES by lacertus fibrosus in the cubital fossa in presence of brachial artery duplication has been described to date. We describe a rare case of acute arterial thrombosis of one of two brachial arteries highlighted in the cubital fossa which developed after strenuous right elbow flexor muscle activity and hyper-extensions presumably related to AES by lacertus fibrosus at elbow level. A 43-year-old right-handed woman, experienced paleness, coldness and numbness of the right hand, after 8 consecutive hours of gardening. As she worked, her ipsilateral flexor elbow muscles remained in prolonged and inappropriate tension. Clinical examination evidenced the absence of radial artery pulse in the wrist and mild hypothermia in the second and third finger. During surgical exploration two anastomosed brachial arteries were detected in the cubital fossa under the lacertus fibrosus. The lateral superficial brachial artery was occluded. Intraoperative arteriography evidenced brachial artery duplication at the third superior of the arm and normal vascular pattern at the forearm level. In cases of unexplained atypical intermittent upper extremity claudication or acute ischemic symptoms an AES should always be ruled out, particularly when symptoms are exacerbated by strenuous upper extremity activity or when upper limb muscular hypertrophy is evident. In these cases a thorough dynamic clinical and instrumental examination is mandatory to confirm a diagnosis of AES and to avoid possible future ischemic complications.

Avaliação do comportamento ingestivo utilizando eletromiografia de superfície do músculo masseter

Physiologists and animal scientists try to understand the relationship between ruminants and their environment. The knowledge about feeding behavior of these animals is the key to maximize the production of meat and milk and their derivatives and ensure animal welfare. Within the area called precision farming, one of the goals is to find a model that describes animal nutrition. Existing methods for determining the consumption and ingestive patterns are often time-consuming and imprecise. Therefore, an accurate and less laborious method may be relevant for feeding behaviour recognition. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is able to provide information of muscle activity. Through sEMG of the muscles of mastication, coupled with instrumentation techniques, signal processing and data classification, it is possible to extract the variables of interest that describe chewing activity. This work presents a new method for chewing pattern evaluation, feed intake prediction and for the determination of rumination, food and daily rest time through ruminant animals masseter muscle sEMG signals. Short-term evaluation results are shown and discussed, evidencing employed methods viability.

Análise eletromiográfica do exercício de press-up com variações e diferentes níveis de estabilidade

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia

Efeitos do suster-relaxar na cinemática tridimensional, função neuromuscular e sintomatologia álgica de um atleta de crossfit com dor lombar

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia

Effet de la douleur expérimentale tonique sur l’acquisition et la rétention d’une adaptation locomotrice

Introduction : Une proportion importante des individus ayant recours à des services de réadaptation physique vit avec de la douleur et des incapacités locomotrices. Plusieurs interventions proposées par les professionnels de la réadaptation afin de cibler leurs difficultés locomotrices nécessitent des apprentissages moteurs. Toutefois, très peu d’études ont évalué l’influence de la douleur sur l’apprentissage moteur et aucune n’a ciblé l’apprentissage d’une nouvelle tâche locomotrice. L’objectif de la thèse était d’évaluer l’influence de stimulations nociceptives cutanée et musculaire sur l’acquisition et la rétention d’une adaptation locomotrice. Méthodologie : Des individus en santé ont participé à des séances de laboratoire lors de deux journées consécutives. Lors de chaque séance, les participants devaient apprendre à marcher le plus normalement possible en présence d’un champ de force perturbant les mouvements de leur cheville, produit par une orthèse robotisée. La première journée permettait d’évaluer le comportement des participants lors de la phase d’acquisition de l’apprentissage. La seconde journée permettait d’évaluer leur rétention. Selon le groupe expérimental, l’apprentissage se faisait en présence d’une stimulation nociceptive cutanée, musculaire ou d’aucune stimulation (groupe contrôle). Initialement, l’application du champ de force provoquait d’importantes déviations des mouvements de la cheville (i.e. erreurs de mouvement), que les participants apprenaient graduellement à réduire en compensant activement la perturbation. L’erreur de mouvement moyenne durant la phase d’oscillation (en valeur absolue) a été quantifiée comme indicateur de performance. Une analyse plus approfondie des erreurs de mouvement et de l’activité musculaire a permis d’évaluer les stratégies motrices employées par les participants. Résultats : Les stimulations nociceptives n’ont pas affecté la performance lors de la phase d’acquisition de l’apprentissage moteur. Cependant, en présence de douleur, les erreurs de mouvement résiduelles se trouvaient plus tard dans la phase d’oscillation, suggérant l’utilisation d’une stratégie motrice moins anticipatoire que pour le groupe contrôle. Pour le groupe douleur musculaire, cette stratégie était associée à une activation précoce du muscle tibial antérieur réduite. La présence de douleur cutanée au Jour 1 interférait avec la performance des participants au Jour 2, lorsque le test de rétention était effectué en absence de douleur. Cet effet n’était pas observé lorsque la stimulation nociceptive cutanée était appliquée les deux jours, ou lorsque la douleur au Jour 1 était d’origine musculaire. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette thèse démontrent que dans certaines circonstances la douleur peut influencer de façon importante la performance lors d’un test de rétention d’une adaptation locomotrice, malgré une performance normale lors de la phase d’acquisition. Cet effet, observé uniquement avec la douleur cutanée, semble cependant plus lié au changement de contexte entre l’acquisition des habiletés motrices et le test de rétention (avec vs. sans douleur) qu’à une interférence directe avec la consolidation des habiletés motrices. Par ailleurs, malgré l’absence d’influence de la douleur sur la performance des participants lors de la phase d’acquisition de l’apprentissage, les stratégies motrices utilisées par ceux-ci étaient différentes de celles employées par le groupe contrôle.

The Neuromuscular Activity Of Bothriopsis Bilineata Smaragdina (forest Viper) Venom And Its Toxin Bbil-tx (asp49 Phospholipase A2) On Isolated Mouse Nerve-muscle Preparations.

The presynaptic action of Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina (forest viper) venom and Bbil-TX, an Asp49 PLA2 from this venom, was examined in detail in mouse phrenic nerve-muscle (PND) preparations in vitro and in a neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH) in order to gain a better insight into the mechanism of action of the venom and associated Asp49 PLA2. In low Ca(2+) solution, venom (3μg/ml) caused a quadriphasic response in PND twitch height whilst at 10μg/ml the venom additionally induced an abrupt and marked initial contracture followed by neuromuscular facilitation, rhythmic oscillations of nerve-evoked twitches, alterations in baseline and progressive blockade. The venom slowed the relaxation phase of muscle twitches. In low Ca(2+), Bbil-TX [210nM (3μg/ml)] caused a progressive increase in PND twitch amplitude but no change in the decay time constant. Venom (10μg/ml) and Bbil-TX (210nM) caused minor changes in the compound action potential (CAP) amplitude recorded from sciatic nerve preparations, with no significant effect on rise time and latency; tetrodotoxin (3.1nM) blocked the CAP at the end of the experiments. In mouse triangularis sterni nerve-muscle (TSn-m) preparations, venom (10μg/ml) and Bbil-TX (210nM) significantly reduced the perineural waveform associated with the outward K(+) current while the amplitude of the inward Na(+) current was not significantly affected. Bbil-TX (210nM) caused a progressive increase in the quantal content of TSn-m preparations maintained in low Ca(2+) solution. Venom (3μg/ml) and toxin (210nM) increased the calcium fluorescence in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells loaded with Fluo3 AM and maintained in low or normal Ca(2+) solution. In normal Ca(2+), the increase in fluorescence amplitude was accompanied by irregular and frequent calcium transients. In TSn-m preparations loaded with Fluo4 AM, venom (10μg/ml) caused an immediate increase in intracellular Ca(2+) followed by oscillations in fluorescence and muscle contracture; Bbil-TX did not change the calcium fluorescence in TSn-m preparations. Immunohistochemical analysis of toxin-treated PND preparations revealed labeling of junctional ACh receptors but a loss of the presynaptic proteins synaptophysin and SNAP25. Together, these data confirm the presynaptic action of Bbil-TX and show that it involves modulation of K(+) channel activity and presynaptic protein expression.

Ageing and surface EMG activity patterns of masticatory muscles

P>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on the electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles. All volunteers were Brazilian, fully dentate (except for Group I - mixed dentition), Caucasian, aged 7-80, and divided into five groups: I (7-12 years), II (13-20 years), III (21-40 years), IV (41-60 years) and V (61-80 years). Except for Group V, which comprised nine women and eight men, all groups were equally divided with respect to gender (20 M/20 F). Surface electromyographic records of masticatory muscles were obtained at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction, right and left laterality, maximal jaw protrusion and maximal clenching in the intercuspal position. Statistically significant differences (P < 0 center dot 05) were found in all clinical conditions among the different age groups. Considerably different patterns of muscle activation were found across ages, with greater electromyographic activity in children and youth, and decreasing from adults to aged people.

Electromyographic activity of the mandible muscles at the beginning and end of masticatory cycles in patients with complete dentures

The aim of this study was to assess the electrical activity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles in subjects with severe bone resorption at two different times: ( a) the initial period, with the complete dentures they had worn for over 10 years, and (b) the final period, 5 months after having new dentures put into place. Twelve asymptomatic subjects were asked to respond to the questionnaire, according to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders, before denture rehabilitation and 5 months after the new dentures were put in place. The electrical activity of the muscles was recorded during mastication in the initial and final period, using artificial food (Optocal). The operator monitored the 35 chewing cycles that were repeated to grind the artificial food. After wearing the new dentures for 5 months, the right anterior temporal muscle showed a statistical difference before and after denture rehabilitation at the beginning and end of mastication. Muscular capacity and ability reduced the electrical activity in the masseter muscles after rehabilitation. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Effector dynamics of rhythmic wrist activity and its implications for (modeling) bimanual coordination

To examine the role of the effector dynamics of the wrist in the production of rhythmic motor activity, we estimated the phase shifts between the EMG and the task-related output for a rhythmic isometric torque production task and an oscillatory movement, and found a substantial difference (45-52degrees) between the two. For both tasks, the relation between EMG and task-related output (torque or displacement) was adequately reproduced with a physiologically motivated musculoskeletal model. The model simulations demonstrated the importance of the contribution of passive structures to the overall dynamics and provided an account for the observed phase shifts in the dynamic task. Additional simulations of the musculoskeletal model with added load suggested that particular changes in the phase relation between EMG and movement may follow largely from the intrinsic muscle dynamics, rather than being the result of adaptations in the neural control of joint stiffness. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to (models of) interlimb coordination in rhythmic tasks. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Low-Level Laser Intensity Application in Masseter Muscle for Treatment Purposes

Objective: This study evaluated with histochemical analysis how the number of laser applications can affect the masseter muscle. Background: In dentistry today, the laser is used in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), mainly for radiating pain in the masticatory muscles, whose origins may be associated with malocclusion, although the laser effects are not well understood on the cellular level. Materials and Methods: Thirty mice (HRS/J lineage) were randomly distributed into groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six, and 10). For each group of laser applications (experimental, n = 5), it was considered the control group (n = 5), which was not irradiated. All animals inhaled halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane, minimum 99%, Sigma Aldrich, India) before each laser irradiation performed on the left masseter muscle region, on alternate days with 20 J/cm(2), 40mW, for 20 sec. The muscle samples were collected for histochemical analysis with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme 72 h after the last application. Results: (a) A decrease in area of light fibers type (35.91% +/- 6.9%; 32.08% +/- 6.3%, and 27.88% +/- 6.3%), according to the increase of laser applications (p < 0.05); (b) significant increase (p < 0.05) in the area of intermediate fibers, with an increase of laser application (11.08% +/- 3.9%; 16.52% +/- 5.7%, and 15.96% +/- 3.9%), although the increase with 10 applications was small; (c) area increase of dark fibers in the group with three laser applications (0.16% +/- 0.3%) (p < 0.05), and in groups with six and 10 laser applications, respectively (9.68% +/- 6.0% and 9.60% +/- 4.0%). Conclusions: The SDH enzyme activity revealed that the number of laser applications increases the metabolic pattern of the muscle fibers. A minimal difference in metabolic activity between six and 10 applications of a laser suggests that further analyses should be done to confirm that six applications are enough to produce the same clinical effects, thereby contributing data to professionals from different fields in regard to the cost-benefit ratio of this therapy.

Cross-Talk Between Mitochondria and NADPH Oxidase: Effects of Mild Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Angiotensin II-Mediated Increase in Nox Isoform Expression and Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase activation are concomitantly involved in pathogenesis of many vascular diseases. However, possible cross-talk between those ROS-generating systems is unclear. We induced mild mitochondrial dysfunction due to mitochondrial DNA damage after 24 h incubation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle (VSMC) with 250 ng/mL ethidium bromide (EtBr). VSMC remained viable and had 29% less oxygen consumption, 16% greater baseline hydrogen peroxide, and unchanged glutathione levels. Serum-stimulated proliferation was unaltered at 24 h. Although PCR amplification of several mtDNA sequences was preserved, D-Loop mtDNA region showed distinct amplification of shorter products after EtBr. Such evidence for DNA damage was further enhanced after angiotensin-II (AngII) incubation. Remarkably, the normally observed increase in VSMC membrane fraction NADPH oxidase activity after AngII was completely abrogated after EtBr, together with failure to upregulate Nox1 mRNA expression. Conversely, basal Nox4 mRNA expression increased 1.6-fold, while being unresponsive to AngII. Similar loss in AngII redox response occurred after 24 h antimycin-A incubation. Enhanced Nox4 expression was unassociated with endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Protein disulfide isomerase, an NADPH oxidase regulator, exhibited increased expression and inverted pattern of migration to membrane fraction after EtBr. These results unravel functionally relevant cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase, which markedly affects redox responses to AngII. Antioxid Redox Signal 11, 1265-1278.