Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems

Weeds are a hidden foe for crop plants, interfering with their functions and suppressing their growth and development. Yield losses of ∼34 are caused by weeds among the major crops, which are grown worldwide. These yield losses are higher than the losses caused by other pests in the crops. Sustainable weed management is needed in the wake of a huge decline in crop outputs due to weed pressure. A diversity in weed management tools ensures sustainable weed control and reduces chances of herbicide resistance development in weeds. Allelopathy as a tool, can be importantly used to combat the challenges of environmental pollution and herbicide resistance development. This review article provides a recent update regarding the practical application of allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Several studies elaborate on the significance of allelopathy for weed management. Rye, sorghum, rice, sunflower, rape seed, and wheat have been documented as important allelopathic crops. These crops express their allelopathic potential by releasing allelochemicals which not only suppress weeds, but also promote underground microbial activities. Crop cultivars with allelopathic potentials can be grown to suppress weeds under field conditions. Further, several types of allelopathic plants can be intercropped with other crops to smother weeds. The use of allelopathic cover crops and mulches can reduce weed pressure in field crops. Rotating a routine crop with an allelopathic crop for one season is another method of allelopathic weed control. Importantly, plant breeding can be explored to improve the allelopathic potential of crop cultivars. In conclusion, allelopathy can be utilized for suppressing weeds in field crops. Allelopathy has a pertinent significance for ecological, sustainable, and integrated weed management systems.

Uniparental DNA markers and forensic genetics in Finland

Over the years, a wide range of methods to verify identity have been developed. Molecular markers have been used for identification since the 1920s, commencing with blood types and culminating with the advent of DNA techniques in the 1980s. Identification is required by authorities in many occasions, e.g. in disputed paternity cases, identification of deceased, or crime investigation. To clarify maternal and paternal lineages, uniparental DNA markers in mtDNA and Y-chromosome can be utilized. These markers have several advantages: male specific Y-chromosome can be used to identify a male from a mixture of male and female cells, e.g. in rape cases. MtDNA is durable and has a high copy number, allowing analyses even from old or degraded samples. However, both markers are lineage-specific, not individualizing, and susceptible to genetic drift. Prior to the application of any DNA marker in forensic casework, it is of utmost importance to investigate its qualities and peculiarities in the target population. Earlier studies on the Finnish population have shown reduced variation in the Y-chromosome, but in mtDNA results have been ambiguous. The obtained results confirmed the low diversity in Y-chromosome in Finland. Detailed population analysis revealed large regional differences, and extremely reduced diversity especially in East Finland. Analysis of the qualities affecting Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) variation and mutation frequencies, and search of new polymorphic markers resulted a set of Y-STRs with especially high diversity in Finland. Contrary to Y-chromosome, neither reduced diversity nor regional differences were found in mtDNA within Finland. In fact, mtDNA diversity was found similar to other European populations. The revealed peculiarities in the uniparental markers are a legacy of the Finnish population history. The obtained results challenge the traditional explanation which emphasizes relatively recent founder effects creating the observed east-west patterns. Uniparentally inherited markers, both mtDNA and Y-chromosome, are applicable for identification purposes in Finland. By adjusting the analysed Y marker set to meet the characteristics of Finnish population, Y-chromosomal diversity increases and the regional differentiation decreases, resulting increase in discrimination power and thus usefulness of Y-chromosomal analysis in forensic casework.

Rapsista tuotetun biodieselin ja vehnästä tuotetun bioetanolin energiavirrat ja ympäristövaikutukset Euroopan unionissa

The aim of this thesis was to study the crops currently used for biofuel production from the following aspects: 1. what should be the average yield/ ha to reach an energy balance at least 0 or positive 2. what are the shares of the primary and secondary energy flows in agriculture, transport, processing and usage, and 3. overall effects of biofuel crop cultivation, transport, processing and usage. This thesis concentrated on oilseed rape biodiesel and wheat bioethanol in the European Union, comparing them with competing biofuels, such as corn and sugarcane-based ethanol, and the second generation biofuels. The study was executed by comparing Life Cycle Assessment-studies from the EU-region and by analyzing them thoroughly from the differences viewpoint. The variables were the following: energy ratio, hectare yield (l/ha), impact on greenhouse gas emissions (particularly CO2), energy consumption in crop growing and processing one hectare of a particular crop to biofuel, distribution of energy in processing and effects of the secondary energy flows, like e.g. wheat straw. Processing was found to be the most energy consuming part in the production of biofuels. So if the raw materials will remain the same, the development will happen in processing. First generation biodiesel requires esterification, which consumes approximately one third of the process energy. Around 75% of the energy consumed in manufacturing the first generation wheat-based ethanol is spent in steam and electricity generation. No breakthroughs are in sight in the agricultural sector to achieve significantly higher energy ratios. It was found out that even in ideal conditions the energy ratio of first generation wheat-based ethanol will remain slightly under 2. For oilseed rape-based biodiesel the energy ratios are better, and energy consumption per hectare is lower compared to wheat-based ethanol. But both of these are lower compared to e.g. sugarcane-based ethanol. Also the hectare yield of wheat-based ethanol is significantly lower. Biofuels are in a key position when considering the future of the world’s transport sector. Uncertainties concerning biofuels are, however, several, like the schedule of large scale introduction to consumer markets, technologies used, raw materials and their availability and - maybe the biggest - the real production capacity in relation to the fuel consumption. First generation biofuels have not been the expected answer to environmental problems. Comparisons made show that sugarcane-based ethanol is the most prominent first generation biofuel at the moment, both from energy and environment point of view. Also palmoil-based biodiesel looks promising, although it involves environmental concerns as well. From this point of view the biofuels in this study - wheat-based ethanol and oilseed rape-based biodiesel - are not very competitive options. On the other hand, crops currently used for fuel production in different countries are selected based on several factors, not only based on thier relative general superiority. It is challenging to make long-term forecasts for the biofuel sector, but it can be said that satisfying the world's current and near future traffic fuel consumption with biofuels can only be regarded impossible. This does not mean that biofuels shoud be rejected and their positive aspects ignored, but maybe this reality helps us to put them in perspective. To achieve true environmental benefits through the usage of biofuels there must first be a significant drop both in traffic volumes and overall fuel consumption. Second generation biofuels are coming, but serious questions about their availability and production capacities remain open. Therefore nothing can be taken for granted in this issue, expect the need for development.

A Compliant Mechanism Kit with Flexible Beams and Connectors

We present the concept, prototypes, and an optimal design method for a compliant mechanism kit as a parallel to the kits available for rigid-body mechanisms. The kit consists of flexible beams and connectors that can be easily hand-assembled using snap fits. It enables users, using their creativity and mechanics intuition, to quickly realize a compliant mechanism. The mechanisms assembled in this manner accurately capture the essential behavior of the topology, shape, size and material aspects and thereby can lead the way for a real compliant mechanism for practical use. Also described in this paper are the design of the connector to which flexible beams can be added in eight different directions; and prototyping of the spring steel connectors as well as beams using wire-cut electro discharge machining. It is noted in this paper that the concept of the kit also resolves a discrepancy in the finite element (FE) modeling of beam-based compliant mechanisms. The discrepancy arises when two or more beams are joining at one point and thus leading to increased stiffness. After resolving this discrepancy, this work extends the topology optimization to automatically generate designs that can be assembled with the kit. Thus, the kit and the accompanying analysis and optimal synthesis procedures comprise a self-contained educational as well as a research and pragmatic toolset for compliant mechanisms. The paper also illustrates how human creativity finds new ways of using the kit beyond the original intended use and how it is useful even for a novice to design compliant mechanisms.

A compliant mechanism kit with flexible beams and connectors along with analysis and optimal synthesis procedures

We present a compliant mechanism kit as a parallel to the kits available for rigid-body mechanisms. The kit consists of flexible beams and connectors that can be easily hand-assembled using snap fits. The mechanisms assembled using the kit accurately capture the aspects of the topology, shape, and size of joint-free compliant mechanisms. Thus, the kit enables designers to conceive and design new, practicable, single-piece compliant mechanisms that do not require assembly. The concept of the kit also resolves a discrepancy in the finite element (FE) modeling of beam-based compliant mechanisms. The discrepancy arises when two or more beams are joined at one point and thus leading to increased stiffness. After resolving this discrepancy, this work extends the topology optimization to automatically generate designs that can be assembled with the kit for quick and easy validation instead of time-consuming prototyping. Thus, the kit and the accompanying analysis and optimal synthesis procedures comprise a self-contained educational as well as a research and practice toolset for compliant mechanisms. The paper also illustrates how human creativity finds new ways of using the kit beyond the original intended use and how it enables even a novice to design compliant mechanisms. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Toll-Like Receptors 7, 8, and 9 Expression and Function in Primary Human Cervical Cancer Langerhans Cells Evidence of Anergy

Objective: Human papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 down modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 expression in infected keratinocytes. We explored the status of expression and function of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 in primary human Langerhans cells (LCs) isolated from cervical tumors. Methodology: Single-cell suspensions were made from fresh tissues of squamous cell carcinoma (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB2); myeloid dendritic cells were purified using CD1c magnetic activated cell separation kits. Langerhans cells were further flow sorted into CD1a(+)CD207(+) cells. Acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1-derived LCs (moLCs) formed the controls. mRNA from flow-sorted LCs was reverse transcribed to cDNA and TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 amplified. Monocyte-derived Langerhans cells and cervical tumor LCs were stimulated with TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 ligands. Culture supernatants were assayed for interleukin (IL) 1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon (IFN) alpha, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by Luminex multiplex bead array. Human papillomavirus was genotyped. Results: We have for the first time demonstrated that the acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 can be differentiated into LCs in vitro. Although these moLCs. expressed all the 3 TLRs, tumor LCs expressed TLR7 and TLR8, but uniformly lacked TLR9. Also, moLCs secreted IL-6, IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha to TLR8 ligand and interferon alpha in response to TLR9 ligand; in contrast, tumor LCs did not express any cytokine to any of the 3 TLR ligands. Human papillomavirus type 16 was one of the common human papillomavirus types in all cases. Conclusions: Cervical tumor LCs lacked TLR9 expression and were functionally anergic to all the 3: TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 ligands, which may play a crucial role in immune tolerance. The exact location of block(s) in TLR7 and TLR8 signaling needs to be investigated, which would have important immunotherapeutic implications.

Quantitative metabolic profiling of NMR spectral signatures of branched chain amino acids in blood serum

Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) are related to different aspects of diseases like pathogenesis, diagnosis and even prognosis. While in some diseases, levels of all the BCAAs are perturbed; in some cases, perturbation occurs in one or two while the rest remain unaltered. In case of ischemic heart disease, there is an enhanced level of plasma leucine and isoleucine but valine level remains unaltered. In `Hypervalinemia', valine is elevated in serum and urine, but not leucine and isoleucine. Therefore, identification of these metabolites and profiling of individual BCAA in a quantitative manner in body-fluid like blood plasma/serum have long been in demand. H-1 NMR resonances of the BCAAs overlap with each other which complicates quantification of individual BCAAs. Further, the situation is limited by the overlap of broad resonances of lipoprotein with the resonances of BCAAs. The widely used commercially available kits cannot differentially estimate the BCAAs. Here, we have achieved proper identification and characterization of these BCAAs in serum in a quantitative manner employing a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-based technique namely T-2-edited Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY). This approach can easily be extended to other body fluids like bile, follicular fluids, saliva, etc.

Utilidad de marcadores RAPD en la caracterización molecular de quequisque (Xanthosoma spp.) de Nicaragua. Estudio preliminar

El quequisque es un cultivo de importancia en los trópicos y subtrópicos por ser fuente de alimento y recursos para productores. Nicaragua está ubicada en el centro de origen del género Xanthosoma , donde pueden encontrarse muchas especies silvestres de uso potencial. Sin embargo, la información sobre la relación genética inter e intra específica es escasa. Se evaluó el uso de los marcadores moleculares generados por 40 cebadores RAPD (kits B y D, Operon technologies) en la caracterización de especies del género Xanthosoma colectados en Nicaragua. Con tal fin se extrajo ADN de vitroplantas de tres especies Xanthosoma silvestres y cuatro cultivadas, cuatro Alocasia ornamentales y tres Colocasia cultivadas. Los marcadores moleculares generados fueron sometidos al análisis genético utilizando el programa Neighbour joining. Catorce de los cebadores revelaron polimorfismo entre los genotipos. El dendograma generado agrupó las Xanthosoma cultivadas y silvestres, exceptuando X mexicum. Las especies Colocasia y Alocasia no formaron un grupo claro. Este estudio confirma la variación genética en las especies Xanthosoma silvestres y cultivadas creciendo en Nicaragua. Los marcadores moleculares generados por los catorce cebadores RAPD pueden ser utilizados para la caracterización molecular del banco de germoplasma del género Xanthosoma colectado en el país.

El estupro. Sexualidad delictiva en la Baja Edad Media y primera Edad Moderna

[ES]Análisis del delito de estupro en los siglos XIV y XVII en los reinos de Castilla y de Navarra a través de la legislación y las fuentes judiciales.

Celiac disease in the Mediterranean area

Background: The World Gastroenterology Organization recommends developing national guidelines for the diagnosis of Celiac Disease (CD): hence a profile of the diagnosis of CD in each country is required. We aim to describe a cross-sectional picture of the clinical features and diagnostic facilities in 16 countries of the Mediterranean basin. Since a new ESPGHAN diagnostic protocol was recently published, our secondary aim is to estimate how many cases in the same area could be identified without a small intestinal biopsy. Methods: By a stratified cross-sectional retrospective study design, we examined clinical, histological and laboratory data from 749 consecutive unselected CD children diagnosed by national referral centers. Results: The vast majority of cases were diagnosed before the age of 10 (median: 5 years), affected by diarrhea, weight loss and food refusal, as expected. Only 59 cases (7.8%) did not suffer of major complaints. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) assay was available, but one-third of centers reported financial constraints in the regular purchase of the assay kits. 252 cases (33.6%) showed tTG values over 10 times the local normal limit. Endomysial antibodies and HLA typing were routinely available in only half of the centers. CD was mainly diagnosed from small intestinal biopsy, available in all centers. Based on these data, only 154/749 cases (20.5%) would have qualified for a diagnosis of CD without a small intestinal biopsy, according to the new ESPGHAN protocol. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study of CD in the Mediterranean referral centers offers a puzzling picture of the capacities to deal with the emerging epidemic of CD in the area, giving a substantive support to the World Gastroenterology Organization guidelines.

Lock Acquisition and Sensitivity Analysis of Advanced LIGO Interferometers

Laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory (LIGO) consists of two complex large-scale laser interferometers designed for direct detection of gravitational waves from distant astrophysical sources in the frequency range 10Hz - 5kHz. Direct detection of space-time ripples will support Einstein's general theory of relativity and provide invaluable information and new insight into physics of the Universe.

Initial phase of LIGO started in 2002, and since then data was collected during six science runs. Instrument sensitivity was improving from run to run due to the effort of commissioning team. Initial LIGO has reached designed sensitivity during the last science run, which ended in October 2010.

In parallel with commissioning and data analysis with the initial detector, LIGO group worked on research and development of the next generation detectors. Major instrument upgrade from initial to advanced LIGO started in 2010 and lasted till 2014.

This thesis describes results of commissioning work done at LIGO Livingston site from 2013 until 2015 in parallel with and after the installation of the instrument. This thesis also discusses new techniques and tools developed at the 40m prototype including adaptive filtering, estimation of quantization noise in digital filters and design of isolation kits for ground seismometers.

The first part of this thesis is devoted to the description of methods for bringing interferometer to the linear regime when collection of data becomes possible. States of longitudinal and angular controls of interferometer degrees of freedom during lock acquisition process and in low noise configuration are discussed in details.

Once interferometer is locked and transitioned to low noise regime, instrument produces astrophysics data that should be calibrated to units of meters or strain. The second part of this thesis describes online calibration technique set up in both observatories to monitor the quality of the collected data in real time. Sensitivity analysis was done to understand and eliminate noise sources of the instrument.

Coupling of noise sources to gravitational wave channel can be reduced if robust feedforward and optimal feedback control loops are implemented. The last part of this thesis describes static and adaptive feedforward noise cancellation techniques applied to Advanced LIGO interferometers and tested at the 40m prototype. Applications of optimal time domain feedback control techniques and estimators to aLIGO control loops are also discussed.

Commissioning work is still ongoing at the sites. First science run of advanced LIGO is planned for September 2015 and will last for 3-4 months. This run will be followed by a set of small instrument upgrades that will be installed on a time scale of few months. Second science run will start in spring 2016 and last for about 6 months. Since current sensitivity of advanced LIGO is already more than factor of 3 higher compared to initial detectors and keeps improving on a monthly basis, upcoming science runs have a good chance for the first direct detection of gravitational waves.

Sensing and Actuation from Biology to Electronics

We introduce an in vitro diagnostic magnetic biosensing platform for immunoassay and nucleic acid detection. The platform has key characteristics for a point-of-use (POU) diagnostic: portability, low-power consumption, low cost, and multiplexing capability. As a demonstration of capabilities, we use this platform for the room temperature, amplification-free detection of a 31 bp DNA oligomer and interferon-gamma (a protein relevant for tuberculosis diagnosis). Reliable assay measurements down to 100 pM for the DNA and 1 pM for the protein are demonstrated. We introduce a novel "magnetic freezing" technique for baseline measurement elimination and to enable spatial multiplexing. We have created a general protocol for adapting integrated circuit (IC) sensors to any of hundreds of commercially available immunoassay kits and custom designed DNA sequences.

We also introduce a method for immunotherapy treatment of malignant gliomas. We utilize leukocytes internalized with immunostimulatory nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates to localize and retain immune cells near the tumor site. As a proof-of-principle, we develop a novel cell imaging and incubation chamber for in vitro magnetic motility experiments. We use the apparatus to demonstrate the controlled movement of magnetically loaded THP-1 leukocytes.

Finally, we introduce an IC transmitter and power ampli er (PA) that utilizes electronic digital infrastructure, sensors, and actuators to self-heal and adapt to process, dynamic, and environmental variation. Traditional IC design has achieved incredible degrees of reliability by ensuring that billions of transistors on a single IC die are all simultaneously functional. Reliability becomes increasingly difficult as the size of a transistor shrinks. Self-healing can mitigate these variations.

Estudio de los sueros ricos en factores de crecimiento y de su efecto sobre células de epitelio corneal

Objetivos: Estudiar cómo afecta a la concentración de determinados factores de crecimiento presentes en los sueros la filtración (utilizado como método de esterilización) y el tratamiento por calor (utilizado para la inactivación del complemento). Además de estudiar el efecto de un bioadhesivo (ácido hialurónico, HaNa), aplicado solo o conjuntamente con el suero rico en factores de crecimiento (s-PRGF), sobre la capacidad de las células de epitelio corneal (HCE) para proliferar y migrar. Materiales y métodos: Se midió mediante kits ELISA comerciales la concentración en las diferentes condiciones de filtración y calentamiento de las siguientes biomoléculas EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), PDGF (Platelet-derived Growth Factor) y la Fibronectina. Teniendo en cuenta el papel de la proliferación y migración celular en los procesos de cicatrización se han realizado dos ensayos diferentes in vitro: un ensayo MTT para estudiar la viabilidad y la proliferación celular y el método de la herida (Scratch wound-healing assay) para determinar la capacidad migratoria de células bajo ciertos tratamientos: BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) al 1% como control, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) al 10%, s-PRGF al 45%, s-PRGF al 45% con HaNa 0,1% y HaNa al 0,1% Resultados: En el caso de la filtración, se observa una mayor pérdida de factores utilizando un filtro con una membrana de PVDF (Durapore®) para todos los factores estudiados. El calentamiento produce una reducción de la concentración superior al 50% en el caso del HGF y EGF, manteniéndose constante en el caso del VEGF.La mezcla de diferentes muestras con el complemento inactivado para formar un pool no presenta cambios en la concentración al compararlo con la media de las muestras utilizadas. Por tanto, la utilización de un pool del hemoderivado no supone perdida de factores de crecimiento, haciendo de ello un procedimiento perfectamente aceptable para los ensayos celulares. El tratamiento con s-PRGF y el combinado con el bioadhesivo promueven la proliferación y migración de las células de epitelio corneal humano(HCE) in vitro de manera similar, no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos. Conclusiones: La adicción del bioadhesivo no produce efecto tóxico en las células, sin embargo, no se han encontrado efectos beneficiosos en cuanto a proliferación y migración se refiere. A este respecto, creemos que hay que dar un paso más haciendo comprobaciones in vivo, ya que, a diferencia de la experimentación in vitro los componentes de los hemoderivados no están indefinidamente en contacto con las células sino por un espacio de tiempo muy reducido. Por ello, la concentración de factores de crecimiento en la aplicación in vivo es especialmente importante, y no sería conveniente reducirla mediante procedimientos físicos como la filtración o el calentamiento.

Efeito da superalimentação neonatal sobre a função adrenal e o desenvolvimento da microesteatose hepática em ratos adultos

O estado nutricional e hormonal em fases iniciais de desenvolvimento (gestação e lactação) está relacionado a alterações epigenéticas, que podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças. A obesidade infantil está relacionada com a ocorrência da obesidade na idade adulta, resistência à insulina e maior risco cardiometabólico. Em estudos experimentais, a superalimentação neonatal causa obesidade e aumenta o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Estes animais apresentam obesidade visceral, hiperfagia, hiperleptinemia e hipertensão na idade adulta. Previamente, demonstramos que a hiperleptinemia neonatal causa hiperfunção da medula adrenal e microesteatose na idade adulta. No presente estudo avaliamos a função adrenal de ratos adultos obesos no modelo de superalimentação neonatal por redução do tamanho da ninhada e a sensibilidade as catecolaminas no tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) e no fígado. Ao nascimento todas as ninhadas tiveram seu número de filhotes ajustados para 10. Para induzir a superalimentação neonatal, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzido de dez para três filhotes machos no terceiro dia de lactação até o desmame (SA), enquanto que o grupo controle permaneceu com 10 filhotes durante toda a lactação. Após o desmame, os ratos tiveram livre acesso à dieta padrão e água até 180 dias (1 animal de cada ninhada, n = 7). O TAV e as glândulas adrenais foram pesadas. As contrações hormonais séricas, o conteúdo hepático de glicogênio e triglicerídeos foram avaliados por kits comerciais. O conteúdo e a secreção de catecolaminas adrenais foram avaliados utilizando o método do trihidroxindol. O conteúdo dos hormônios eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-córtex adrenal, das enzimas da via de síntese das catecolaminas na glândula adrenal, ADRB2 no fígado e ADRB3 no TAV foram determinados por Western blotting ou imunohistoquímica. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p <0,05. Aos 180 dias de vida, o grupo SA apresentou maior massa corporal (+15%), maior consumo alimentar (+15%) e maior adiposidade visceral (+79%). Os hormônios do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-córtex-adrenal não foram alterados. O grupo SA apresentou maior expressão de tirosina hidroxilase e de DOPA descarboxilase (+31% e 90%, respectivamente); conteúdo de catecolaminas adrenais (absoluta: 35% e relativa: 40%), e secreção de catecolaminas, tanto basal quanto estimulada por cafeína (+35% e 43%, respectivamente). O conteúdo ADRB3 no TAV não foi alterado nos grupo SA, entretanto o ADRB2 no fígado apresentou-se menor (-45%). O grupo SA apresentou maior conteúdo de glicogênio e triglicerídeos no fígado (+79% e +49%, respectivamente), além de microesteatose. A superalimentação neonatal resulta em hiperativação adrenomedular e aparentemente está associada a preservação da sensibilidade às catecolaminas no VAT. Adicionalmente sugerimos que o maior conteúdo de glicogênio e triglicerídeos hepático seja devido a menor sensibilidade as catecolaminas. Tal perfil pode contribuir para a disfunção metabólica hepática e hipertensão arterial que são características deste modelo de obesidade programada.