Ukraine on the financial front – the problem of Ukraine’s foreign public debt. OSW COMMENTARY NUMBER 178|05.08.2015

One of the key challenges that Ukraine is facing is the scale of its foreign debt (both public and private). As of 1st April it stood at US$ 126 billion, which is 109.8% of the country’s GDP. Approximately 45% of these financial obligations are short-term, meaning that they must be paid off within a year. Although the value of the debt has fallen by nearly US$ 10 billion since the end of 2014 (due to the private sector paying a part of the liabilities), the debt to GDP ratio has increased due to the recession and the depreciation of the hryvnia. The value of Ukraine’s foreign public debt is also on the rise (including state guarantees); since the beginning of 2015 it has risen from US$ 37.6 billion to US$ 43.6 billion. Ukraine does not currently have the resources to pay off its debt. In this situation a debt restructuring is necessary and this is one of the top priorities for the Ukrainian government as well as for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its assistance programme. Without this it will be much more difficult for Ukraine to overcome the economic crisis.

Handling the Problem of Unbalanced Data Sets in the Classification of Technical Equipment States

Questions of handling unbalanced data considered in this article. As models for classification, PNN and MLP are used. Problem of estimation of model performance in case of unbalanced training set is solved. Several methods (clustering approach and boosting approach) considered as useful to deal with the problem of input data.

The singular problem of the Epistle to the Galatians,

"A brief commentary on the Epistle": p. 28-42.

The problem of old age pensions in industry, an up-to-date summary of the facts and figures developed in the further study of old age pensions.

Mode of access: Internet.

On the problem of estimating the number of schools of fish.

"A paper presented at the joint meeting of the Bometric Society and the institute of Mathematical Statistics, November 27, 1948, at Seattle, Washington."

The problem of moments /

Includes bibliographies.

The problem of the world and the church reconsidered in three letters to a friend /

With an introduction by James Booth, C. B.

Africa waiting; or the problem of Africa's evangelization,

Bibliography: p. [vii]-xii.

The problem of administrative areas : an essay in reconstruction /

Mode of access: Internet.