Recognition and political accommodation: from regionalism to secessionism. The Catalan case

Having lived through a bloody civil war in the 1930s followed by four decades of General Franco’s dictatorship, the Spanish state carried out a transition to a democratic system at the end of the 1970s. The 1978 Constitution was the legal outcome of this transition process. Among other things, it established a territorial model – the so-called “Estado de las Autonomías” (State of Autonomous Communities) – which was designed to satisfy the historical demands for recognition and self-government of, above all, the citizens and institutions of Catalonia and the Basque Country .In recent years support for independence has increased in Catalonia. Different indicators show that pro-independence demands are endorsed by a majority of its citizens, as well as by most of the political parties and organizations that represent its civil society. This is a new phenomenon. Those in favour of independence had been in the minority throughout the 20th century. Nowadays, however, demands of a pro-autonomy and pro-federalist nature, which until recently had been dominant, have gradually lost public support in favour of demands for self-determination and secession. This paper analyses the massive increase in support for secession in Catalonia during the early years of the 21st century. After describing the different theories of secession in plurinational liberal democracies (section 1), we analyse Catalonia’s political evolution over the past decade focusing on the shortcomings with regard to constitutional recognition and accommodation displayed by the Spanish political system. The latter have been exacerbated by the reform process of Catalonia’s Statute of Autonomy (2006) and the subsequent judgement of Spain’s Constitutional Court regarding the aforementioned Statute (2010) (section 2). Finally, we present our conclusions by linking the Catalan case with theories of secession applied to plurinational contexts

Rules vs. political discretion: evidence from constitutionally guaranteed transfers to local governments in Brazil

Can rules be used to shield public resources from political interference? The Brazilian constitution and national tax code stipulate that revenue sharing transfers to municipal governments be determined by the size of counties in terms of estimated population. In this paper I document that the population estimates which went into the transfer allocation formula for the year 1991 were manipulated, resulting in significant transfer differentials over the entire 1990's. I test whether conditional on county characteristics that might account for the manipulation, center-local party alignment, party popularity and the extent of interparty fragmentation at the county level are correlated with estimated populations in 1991. Results suggest that revenue sharing transfers were targeted at right-wing national deputies in electorally fragmented counties as well as aligned local executives.

The "New Political Economy": Two Recent Books

This paper reviews two recent books on Political Economy by Allan Drazen and Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini. It discusses some problems of the recent Political Economy literature.

Assessing the Political Viability of Labour Market Reform: The Case of Employment Protection

We analyze the political support for employment protection legislation. Unlike my previous work on the same topic, this paper pays a lot of attention to the role of obsolescence in the growth process. In voting in favour of employment protection, incumbent employees trade off lower living standards (because employment protection maintains workers in less productive activities) against longer job duration. The support for employment protection will then depend on the value of the latter relative to the cost of the former. We highlight two key deeterminants of this trade-off: first, the workers' bargaining power, second, the economy's growth rate-more precisely its rate of creative destruction.

Political-ethical skill development in nursing undergraduates

This research aimed to identify political-ethical skills developed in a training process compatible with the expected profile set by the National Curriculum Guidelines for the Undergraduate Nursing Degree. A case study was conducted with units represented by 32 former students from a particular religious teaching institution who already were in the job market. The content of the interviews was analyzed using the thematic analysis technique, which resulted in the following categories: "Political-ethical skills in the formative process" and "Political-ethical skills as a product of the educational process." From the former students’ perspective, these categories reinforced the social role of the nurse and the need for students to be reflective, understanding and participative in the transformation of society.

Civil conflict and human capital accumulation: The long-term effects of political violence in Perú

This paper provides empirical evidence of the persistent effect of exposure to political violence on humancapital accumulation. I exploit the variation in conflict location and birth cohorts to identify the longandshort-term effects of the civil war on educational attainment. Conditional on being exposed toviolence, the average person accumulates 0.31 less years of education as an adult. In the short-term,the effects are stronger than in the long-run; these results hold when comparing children within thesame household. Further, exposure to violence during early childhood leads to permanent losses. I alsoexplore the potential causal mechanisms.

The political cost of reforms

This paper formalizes in a fully-rational model the popular idea that politiciansperceive an electoral cost in adopting costly reforms with future benefits and reconciles it with the evidence that reformist governments are not punished by voters.To do so, it proposes a model of elections where political ability is ex-ante unknownand investment in reforms is unobservable. On the one hand, elections improve accountability and allow to keep well-performing incumbents. On the other, politiciansmake too little reforms in an attempt to signal high ability and increase their reappointment probability. Although in a rational expectation equilibrium voters cannotbe fooled and hence reelection does not depend on reforms, the strategy of underinvesting in reforms is nonetheless sustained by out-of-equilibrium beliefs. Contrary tothe conventional wisdom, uncertainty makes reforms more politically viable and may,under some conditions, increase social welfare. The model is then used to study howpolitical rewards can be set so as to maximize social welfare and the desirability of imposing a one-term limit to governments. The predictions of this theory are consistentwith a number of empirical regularities on the determinants of reforms and reelection.They are also consistent with a new stylized fact documented in this paper: economicuncertainty is associated to more reforms in a panel of 20 OECD countries.

Turnout, political preferences and information: Experimental evidence from Perú

Electoral institutions that encourage citizens to vote are widely used around the world. Yet littleis known about the effects of such institutions on voter participation and the composition of the electorate.In this paper, I combine a field experiment with a change in Peruvian voting laws to identify theeffect of monetary (dis-)incentives on voting. Using the random variation in the fine for abstention andan objective measure of turnout at the individual level, I estimate the elasticity of voting with respectto cost to be -0.21. Consistent with the theoretical model presented, the reduction in turnout inducedby the reduction in the fine is driven by voters who (i) are in the center of the political spectrum, (ii)are less interested in politics, and (iii) hold less political information. However, voters who respondto changes in the cost of abstention do not have different preferences for policies than those who voteregardless of the cost. Further, involvement in politics, as measured by the decision to acquire politicalinformation, seems to be independent of the level of the fine. Additional results indicate that thereduction in the fine does not affect the incidence of vote buying, but increases the price paid for avote.

Inflation, political instability and stockmarket volatility in interwar Germany

What determined the volatility of asset prices in Germany between thewars? This paper argues that the influence of political factors has beenoverstated. The majority of events increasing political uncertainty hadlittle or no effect on the value of German assets and the volatility ofreturns on them. Instead, it was inflation (and the fear of it) that islargely responsible for most of the variability in asset returns.

The 'new political economy': Two recent books

This paper reviews two recent books on Political Economy by Allan Drazen and Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini. It discusses some problems of the recent Political Economy literature.

How political parties, rather than member-states, are building the European Union

Political party formation and coalition building in the European Parliament is being a driving force for making governance of the highly pluralistic European Union relatively effective and consensual. In spite of successive enlargements and the very high number of electoral partiesobtaining representation in the European Union institutions, the number of effective European Political Groups in the European Parliament has decreased from the first direct election in 1979 to the fifth in 1999. The formal analysis of national party¹s voting power in different Europeanparty configurations can explain the incentives for national parties to join large European Political Groups instead of forming smaller nationalistic groupings. Empirical evidence shows increasing cohesion of European Political Groups and an increasing role of the European Parliament in EU inter-institutional decision making. As a consequence of this evolution, intergovernmentalism is being replaced with federalizing relations. The analysis can support positive expectations regarding the governability of the European Union after further enlargements provided that new member states have party systems fitting the European PoliticalGroups.

Colá S. Jon, oh que sabe! : as imagens as palavras ditas e a escrita de uma experiência ritual e social

Quando iniciei, no Bairro do Alto da Cova da Moura, o trabalho que deu origem a esta tese, apercebi-me que era ali que os tambores se poderiam reinventar, que os ritmos anteriormente vividos ou escutados se recriavam na batida do pilão, na forma de fazer rapé, no funaná, na música rap ou no Colá S. Jon. Foi neste contexto ambíguo de construções culturais simultaneamente reflexivas e experienciais que procurei uma estadia longa no terreno, a passagem para o interior do bairro, espaço-tempo da pesquisa, a construção de um objeto de estudo e de um percurso metodológico. A experiência de campo mostrava-se-me como um processo dialéctico e dinâmico, como construção dialógica e pragmática, através da qual trabalhava o terreno como um meio simultaneamente de comunicação e conhecimento e procurava encontrar nos métodos modos de reconstrução das condições de produção dos saberes. Residia aí o problema do espaço afetivo e intelectual, vital e ao mesmo tempo cognitivo, que é a observação de terreno enquanto diálogo e processo de palavra. Havia que ter em conta a experiência pragmática e comunicativa de terreno, através das resistências e da receção afável, dos mal entendidos e compromissos, dos rituais interativos, da tomada de consciência da observação do observador, que estão na base da construção e da legitimação do terreno como espaço-tempo da pesquisa. A inserção no terreno permitiu-me a viagem por muitos temas possíveis, por muitas áreas de investigação. O percurso realizado conduziu-me a este trabalho que constitui uma abordagem dos processos de produção e reprodução de um ritual cabo-verdiano, Colá S. Jon, na Cova da Moura, um dos bairros da periferia urbana de Lisboa. A tese é uma construção etnográfica, por comparação e contraste, de múltiplos fazeres, (re)fazeres a muitas vozes. Vozes dos que o fazem, repetem, dizem. Vozes do quotidiano ou escrita de poetas que o consideram, “prenda má grande dum pôve e que tá fazê parte de sê vida”(Frusoni). Saber dos antropólogos que o dizem “imagem e metáfora da forma como os cabo-verdianos se representam”, modo como se contam a si, para si, para os outros. É também representação de uma comunidade que se explica a si mesma, e ao explicar-se se constrói para si e para os outros a partir de dois eixos, de duas histórias que simultaneamente se cruzam e diferenciam: uma explicitada pelas palavras e simbolizada pela dança do colá, veiculando o contexto social e cultural das interações e dos processos sociais; outra sugerida pela dança do navio, representando a historicidade de um povo - o cruzamento dos destinos de homens e mulheres que atravessando os mares atraídos pela aventura, arrastados ou empurrados pela tragédia se juntaram e plantaram na terra escassa e pobre das Ilhas, no centro do Atlântico, daí partindo ainda hoje, numa repetição incessante do ciclo da aventura, da tragédia ou da procura, na “terra longe”, da esperança de uma vida melhor. A reconstituição do Colá S. Jon, fora do país de origem, confrontada com outras realidades sociais adquire, neste contexto, novas dimensões e sublinha outras já existentes. Adquire a forma elegíaca da recordação, espécie de realidade ontológica da origem fixada num tempo e num espaço; a de lugar de tensão dialéctica com a sociedade recetora no processo migratório e de consciência reflexiva da diversidade e alteridade resultante do encontro ou do choque com outra cultura; a de simulacro tornando-se objeto repetível, espetáculo em que ressaltam sobretudo a forma estética ou força dramática, um real sem origem na realidade ou produto de outra realidade, a da praxis ou conveniência política distante da participação dos seus atores. A tese coloca-nos perante o questionamento, o olhar reflexivo, da pesquisa antropológica: simultaneamente experiência social e ritual única, relação dialógica com os atores sociais, processo de mediação, de comunicação, e a consequente dimensão epistemológica, ética e política da antropologia. Coloca-nos também perante a viagem ritual - passagem ao terreno, à imagem e à escrita – e a consequente procura de reconhecimento e aceitação do percurso realizado. O processo de produção do filme Colá S. Jon, Oh que Sabe! completa-se com o da escrita, síntese de uma experiência e aparelho crítico do filme. Ambos tem uma matriz epistemológica comum. Resultam da negociação da diferença entre o “Eu” e o “Outro” e da complexa relação entre a experiência vivida no terreno, os saberes locais, os pressupostos teóricos do projeto antropológico. Ao mesmo tempo que recusam a generalização, refletem uma construção dialógica, uma necessária relação de tensão e de porosidade entre experiências e saberes, uma ligação ambígua entre a participação numa experiência vivida e a necessária distanciação objetivante que está subjacente em qualquer atividade de tradução ou negociação intercultural, diatópica.