Avaliação da Biodisponibilidade de HPAS na Baía de Santos-SP-Brasil, Através da análise de metabólitos biliares em peixes

A Baía de Santos, localizada na Baixada Santista, porção central do litoral do Estado de São Paulo é local importante para a economia do país devido à presença do polo industrial de Cubatão, do Porto de Santos, do grande potencial turístico existente e dos recursos pesqueiros e naturais proporcionados pelos manguezais que ali ocorrem. A presença marcante de atividades antrópicas na região acarreta o aporte constante de contaminantes. Ambientes costeiros marinhos, localizados próximos a grandes centros urbanos e industriais, normalmente estão sujeitos à contaminação por compostos orgânicos.

C and H geochemistry of altered oceanic crus of ODP/IODP Hole 1256D

Carbon and hydrogen concentrations and isotopic compositions were measured in 19 samples from altered oceanic crust cored in ODP/IODP Hole 1256D through lavas, dikes down to the gabbroic rocks. Bulk water content varies from 0.32 to 2.14 wt% with dD values from -64per mil to -25per mil. All samples are enriched in water relative to fresh basalts. The dD values are interpreted in terms of mixing between magmatic water and another source that can be either secondary hydrous minerals and/or H contained in organic compounds such as hydrocarbons. Total CO2, extracted by step-heating technique, ranges between 564 and 2823 ppm with d13C values from -14.9per mil to -26.6per mil. As for water, these altered samples are enriched in carbon relative to fresh basalts. The carbon isotope compositions are interpreted in terms of a mixing between two components: (1) a carbonate with d13C = -4.5per mil and (2) an organic compound with d13C = -26.6per mil. A mixing model calculation indicates that, for most samples (17 of 19), more than 75% of the total C occurs as organic compounds while carbonates represent less than 25%. This result is also supported by independent estimates of carbonate content from CO2 yield after H3PO4 attack. A comparison between the carbon concentration in our samples, seawater DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) and DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon), and hydrothermal fluids suggests that CO2 degassed from magmatic reservoirs is the main source of organic C addition to the crust during the alteration process. A reduction step of dissolved CO2 is thus required, and can be either biologically mediated or not. Abiotic processes are necessary for the deeper part of the crust (>1000 mbsf) because alteration temperatures are greater than any hyperthermophilic living organism (i.e. T > 110 °C). Even if not required, we cannot rule out the contribution of microbial activity in the low-temperature alteration zones. We propose a two-step model for carbon cycling during crustal alteration: (1) when "fresh" oceanic crust forms at or close to ridge axis, alteration starts with hot hydrothermal fluids enriched in magmatic CO2, leading to the formation of organic compounds during Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions; (2) when the crust moves away from the ridge axis, these interactions with hot hydrothermal fluids decrease and are replaced by seawater interactions with carbonate precipitation in fractures. Taking into account this organic carbon, we estimate C isotope composition of mean altered oceanic crust at ? -4.7per mil, similar to the d13C of the C degassed from the mantle at ridge axis, and discuss the global carbon budget. The total flux of C stored in the altered oceanic crust, as carbonate and organic compound, is 2.9 ± 0.4 * 10**12 molC/yr.

Changes in Hexokinase Activity in Echinochloa phyllopogon and Echinochloa crus-pavonis in Response to Abiotic Stress1

Hexokinase (HXK; EC 2.7.1.1) regulates carbohydrate entry into glycolysis and is known to be a sensor for sugar-responsive gene expression. The effect of abiotic stresses on HXK activity was determined in seedlings of the flood-tolerant plant Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stev.) Koss and the flood-intolerant plant Echinochloa crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schult grown aerobically for 5 d before being subjected to anaerobic, chilling, heat, or salt stress. HXK activity was stimulated in shoots of E. phyllopogon only by anaerobic stress. HXK activity was only transiently elevated in E. crus-pavonis shoots during anaerobiosis. In roots of both species, anoxia and chilling stimulated HXK activity. Thus, HXK is not a general stress protein but is specifically induced by anoxia and chilling in E. phyllopogon and E. crus-pavonis. In both species HXK exhibited an optimum pH between 8.5 and 9.0, but the range was extended to pH 7.0 in air-grown E. phyllopogon to 6.5 in N2-grown E. phyllopogon. At physiologically relevant pHs (6.8 and 7.3, N2 and O2 conditions, respectively), N2-grown seedlings retained greater HXK activity at the lower pH. The pH response suggests that in N2-grown seedlings HXK can function in a more acidic environment and that a specific isozyme may be important for regulating glycolytic activity during anaerobic metabolism in E. phyllopogon.

Peixes da Formação Marizal, Estado da Bahia

O desenvolvimento da geologia dass bacias sedimentares do Brasil, notadamente nas regiões norte e nordeste, tem ocasionado a descoberta de várias jazidas fossilíferas, proporcionando a organização de interessantes coleções de fósseis, especialmente no ramo da paleocitologia. Assim é que se teve a oportunidadee nesses últimos anos, de recolher nos sedimentos da Formação Marizal, na Bacia de Tucano, restos de uma interessante fáunula incluindo peixes ganoides e teleósteos, cujo estudo constitui o objeto do presente trabalho. O material compreende esqueletos completos, ossos de crânio e escamas isoladas, de várias dezenas de indivíduos, conservados em folhelho, siltito e calcário, procedentes das localidades de Euclides da Cunha, Olinda e Inhambupé, na parte central e sul da Bacia de Tucano. A coleção inclui formas de ACTINOPTERYGII das famílias Macrosemiidae, Amiidae, Aspidorhynchidae, Chirocentridae, Chanidae e Clupavidae, representando seis gêneros e sete espécies, das quais quatro são novas. O acérvulo pertence à Seção de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia do Departamento Nacional daProdução Mineral, MME. O estudo da fáunula permitiu melhor caracterizção de Vinctifer e Dastilbe e ampliar o conhecimento de outros gêneros endêmicos para o Brasil, bem como de Dastilbe elongatus Slva Santos pela primeira vez assinalada nos sedimentos das bacias sedimentares da Bahia. O estudo confirma aa presença no continente sul americano dos Macrosemiidae e indica a ocorrência, pela primeira vez, nos estratos brasileiros de Clupavus. A análise evolutiva dos componentesda fáunula permitiu correlacioná-la com as fáunulas do Eocretácio. O estudo bioestratigráfico definiu a sua posição dentro desse período, estabelecendo a correlação com as demais fáunulas cretáceas conhecidas do Brasil. A comparação com ass fáunulas extracontinentais evidenciou maior aproximação com as do Cretácio da África, notadamente com a da Bacia Sedimentar do ) Gabão. O estudo peleoecológico permitiu também tirar conclusões relativas ao caráter da fáunula, mostrando que ceertas formas são possivelmente marinhass e outras de água-doce ou salobra; e que a deposição dos sedimentos que inclui os peixes, se efetuou possivelmente num ambiente deltaico.