Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: a comprehensive review of the CIAO study.

The CIAO Study ("Complicated Intra-Abdominal infection Observational" Study) is a multicenter investigation performed in 68 medical institutions throughout Europe over the course of a 6-month observational period (January-June 2012).Patients with either community-acquired or healthcare-associated complicated intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) were included in the study.2,152 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years (range: 4-98 years) were enrolled in the study. 46.3% of the patients were women and 53.7% were men. Intraperitoneal specimens were collected from 62.2% of the enrolled patients, and from these samples, a variety of microorganisms were collectively identified.The overall mortality rate was 7.5% (163/2.152).According to multivariate analysis of the compiled data, several criteria were found to be independent variables predictive of patient mortality, including patient age, the presence of an intestinal non-appendicular source of infection (colonic non-diverticular perforation, complicated diverticulitis, small bowel perforation), a delayed initial intervention (a delay exceeding 24 hours), sepsis and septic shock in the immediate post-operative period, and ICU admission.Given the sweeping geographical distribution of the participating medical centers, the CIAO Study gives an accurate description of the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and treatment profiles of complicated intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) throughout Europe.

Prenatal detection of rare chromosomal autosomal abnormalities in Europe.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prenatal detection of rare chromosomal autosomal abnormalities by ultrasound (US) examination. Data were obtained from 19 congenital malformation registries from 11 European countries, between 01/07/96 and 31/12/98. A total of 664,340 births were covered and 7,758 cases with congenital malformations were recorded. Rare autosomal abnormalities were diagnosed in 114 cases (6.6%) from a total of 1,738 chromosome abnormalities. There were a wide variety of autosomal abnormalities: the most common were deletions (33 cases), duplications (32 cases), trisomies of chromosomes 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 16 (23 cases), and unbalanced rearrangements (19 cases). Out of these cases, 45.6% were detected prenatally by US examination due to the presence of congenital anomaly. As for the types of chromosomal anomaly, unbalanced rearrangements and deletions were the most frequently detected by US. A high percentage of cases with balanced rearrangements were associated with severe congenital anomalies. The most frequent congenital anomalies detected by US were cystic hygroma (20.6%), central nervous system defects (17.6%), cardiac defects (13.2%), and diaphragm defects (10.3%). This large series offers useful information about prenatal diagnosis by US of congenital defects associated with rare autosomal abnormalities and it provides a valuable knowledge about outcome. Fetal anomalies detected by US that were associated with rare autosomal abnormalities were significantly more frequent than those associated with common chromosomal abnormalities (45.6 vs. 34.7%). This study indicates the need to increase the detection of congenital anomalies by US.

La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'identité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine

NOTE METHODOLOGIQUE Avant d'entamer notre travail d'analyse, nous tenons à souligner d'emblée un certain nombre de remarques sur les obstacles affrontés et aux difficultés que nous avons rencontrées durant cette recherche. Plusieurs observations s'imposent quant aux concepts utilités, aux sources et travaux consultés et à la manière d'aborder la thématique nationale et nationaliste albanaise. Sachant que notre objectif a été de rompre avec le discours dominant sur le thème de l'identité nationale albanaise et de celui des travaux qui sont l'oeuvre, dans la plupart des cas, d'observateurs et d'acteurs à la fois, il fallait utiliser avec beaucoup de précaution les termes désignant aujourd'hui des groupes ethniques ou alors des entités territoriales contemporaines telles que le Kosovo ou la Macédoine. Pour la clarté de l'analyse, il était nécessaire d'utiliser certains concepts tels que l'ethnie, populations albanophones, albanaises ou proto-albanaises, toutefois, nous n'avons pas retenu le même sens que celui des acteurs. Lorsqu'on évoque ces populations, ce n'est pas le sens ethnique contemporain que nous retenons, mais celui qui pouvait prévaloir dans les contextes historiques auxquels nous nous sommes référés. Quant aux lieux et entités politiques d'aujourd'hui, nous avons choisi de recourir aux concepts tels qu'espace ou aire culturelle albanophone pour éviter de projeter dans le passé des catégories contemporaines comme le fait volontiers l'iconographie nationaliste. Enfin, par un souci d'impartialité, nous avons utilisé l'appellation des villes et des noms des figures historiques selon les contextes historiques abordés et avons précisé, entre parenthèses, l'appellation dans d'autres langues aussi. Concernant les sources et les travaux utilisés, comme nous venons de l'évoquer, la plupart d'eux sont émaillés par des considérations d'ordre idéologique et prennent clairement position soit en faveur de la position albanaise, soit de celle serbe, macédonienne ou autre. En fait, dans l'entreprise nationaliste, la définition d'un problème est un enjeu de luttes dans le temps et dans l'espace. Afin d'éviter de s'enliser dans le piège d'une lecture unilatérale des événements historiques, nous avons systématiquement utilisé des sources directes, croisé les sources d'information, sélectionné les publications utilisées selon leur rigueur scientifique et les références utilisées dans l'élaboration de leur argumentation. L'établissement d'une chronologie fiable a été une tâche difficile. En fait, comme nous l'avons rappelé dans notre introduction, peu d'ouvrages traitent de la question identitaire albanaise. En ce qui concerne la littérature albanaise, celle-ci est abondante, cependant, nous avons exclusivement utilisé des travaux universitaires qui ont le souci de la clarté et de l'objectivité et qui abordent la question albanaise sur la base des sources variées consultées (basées sur les archives officielles albanaise, serbe et internationale). Toutefois, nous avons d'une part relevé que certains travaux historiques utilisés ont été produits en Albanie durant la période du régime totalitaire d'Enver Hoxha. L'influence de ce régime dans la lecture de l'histoire ressort implicitement dans le choix des thèmes et des faits socio-historiques relatés par les auteurs. D'autre part, la littérature albanaise du Kosovo et de Macédoine et l'approche qu'elle effectue de la question nationale albanaise varie selon les contextes politiques. Ainsi, par exemple, les publications des années 1980 sur la Ligue de Prizren sont riches et fiables et poursuivent des objectifs autres que ceux visant à légitimer les revendications politiques albanaises. Quant aux travaux des auteurs serbes et macédoniens sur la question nationale albanaise, force est de constater qu'ils sont sous une forte influence nationaliste sur cette question. En fait, les travaux de Dimitrije Tucović, d'Aleksandar Matkovski et la publication dirigée par Nebojša Popov font exception à toute une production qui ne prend pas uniquement partie dans son jugement, mais qui a une attitude pour le moins problématique à l'égard des Albanais du Kosovo et de Macédoine. Compte tenu de ces constatations et de ces difficultés et afin de nous protéger des éventuelles approximations, nous avons systématiquement vérifié les faits socio-historiques relatés par la littérature historique occidentale qui portait sur Byzance, sur l'Empire ottoman ou alors sur la période plus contemporaine. Tout au long de notre recherche, nous avons privilégié certaines références des chercheurs (triés sur la base de leur connaissance de la question et des sources consultées) sur la région des Balkans pour l'établissement de notre chronologie (notamment ceux de Tahir Abdyli, de Skender Anamali, d'Ivo Banac, de Sadulla Brestovci, de Georges Castellan, d'Alain Ducellier, d'Ali Hadri, de Branko Horvat, de Kristo Frashëri, de Hivzi Islami, de Kristaq Prifti, de Noel Malcolm, d'Aleksandar Matkovski, de Pajazit Nushi, de Stefanaq Pollo, de Selami Pulaha, de Halim Purellku, de Skënder Rizaj, de Limon Rushiti, de Michel Roux, de Zija Shkodra, de Stavro Skendi de Dimitrije Tucović et de Miranda Vickers). Ces travaux nous ont été d'une grande utilité, même si les thématiques abordées étaient parfois complémentaires à notre objectif de recherche.

The association between dietary energy density and type 2 diabetes in Europe: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study

BACKGROUND Observational studies implicate higher dietary energy density (DED) as a potential risk factor for weight gain and obesity. It has been hypothesized that DED may also be associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but limited evidence exists. Therefore, we investigated the association between DED and risk of T2D in a large prospective study with heterogeneity of dietary intake. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A case-cohort study was nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study of 340,234 participants contributing 3.99 million person years of follow-up, identifying 12,403 incident diabetes cases and a random subcohort of 16,835 individuals from 8 European countries. DED was calculated as energy (kcal) from foods (except beverages) divided by the weight (gram) of foods estimated from dietary questionnaires. Prentice-weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were fitted by country. Risk estimates were pooled by random effects meta-analysis and heterogeneity was evaluated. Estimated mean (sd) DED was 1.5 (0.3) kcal/g among cases and subcohort members, varying across countries (range 1.4-1.7 kcal/g). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, energy intake from beverages and misreporting of dietary intake, no association was observed between DED and T2D (HR 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93-1.13), which was consistent across countries (I(2) = 2.9%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this large European case-cohort study no association between DED of solid and semi-solid foods and risk of T2D was observed. However, despite the fact that there currently is no conclusive evidence for an association between DED and T2DM risk, choosing low energy dense foods should be promoted as they support current WHO recommendations to prevent chronic diseases.

Colorectal cancer survival in the USA and Europe: a CONCORD high-resolution study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent to which stage at diagnosis and adherence to treatment guidelines may explain the persistent differences in colorectal cancer survival between the USA and Europe. DESIGN: A high-resolution study using detailed clinical data on Dukes' stage, diagnostic procedures, treatment and follow-up, collected directly from medical records by trained abstractors under a single protocol, with standardised quality control and central statistical analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 21 population-based registries in seven US states and nine European countries provided data for random samples comprising 12 523 adults (15-99 years) diagnosed with colorectal cancer during 1996-1998. OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression models were used to compare adherence to 'standard care' in the USA and Europe. Net survival and excess risk of death were estimated with flexible parametric models. RESULTS: The proportion of Dukes' A and B tumours was similar in the USA and Europe, while that of Dukes' C was more frequent in the USA (38% vs 21%) and of Dukes' D more frequent in Europe (22% vs 10%). Resection with curative intent was more frequent in the USA (85% vs 75%). Elderly patients (75-99 years) were 70-90% less likely to receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Age-standardised 5-year net survival was similar in the USA (58%) and Northern and Western Europe (54-56%) and lowest in Eastern Europe (42%). The mean excess hazard up to 5 years after diagnosis was highest in Eastern Europe, especially among elderly patients and those with Dukes' D tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The wide differences in colorectal cancer survival between Europe and the USA in the late 1990s are probably attributable to earlier stage and more extensive use of surgery and adjuvant treatment in the USA. Elderly patients with colorectal cancer received surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy less often than younger patients, despite evidence that they could also have benefited.

Personality disorders and the Five-Factor Model among French speakers in Africa and Europe

Objective: Several authors have suggested that Personality Disorders (PDs) might be more accurately described using a dimensional model instead of a categorical one. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between PDs and the Five-Factor Model (FFM)-a dimensional model describing normal personality traits known for its invariance across cultures-in two different cultural settings. Method: Subjects from nine French-speaking African countries (n = 2,014) and from Switzerland (n = 697) completed both the French-version of the IPDE screening questionnaire, assessing the ten DSM-IV PDs, and the French-version of the NEO-PI-R, assessing the five domains and thirty facets of the FFM. Results: Correlations between PDs and the five domains of the FFM were similar in both samples. For example, Neuroticism was highly correlated with Borderline, Avoidant, and Dependent PDs in both Africa and Switzerland. The total rank-order correlation (rho) between the two correlation matrices was very high (rho = 0.93) and significant (P < 0.001), as were the rhos for all domains of the FFM and all PDs, except Paranoid and Dependent PDs. However, the rhos for PDs across facet-scales were all highly significant (P < 0.001). Moreover, 80% of Widiger and colleagues' predictions and 70 % of Lynam and Widiger's prototypes, concerning the relationship between PDs and the FFM, were confirmed in both samples. Conclusions: The relationship between PDs and the FFM was stable in two samples separated by a great cultural distance. These results suggest that a dimensional approach and in particular the FFM might be useful for describing PDs in a variety of cultural settings.

Mlle [Fernande] Cormier, second grand prix [de] Rome [de peinture en 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 56728