Fatores genéticos na agregação familiar da pressão arterial de famílias nucleares portuguesas

FUNDAMENTO: Apesar da elevada prevalência de hipertensão arterial em Portugal, a importância relativa que os genes possam exercer na manifestação final dos valores da pressão arterial (PA) parece pouco estudada. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a presença, indireta, de transmissão vertical de fatores genéticos entre progenitores e descendentes nos valores da PA, e estimar a contribuição dos fatores genéticos responsáveis pela variação dos valores de PA em termos populacionais. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 367 indivíduos (164 progenitores e 203 descendentes) pertencentes a 107 famílias nucleares provenientes de diferentes regiões do norte de Portugal, participantes do projeto "Famílias Activas". A PA foi medida com um aparelho digital da marca Omron®, modelo M6 (HEM-7001-E). Foram utilizados os softwares estatísticos SPSS 15.0 para a análise exploratória de dados e o cálculo das estatísticas descritivas, e o PEDSTATS para analisar o comportamento genérico das variáveis entre os diferentes membros da família. O cálculo das correlações entre familiares e as estimativas de heritabilidade foram realizados nos módulos FCOR e ASSOC do software de epidemiologia genética S.A.G.E., versão 5.3. RESULTADOS: Para a PA sistólica (PAS), os valores das correlações entre os graus de parentesco foram de baixos a moderados (0,21< r <0,35). Para a PA diastólica (PAD), os valores encontrados foram moderados (0,24< r <0,50). Os fatores genéticos explicaram cerca de 43 e 49% da variação total da PAS e da PAD, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados evidenciaram que uma quantidade moderada da PAS e da PAD é imputada a fatores genéticos.

La producción familiar en el cinturón verde norte de la ciudad de Córdoba. Desafíos y controversias en la producción primaria de alimentos.

Este proyecto intenta caracterizar, procesos productivos y sociales en los que participan productores familiares del cinturón verde norte de la ciudad de Córdoba; con el fin de elaborar una base de datos, que refleje las principales características vinculadas a la producción primaria de alimentos a comercializar en la ciudad. Focalizaremos nuestra investigación en las relaciones existentes entre sus trayectorias laborales con: sus lógicas de producción, disponibilidad de mano de obra, incidencia de nuevas tecnologías, aplicación de buenas prácticas agrícolas y de manufacturas, vínculos con redes sociales y problemáticas de comercialización. Planteamos las siguientes hipótesis: 1) Los productores familiares, ante el modelo hegemónico de producción, implementan lógicas resistenciales, tendientes a evitar la descapitalización y el deterioro de su calidad de vida. 2) Los inmigrantes bolivianos aportan su mano de obra como trabajadores informales y logran cierta movilidad social ascendente en el sector hortícola. 3) La adquisición de tecnologías está condicionada por conocimientos tradicionales, lógicas de trabajo, disponibilidad de recursos y perspectivas comerciales. 4) La implementación de las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas y Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura no garantiza la inclusión laboral ni el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida. 5) El fortalecimiento de los vínculos en las redes sociales permiten que los productores al hacer uso de ellas, implementen estrategias para superan los problemas vinculados a la comercialización de alimentos. Nuestro objetivo principal es identificar, describir y analizar la situación socio productiva, vinculada a las transformaciones tecnológicas y socio económicas exigidas por el modelo agroalimentario global. Realizaremos la localización socio espacial de cada unidad de producción y caracterizaremos el tipo de actividad. Describiremos las estrategias productivas y de comercialización que surgen, ante problemáticas emergentes y en respuestas a las normas vigentes. Analizaremos la toma de decisiones, condicionada por las trayectorias laborales y sostenidas por las redes sociales. El abordaje será de tipo cualitativo. Analizaremos las normativas vigentes en relación a la implementación de las buenas prácticas agrícolas y de manufacturas. Pretendemos realizar un aporte, posicionando a los sistemas productivos que abastecen de alimento a la ciudad y que persisten en una franja intermedia entre el campo y la ciudad.

The microscope : its history, construction, and application, being a familiar introduction to the use of the instrument and the study of microscopical science / by Jabez Hogg ; with upwards of five hundred engravings and coloured illustrations by Tuffen West.

8th ed.

Evidence on the determinants of foreign direct investment: the case of three european regions

This study aims at analyzing the determinants of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows for a group of European regions. The originality of this approach lies in the use of disaggregated regional data. First, we develop a qualitative description of our database and discuss the importance of the macroeconomic determinants in attracting FDI. Then, we provide an econometric exercise to identify the potential determinants of FDI. In spite of choosing regions presenting economic similarities, we show that regional FDI inflows rely on a combination of factors that differs from one region to another.

Mergers, investment decisions and internal organisation

We analyse the effects of investment decisions and firms' internal organisation on the efficiency and stability of horizontal mergers. In our framework economies of scale are endogenous and there might be internal conflict within merged firms. We show that often stable mergers do not lead to more efficiency and may even lead to efficiency losses. These mergers lead to lower total welfare, suggesting that a regulator should be careful in assuming that possible efficiency gains of a merger will be effiectively realised. Moreover, the paper offers a possible explanation for merger failures.

Personal redistribution and the regional allocation of public investment

How should an equity-motivated policy-marker allocate public capital (infrastructure) across regions. Should it aim at reducing interregional differences in per capita output, or at maximizing total output? Such a normative question is examined in a model where the policy-marker is exclusively concerned about personal inequality and has access to two policy instruments. (i) a personal tax-transfer system (taxation is distortionary), and (ii) the regional allocation of public investment. I show that the case for public investment as a significant instrument for interpersonal redistribution is rather weak. In the most favorable case, when the tax code is constrained to be uniform across regions, it is optimal to distort the allocation of public investment in favor of the poor regions, but only to a limited extent. The reason is that poor individuals are relatively more sensitive to public trans fers, which are maximized by allocating public investment efficiently. If! the tax code can vary across regions then the optimal policy may involve an allocation of public investment distorted in favor of the rich regions.

Three essays on the psychology of investment and financial markets

Préface My thesis consists of three essays where I consider equilibrium asset prices and investment strategies when the market is likely to experience crashes and possibly sharp windfalls. Although each part is written as an independent and self contained article, the papers share a common behavioral approach in representing investors preferences regarding to extremal returns. Investors utility is defined over their relative performance rather than over their final wealth position, a method first proposed by Markowitz (1952b) and by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), that I extend to incorporate preferences over extremal outcomes. With the failure of the traditional expected utility models in reproducing the observed stylized features of financial markets, the Prospect theory of Kahneman and Tversky (1979) offered the first significant alternative to the expected utility paradigm by considering that people focus on gains and losses rather than on final positions. Under this setting, Barberis, Huang, and Santos (2000) and McQueen and Vorkink (2004) were able to build a representative agent optimization model which solution reproduced some of the observed risk premium and excess volatility. The research in behavioral finance is relatively new and its potential still to explore. The three essays composing my thesis propose to use and extend this setting to study investors behavior and investment strategies in a market where crashes and sharp windfalls are likely to occur. In the first paper, the preferences of a representative agent, relative to time varying positive and negative extremal thresholds are modelled and estimated. A new utility function that conciliates between expected utility maximization and tail-related performance measures is proposed. The model estimation shows that the representative agent preferences reveals a significant level of crash aversion and lottery-pursuit. Assuming a single risky asset economy the proposed specification is able to reproduce some of the distributional features exhibited by financial return series. The second part proposes and illustrates a preference-based asset allocation model taking into account investors crash aversion. Using the skewed t distribution, optimal allocations are characterized as a resulting tradeoff between the distribution four moments. The specification highlights the preference for odd moments and the aversion for even moments. Qualitatively, optimal portfolios are analyzed in terms of firm characteristics and in a setting that reflects real-time asset allocation, a systematic over-performance is obtained compared to the aggregate stock market. Finally, in my third article, dynamic option-based investment strategies are derived and illustrated for investors presenting downside loss aversion. The problem is solved in closed form when the stock market exhibits stochastic volatility and jumps. The specification of downside loss averse utility functions allows corresponding terminal wealth profiles to be expressed as options on the stochastic discount factor contingent on the loss aversion level. Therefore dynamic strategies reduce to the replicating portfolio using exchange traded and well selected options, and the risky stock.

El compromiso de los familiares con la empresa familiar

La unidad es una de las fortalezas principales de la empresa familiar. Mantener esta unidad, a medida que la familia crece, requiere una actitud concreta de la familia tanto como de la empresa enfocadas a que todos los miembros de la familia, incluso a los que no trabajan en ella, se mantengan comprometidos con su futuro. El compromiso, función de esfuerzo lealtad e ilusión, no es algo que puede darse por sentado. Al contrario, los resultados indican que la existencia de unas determinadas infraestructuras como de un consejo de administración que a su vez garantiza una distribución de información formal y unas actividades familiares son claves en fomentar este compromiso familiar a lo largo de las generaciones.