Immunohistochemical localization of nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor subunits in the mesencephalon and diencephalon of the chick (Gallus-gallus)

Monoclonal antibodies against two alpha-bungarotoxin-binding subunits (alpha-7 and alpha-8) of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were used as immunohistochemical probes to map their distribution in the chick diencephalon and mesencephalon. The distribution of the alpha-7 and alpha-8 nAChR subunits was compared to the distribution of immunoreactivity produced by a monoclonal antibody against the beta-2 structural subunit of the nAChRs.Structures that contained high numbers of alpha-7-like immunoreactive (LI) somata included the intergeniculate leaflet, nucleus intercalatus thalami, nucleus ovoidalis, organum paraventricularis, nucleus rotundus, isthmic nuclei, nucleus trochlearis, oculomotor complex, nucleus interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis, stratum griseum centrale of the optic tectum, and nucleus semilunaris. Neuropil staining for alpha-7-LI was intense in the nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami, nucleus geniculatus lateralis ventralis, griseum tecti, isthmic nuclei, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, nucleus of the basal optic root, and stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale of the tectum. High numbers of alpha-8-LI somata were found in the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale of the tectum and the nucleus interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis, and intense neuropil staining for alpha-8-LI was found in the dorsal thalamus, nucleus geniculatus lateralis ventralis, lateral hypothalamus, griseum tecti, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, nucleus interpeduncularis, and stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale of the tectum. High numbers of beta-2-LI somata were found only in the nucleus spiriformis lateralis, whereas neuropil staining for beta-2-LI was intense in the nucleus geniculatus lateralis ventralis, nucleus suprachiasmaticus, nucleus lateralis anterior, nucleus habenularis lateralis, area pretectalis, griseum tecti, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, nucleus externus, and nucleus interpeduncularis, and in the stratum griseum centrale, stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale, and stratum opticum of the tectum.These results indicate that there are major disparities in the localization of the alpha-bungarotoxin-binding alpha-7 and alpha-8 nAChR subunits and the beta-2 structural nAChR subunit in the chick diencephalon and mesencephalon. These nAChR subunits appear, however, to coexist in several regions of the chick brain.

Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in Triatoma melanocephala (Hemiptera, Triatominae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in species of triatomines with fragmentation of sex chromosomes X

Cytogenetic analyses of triatomines are considered to be important taxonomic tools. Thus, we analyzed the pattern of constitutive heterochromatin in 7 species of triatomine with fragmentation of the sex chromosome X, focusing on the cytotaxonomy of these triatomines. The species analyzed included Triatoma vitticeps, Triatoma melanocephala, Triatoma tibiamaculata, Triatoma protracta, Meccus pallidipennis, Panstrongylus megistus, and Panstrongylus lignarius. The seminiferous tubules of the adult males were subjected to C-banding. P. megistus and P. lignarius showed differences in chromosome number and disposition of constitutive heterochromatin, as only P. lignarius showed C-blocks in autosomes. C-banding can differentiate these species, since one of the sex chromosome (X) is heterochromatic in T. vitticeps. T. protracta showed C-blocks in both ends of all autosomes, T. tibiamaculata showed terminal C-dots in some autosomal pairs and M. pallidipennis did not show constitutive heterochromatin in autosomes. Thus, we confirmed the heterochromatic pattern of 7 species of insects and emphasized the importance of cytogenetic techniques for C-banding for taxonomy studies of the triatomines, which are important vectors of Chagas disease.

Influência da contaminação por Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) na espermatogênese de Triatomíneos (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo genotípico de seis cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Rhodnius Montenegrensis, Triatoma Rubrovaria e Triatoma Sordida (hemiptera, reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi, foi descrita pelo pesquisador brasileiro Carlos Chagas em 1909. É transmitida ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodnius e Triatoma. Essa zoonose representa um risco para aproximadamente 20 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Para tentar explicar as diferentes manifestações observadas na doença de Chagas, vários estudos foram realizados com intuito de averiguar as possíveis correlações entre as formas clínicas com a variabilidade genética do parasito. Algumas hipóteses estão relacionadas provavelmente ao fato de a doença ser um processo multifatorial, em que tanto aspectos do parasito como do hospedeiro estão inter-relacionados ou ainda a escolha inadequada de alvos como marcadores de patogenicidade na tentativa de estabelecer a correlação entre as formas clínicas e a variabilidade genética do parasito. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, foi realizada a cinética de crescimento em meio LIT e o estudo genotípico de seis cepas de T. cruzi isoladas de exemplares de R. montenegrensis, T. rubrovaria e T. sordida por meio de marcadores genotípicos utilizando as sequência dos genes 24Sα do DNA ribossomal, HSP60 e GPI.

Estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas de Trypanosoma Cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Triatoma Sordida e Triatoma Rubrovaria (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, conhecida também como tripanossomíase americana, foi descrita por Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano das Chagas em 1909 em Lassance, Minas Gerais. Ela é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi e transmitido ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodinus e Triatoma. Essa zoonose atinge aproximadamente 10 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Sabe-se que esse parasito apresenta grande variabilidade intraespecífica evidenciada por diferenças na patologia, virulência, constituição antigênica e habilidade de evasão à resposta imunológica e essa diversidade pode estar associada à sua adaptação e sobrevivência em diferentes hospedeiros. A diversidade patogênica, imunológica e morfológica inerente a esse flagelado dependem de fatores ainda indeterminados, como variação regional e individual da doença humana em infecções naturais e experimentais. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, propõe-se o estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas isoladas dos exemplares, Triatoma sordida (SI7) e Triatoma rubrovaria (QMM12) por Rosa et al. 2004; 2008 coletados nos Estados da Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente.

Estudo genotípico de seis cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Rhodnius Montenegrensis, Triatoma Rubrovaria e Triatoma Sordida (hemiptera, reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi, foi descrita pelo pesquisador brasileiro Carlos Chagas em 1909. É transmitida ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodnius e Triatoma. Essa zoonose representa um risco para aproximadamente 20 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Para tentar explicar as diferentes manifestações observadas na doença de Chagas, vários estudos foram realizados com intuito de averiguar as possíveis correlações entre as formas clínicas com a variabilidade genética do parasito. Algumas hipóteses estão relacionadas provavelmente ao fato de a doença ser um processo multifatorial, em que tanto aspectos do parasito como do hospedeiro estão inter-relacionados ou ainda a escolha inadequada de alvos como marcadores de patogenicidade na tentativa de estabelecer a correlação entre as formas clínicas e a variabilidade genética do parasito. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, foi realizada a cinética de crescimento em meio LIT e o estudo genotípico de seis cepas de T. cruzi isoladas de exemplares de R. montenegrensis, T. rubrovaria e T. sordida por meio de marcadores genotípicos utilizando as sequência dos genes 24Sα do DNA ribossomal, HSP60 e GPI.

Estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas de Trypanosoma Cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) isoladas de exemplares de Triatoma Sordida e Triatoma Rubrovaria (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

A doença de Chagas, conhecida também como tripanossomíase americana, foi descrita por Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano das Chagas em 1909 em Lassance, Minas Gerais. Ela é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi e transmitido ao homem por insetos hemípteros conhecidos como barbeiros dos quais os gêneros mais importantes são Panstrongylus, Rhodinus e Triatoma. Essa zoonose atinge aproximadamente 10 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na América Latina. Sabe-se que esse parasito apresenta grande variabilidade intraespecífica evidenciada por diferenças na patologia, virulência, constituição antigênica e habilidade de evasão à resposta imunológica e essa diversidade pode estar associada à sua adaptação e sobrevivência em diferentes hospedeiros. A diversidade patogênica, imunológica e morfológica inerente a esse flagelado dependem de fatores ainda indeterminados, como variação regional e individual da doença humana em infecções naturais e experimentais. Com o intuito de contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as populações de T. cruzi, propõe-se o estudo biológico, morfológico e molecular de duas cepas isoladas dos exemplares, Triatoma sordida (SI7) e Triatoma rubrovaria (QMM12) por Rosa et al. 2004; 2008 coletados nos Estados da Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente.

Distribution of benthic foraminifera in lower Cretaceous sediments of the Cuvuer Abyssal Plain in the Indian Ocean

Analysis of 66 samples from DSDP Site 263 (Cores 263-4R-4 to 263-29R-4) reveals a unique faunal composition with a predominance of agglutinated taxa, many of them previously unrecorded from any other DSDP and ODP Indian Ocean sites. A total of 66 agglutinated and 31 calcareous taxa are documented and five new species are described: Hippocrepina gracilis n.sp., "Textuluriopsis" elegans n.sp., Aaptotoichus challengeri n.sp., "Gaudryinopsis" pseudobettenstaedti n.sp. and "Gaudryina" cuvierensis n.sp. Three assemblages are recognized based on changes in the composition of dominant taxa and occurrences of stratigraphically important species: (1) a high-diversity Valanginian to Barremian Bulbobaculites-Recurvoides Assemblage (Cores 263-29R to - 18R), comprised of numerous elongate agglutinated forms, rare nodosariids, and variable numbers of tubes and ammodiscids; (2) a moderately diverse Aptian to Albian Rhizammina-Ammodiscus-Glomospira Assemblage (Cores 263-18R to -7R) with highly fluctuating numbers of the nominate taxa and Haplophragmoides, Trochammina, Verneuilinoides spp., and Verneuilina howchini; (3) a very low diversity Albian or younger Assemblage (Cores 263-6R to -4R) containing sparse agglutinated foraminifera, rare nodosariids and rotaliids. We interpret the assemblages as shelf to lower slope and consider them to reflect a deepening palaeobathymetry as the Cuvier margin subsided after the initial breakup of East Gondwana during the Valanginian. Our interpretation is in sharp contrast with initial palaeodepth estimates of less than 100 m, as well as with original chronostratigraphic interpretations based on foraminifera and nannofossils which correlated the base of the recovered interval with the Aptian. The absence of many cosmoplitan forms, despite high diversity suggests strong faunal differentiation in the Austral realm or endemisn within the Cuvier Basin during the Early Cretaceous.

Distribuição da fauna triatomínica e infecção natural pelo Trypanosoma cruzi em diferentes municípios do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte

The triatomine fauna distribution and the natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated aiming the comprehension of the transmission dynamics of this parasite in the countryside of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Additionally, the research for Trypanosoma rangeli was also investigated. The captures of triatomines were performed at sylvatic, peridomicile and domicile environments at different municipalities of the central and western mesoregions of this state. The insects were identified and examined by direct method, xenoculture and PCR to detect T. cruzi. The detection of T. rangeli was performed by direct examination of the hemolymph and multiplex PCR of 151 positive specimens for T. cruzi. Of 824 captured insects, the species were distributed in Triatoma brasiliensis (66.4%), Triatoma pseudomaculata (18.2%), Panstrongylus lutzi (12.7%) and Rhodnius nasutus (2.7%), and T. brasiliensis was found in most of the evaluated municipalities. The species were captured at nymph and adult stages, except P. lutzi, exclusively in adult stage. In the sylvatic environment were captured T. brasiliensis (57%), P. lutzi (28%) and T. pseudomaculata (15%) species. At the peridomicile environment were identified T. brasiliensis (74%), T. pseudomaculata (21%) and R. nasutus (5.0%), while in the intradomicile was found only T. brasiliensis. The infection rate of triatomines by T. cruzi was 30.4%, P. lutzi showed highest rate (78%), followed by T. brasiliensis (24.4%), T. pseudomaculata (22.6%) and R. nasutus (4.5%). Infected triatomines indexes at silvatic, peridomicile and domicile environments were of 41.8%, 20.1% and 50.0%, respectively. T. rangeli was only detected by multiplex PCR in 2.6% (4/151) of examined insects, of these 4.4% (3/67) were T. brasiliensis and 1.5% (1/63) P. lutzi species. The data showed that the positivity of P. lutzi allied to its ability to invade domicile attracted by light, suggests a likely participation of this insect between epidemiological transmission cycles of T. cruzi. T. brasiliensis was the only specie present in all environments, what reinforces its importance related to the capacity for adapting to the domestic environment, potential as a vector, and maintenance of sylvatic and domestic transmissions cycles in the semiarid, indicating the necessity of continuous epidemiological surveillance. The presence of T. rangeli in T. brasiliensis and P. lutzi was first recorded in rural zone of this State, broadening the area of occurrence of this protozoan in northeastern Brazil.

Distribuição da fauna triatomínica e infecção natural pelo Trypanosoma cruzi em diferentes municípios do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte

The triatomine fauna distribution and the natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated aiming the comprehension of the transmission dynamics of this parasite in the countryside of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Additionally, the research for Trypanosoma rangeli was also investigated. The captures of triatomines were performed at sylvatic, peridomicile and domicile environments at different municipalities of the central and western mesoregions of this state. The insects were identified and examined by direct method, xenoculture and PCR to detect T. cruzi. The detection of T. rangeli was performed by direct examination of the hemolymph and multiplex PCR of 151 positive specimens for T. cruzi. Of 824 captured insects, the species were distributed in Triatoma brasiliensis (66.4%), Triatoma pseudomaculata (18.2%), Panstrongylus lutzi (12.7%) and Rhodnius nasutus (2.7%), and T. brasiliensis was found in most of the evaluated municipalities. The species were captured at nymph and adult stages, except P. lutzi, exclusively in adult stage. In the sylvatic environment were captured T. brasiliensis (57%), P. lutzi (28%) and T. pseudomaculata (15%) species. At the peridomicile environment were identified T. brasiliensis (74%), T. pseudomaculata (21%) and R. nasutus (5.0%), while in the intradomicile was found only T. brasiliensis. The infection rate of triatomines by T. cruzi was 30.4%, P. lutzi showed highest rate (78%), followed by T. brasiliensis (24.4%), T. pseudomaculata (22.6%) and R. nasutus (4.5%). Infected triatomines indexes at silvatic, peridomicile and domicile environments were of 41.8%, 20.1% and 50.0%, respectively. T. rangeli was only detected by multiplex PCR in 2.6% (4/151) of examined insects, of these 4.4% (3/67) were T. brasiliensis and 1.5% (1/63) P. lutzi species. The data showed that the positivity of P. lutzi allied to its ability to invade domicile attracted by light, suggests a likely participation of this insect between epidemiological transmission cycles of T. cruzi. T. brasiliensis was the only specie present in all environments, what reinforces its importance related to the capacity for adapting to the domestic environment, potential as a vector, and maintenance of sylvatic and domestic transmissions cycles in the semiarid, indicating the necessity of continuous epidemiological surveillance. The presence of T. rangeli in T. brasiliensis and P. lutzi was first recorded in rural zone of this State, broadening the area of occurrence of this protozoan in northeastern Brazil.