Cotransfected human chondrocytes: over-expression of IGF-I and SOX9 enhances the synthesis of cartilage matrix components collagen-II and glycosaminoglycans

Damage to cartilage causes a loss of type II collagen (Col-II) and glycosaminoglycans (GAG). To restore the original cartilage architecture, cell factors that stimulate Col-II and GAG production are needed. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and transcription factor SOX9are essential for the synthesis of cartilage matrix, chondrocyte proliferation, and phenotype maintenance. We evaluated the combined effect of IGF-I and SOX9 transgene expression on Col-II and GAG production by cultured human articular chondrocytes. Transient transfection and cotransfection were performed using two mammalian expression plasmids (pCMV-SPORT6), one for each transgene. At day 9 post-transfection, the chondrocytes that were over-expressing IGF-I/SOX9 showed 2-fold increased mRNA expression of the Col-II gene, as well as a 57% increase in Col-II protein, whereas type I collagen expression (Col-I) was decreased by 59.3% compared with controls. The production of GAG by these cells increased significantly compared with the controls at day 9 (3.3- vs 1.8-times, an increase of almost 83%). Thus, IGF-I/SOX9 cotransfected chondrocytes may be useful for cell-based articular cartilage therapies.

The Elucidation of the involvement of endonuclease DNase y in reducing DNA transfection efficiency in mammalian cells

Gene therapy is predicated upon efficient gene transfer. While viral vectors are the method of choice for transformation efficiency, the immunogenicity and safety concerns remain problematic. Non-viral vectors, on the other hand, have shown high degrees of safety and are mostly non-immunogenic in nature. However, non-viral vectors usually suffer from low levels oftransformation efficiency and transgene expression. Thus, increasing transformation efficiency ofnon-viral vectors, in particular by calcium phosphate co-precipitation technique, is a way of generating a suitable vector for gene therapy and is the aim of this study. It is a long known fact that different cell lines have different transfection efficiencies regardless oftransfection methodology (Lin et a!., 1994). Using commonly available cell lines Madine-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), HeLa and Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293), we have shown a decreasing trend ofDNase activity based on a plasmid digestion assay. From densitometry studies, as much as a 40% reduction in DNase activity was observed when comparing HEK-293 (least active) to MDBK (most active). Using various biochemical assays, it was determined that DNase y, in particular, was expressed more highly in MDBK cells than both HeLa and HEK-293. Upon cloning of the bovine DNase y gene, we utilized the sequence information to construct antisense expressing plasmids via both traditional antisense RNA (pASDGneoM) and siRNA (psiRNA-S4, psiRNA-S11 and psiRNA-S16). For the construction ofpASDGneoM, the 3' end of the DNase y was inserted in opposite orientation under a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter such that the expression ofRNA complementary to the DNase 2 ymRNA occurred. For siRNA plasmids, the sequence was screened to yield optimal short sequences for siRNA inhibition. The silencing ofbovine DNase y led to an increase in transfection efficiency based on traditional calcium phosphate co-precipitation technique; stable clones of siRNA-producing MDBK cell lines (psiRNA-S4 Bland psiRNA-S4 B4) both demol).strated 4-fold increases in transfection efficiency. Furthermore, serial transfection of antisense DNase y plasmid pASDGneoM and reporter pCMV-~ showed a maximum of 8-fold increase in transfection efficiency when the two separate transfections were carried out 4 hours apart (i.e. transfection ofpASDGneoM, separated by four hours, then transfection ofpCMV-~). Together, these results demonstrate the involvement ofDNase y in reducing transfection efficiency, at least by traditional calcium phosphate technique.

Development of techniques for testing the effect of the E1 region on adenovirus integration /

Adenoviral vectors are currently the most widely used gene therapeutic vectors, but their inability to integrate into host chromosomal DNA shortened their transgene expression and limited their use in clinical trials. In this project, we initially planned to develop a technique to test the effect of the early region 1 (E1) on adenovirus integration by comparing the integration efficiencies between an E1-deleted adenoviral vector (SubE1) and an Elcontaining vector (SubE3). However, we did not harvest any SubE3 virus, even if we repeated the transfection and successfully rescued the SubE1 virus (2/4 transfections generated viruses) and positive control virus (6/6). The failure of rescuing SubE3 could be caused by the instability of the genomic plasmid pFG173, as it had frequent intemal deletions when we were purifying It. Therefore, we developed techniques to test the effect of E1 on homologous recombination (HR) since literature suggested that adenovirus integration is initiated by HR. We attempted to silence the E1 in 293 cells by transfecting E1A/B-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). However, no silenced phenotype was observed, even if we varied the concentrations of E1A/B siRNA (from 30 nM to 270 nM) and checked the silencing effects at different time points (48, 72, 96 h). One possible explanation would be that the E1A/B siRNA sequences are not potent enough to Induce the silenced phenotype. For evaluating HR efficiencies, an HR assay system based on bacterial transfonmatJon was designed. We constmcted two plasmids ( designated as pUC19-dl1 and pUC19-dl2) containing different defective lacZa cassettes (forming white colonies after transformation) that can generate a functional lacZa cassette (forming blue colonies) through HR after transfecting into 293 cells. The HR efficiencies would be expressed as the percentages of the blue colonies among all the colonies. Unfortunately, after transfonnation of plasmid isolated from 293 cells, no colony was found, even at a transformation efficiency of 1.8x10^ colonies/pg pUC19, suggesting the sensitivity of this system was low. To enhance the sensitivity, PCR was used. We designed a set of primers that can only amplify the recombinant plasmid fomied through HR. Therefore, the HR efficiencies among different treatments can be evaluated by the amplification results, and this system could be used to test the effect of E1 region on adenovirus integration. In addition, to our knowledge there was no previous studies using PCR/ Realtime PCR to evaluate HR efficiency, so this system also provides a PCR-based method to carry out the HR assays.

Cloning of actin genes from a genomic library of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

The regenerating urodele limb is a useful model system in which to study, in vivo, the controls of cell proliferation and differentiation. Techniques are available which enable one to experimentally manipulate mitogenic influences upon the blastema, as well the morphogenesis of the regenerating 11mb. Although classical regeneration studies have generated a wealth of knowledge concerning tissue interactions, little 1s known about the process at the level of gene expression. The aim of this project was to clone potentially developmentally regulated genes from a newt genomic library for use in future studies of gene expression during limb regeneration. We decided to clone the cytoskeletal actin gene for the following reasons: 1. its expression reflects the proliferative and differentiatlve states of cells in other systems 2. the high copy number of cytoplasmic actin pseudogenes in other vertebrates and the high degree of evolutionary sequence conservation among actin genes increased the chance of cloning one of the newt cytoplasmic actin genes. 3. Preliminary experiments indicated that a newt actin could probably be identified using an available chick ~-actln gene for a molecular probe. Two independent recombinant phage clones, containing actin homologous inserts, were isolated from a newt genomic library by hybridization with the chick actin probe. Restriction mapping identified actin homologous sequences within the newt DNA inserts which were subcloned into the plasmid pTZ19R. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into the Escherichia coli strain, DHsa. Detailed restriction maps were produced of the 5.7Kb and 3.1Kb newt DNA inserts in the plasmids, designated pTNAl and pTNA2. The short «1.3 Kb) length of the actin homologous sequence in pTNA2 indicated that it was possibly a reverse transcript pseudogene. Problems associated with molecular cloning of DNA sequences from N. viridescens are discussed with respect to the large genome size and abundant highly repetitive DNA sequences.

Molecular cloning and restriction endonuclease analysis of bovine adenovirus type 3

Bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) is a medium size DNA virus that causes respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders in cattle. The viral genome consists of a 35,000 base pair, linear, double-stranded DNA molecule with inverted terminal repeats and a 55 kilodalton protein covalently linked to each of the 5' ends. In this study, the viral genome was cloned in the form of subgenomic restriction fragments. Five EcoRI internal fragments spanning 3.4 to 89.0 % and two Xb a I internal fragments spanning 35.7 to 82.9 % of the viral genome were cloned into the EcoRI and Xbal sites of the bacterial vector pUC19. To generate overlap between cloned fragments, ten Hi n dIll internal fragments spanning 3.9 to 84.9 and 85.5 to 96% and two BAV3 BamHI internal fragments spanning 59.8 to 84.9% of the viral genome were cloned into the HindllI and BamHI sites of pUC19. The HindlII cloning strategy also resulted in six recombinant plasmids carrying two or more Hi ndII I fragments. These fragments provided valuable information on the linear orientation of the cloned fragments within the viral genome. Cloning of the terminal fragments required the removal of the residual peptides that remain attached to the 5' ends of the genome. This was accomplished by alkaline hydrolysis of the DNA-peptide bond. BamH I restriction fragments of the peptide-free DNA were cloned into pUC19 and resulted in two plasmids carrying the BAV3 Bam HI terminal fragments spanning 0 to 53.9% and 84.9 to 100% of the viral genome.

Molecular cloning restriction enzyme analysis, bovine adenovirus type 2 genome

Adenoviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral-shaped particles which possess a double-stranded DNA genome. Currently, nearly 100 serotypes of adenoviruses have been identified, 48 of which are of human origin. Bovine adenoviruses (BAVs), causing both mild respiratory and/or enteral diseases in cattle, have been reported in many countries all over the world. Currently, nine serotypes of SAVs have been isolated which have been placed into two subgroups based on a number of characteristics which include complement fixation tests as well as the ability to replicate in various cell lines. Bovine adenovirus type 2 (BAV2), belonging to subgroup I, is able to cause pneumonia as well as pneumonic-like symptoms in calves. In this study, the genome of BAV2 (strain No. 19) was subcloned into the plasmid vector pUC19. In total, 16 plasmids were constructed; three carry internal San fragments (spanning 3.1 to 65.2% ), and 10 carry internal Pstl fragments (spanning 4.9 to 97.4%), of the viral genome. Each of these plasmids was analyzed using twelve restriction endonucleases; BamHI, CiaI, EcoRl, HiOOlll, Kpnl, Noll, NS(N, Ps~, Pvul, Saj, Xbal, and Xhol. Terminal end fragments were also cloned and analyzed, sUbsequent to the removal of the 5' terminal protein, in the form of 2 BamHI B fragments, cloned in opposite orientations (spanning 0 to 18.1°k), and one Pstll fragment (spanning 97.4 to 1000/0). These cloned fragments, along with two other plasmids previously constructed carrying internal EcoRI fragments (spanning 20.6 to 90.5%), were then used to construct a detailed physical restriction map using the twelve restriction endonucleases, as well as to estimate the size of the genome for BAV2(32.5 Kbp). The DNA sequences of the early region 1 (E1) and hexon-associated gene (protein IX) have also been determined. The amino acid sequences of four open reading frames (ORFs) have been compared to those of the E1 proteins and protein IX from other Ads.

Partial characterization of the cloned dihydrofolate reductase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cloned dihydrofolate reductase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DFR 1) is expressed in Escherichia coli. Bacterial strain JF1754 transformed with plasmids containing DFR 1 is at least 5X more resistant to inhibition by the folate antagonist trimethoprim. Expression of yeast DFR 1 in E. coli suggests it is likely that the gene lacks intervening sequences. The 1.8 kbp DNA fragment encoding yeast dhfr activity probably has its own promotor, as the gene is expressed in both orientations in E. coli. Expression of the yeast dhfr gene cloned into M13 viral vectors allowed positive selection of DFR 1 - M13 bacterial transfectants in medium supplemented with trimethoprim. A series of nested deletions generated by nuclease Bal 31 digestion and by restriction endonuclease cleavage of plasmids containing DFR 1 physically mapped the gene to a 930 bp region between the Pst 1 and Sal 1 cut sites. This is consistent with the 21,000 molecular weight attributed to yeast dhfr in previous reports. From preliminary DNA sequence analysis of the dhfr DNA fragment the 3' terminus of DFR 1 was assigned to a position 27 nucleotides from the Eco Rl cut site on the Bam Hi - Eco Rl DNA segment. Several putative yeast transcription termination consensus sequences were identified 3' to the opal stop codon. DFR 1 is expressed in yeast and it confers resistance to the antifolate methotrexate when the gene is present in 2 - 10 copies per cell. Plasmid-dependent resistance to methotrexate is also observed in a rad 6 background although the effect is somewhat less than that conferred to wild-type or rad 18 cells. Integration of DFR 1 into the yeast genome showed an intermediate sensitivity to folate antagonists. This may suggest a gene dosage effect. No change in petite induction in these yeast strains was observed in transformed cells containing yeast dhfr plasmids. The sensitivity of rad 6 , rad 18 and wild-type cell populations to trimethoprim were unaffected by the presence of DFR 1 in transformants. Moreover, trimethoprim did not induce petites in any strain tested, which normally results if dhfr is inhibited by other antifolates such as methotrexate. This may suggest that the dhfr enzyme is not the only possible target of trimethoprim in yeast. rad 6 mutants showed a very low level of spontaneous petite formation. Methotrexate failed to induce respiratory deficient mutants in this strain which suggested that rad 6 might be an obligate grande. However, ethidium bromide induced petites to a level approximately 50% of that exhibited by wild-type and rad 18 strains.

Primary structure and expression studies of the dihydrofolate reductase gene (DFRI) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The nucleotide sequence of a genomic DNA fragment thought previously to contain the dihydrofolate reductase gene (DFR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by genetic criteria was determined. This DNA fragment of 1784' basepairs contains a large open reading frame from position 800 to 1432, which encodes a enzyme with a predicted molecular weight of 24,229.8 Daltons. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of this protein revealed that the yeast polypep·tide contained 211 amino acids, compared to the 186 residues commonly found in the polypeptides of other eukaryotes. The difference in size of the gene product can be attributed mainly to an insert in the yeast gene. Within this region, several consensus sequences required for processing of yeast nuclear and class II mitochondrial introns were identified, but appear not sufficient for the RNA splicing. The primary structure of the yeast DHFR protein has considerable sequence homology with analogous polypeptides from other organisms, especially in the consensus residues involved in cofactor and/or inhibitor binding. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence also revealed the presence of a number of canonical sequences identified in yeast as having some function in the regulation of gene expression. These include UAS elements (TGACTC) required for tIle amino acid general control response, and "TATA H boxes as well as several consensus sequences thought to be required for transcriptional termination and polyadenylation. Analysis of the codon usage of the yeast DFRl coding region revealed a codon bias index of 0.0083. this valve very close to zero suggestes 3 that the gene is expressed at a relatively low level under normal physiological conditions. The information concerning the organization of the DFRl were used to construct a variety of fusions of its 5' regulatory region with the coding region of the lacZ gene of E. coli. Some of such fused genes encoded a fusion product that expressed in E.coli and/or in yeast under the control of the 5' regulatory elements of the DFR1. Further studies with these fusion constructions revealed that the beta-galactosidase activity encoded on multicopy plasmids was stimulated transiently by prior exposure of yeast host cells to UV light. This suggests that the yeast PFRl gene is indu.ced by UV light and nlay in1ply a novel function of DHFR protein in the cellular responses to DNA damage. Another novel f~ature of yeast DHFR was revealed during preliminary studies of a diploid strain containing a heterozygous DFRl null allele. The strain was constructed by insertion of a URA3 gene within the coding region of DFR1. Sporulation of this diploid revealed that meiotic products segregated 2:0 for uracil prototrophy when spore clones were germinated on medium supplemented with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (folinic acid). This finding suggests that, in addition to its catalytic activity, the DFRl gene product nlay play some role in the anabolisln of folinic acid. Alternatively, this result may indicate that Ura+ haploid segregants were inviable and suggest that the enzyme has an essential cellular function in this species.

Isolation and characterization of genomic DNA sequences that enhance the stability of plasmid DNA in mammalian cells /

The ease of production and manipulation has made plasmid DNA a prime target for its use in gene transfer technologies such as gene therapy and DNA vaccines. The major drawback of plasmid however is its stability within mammalian cells. Plasmid DNA is usually lost by cellular mechanisms or as a result of mitosis by simple dilution. This study set out to search for mammalian genomic DNA sequences that would enhance the stability of plasmid DNA in mammalian cells.Creating a plasmid based genomic DNA library, we were able to screen the human genome by transfecting the library into Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) Cells. Cells that contained plasmid DNA were selected, using G418 for 14 days. The resulting population was then screened for the presence of biologically active plasmid DNA using the process of transformation as a detector.A commercially available plasmid DNA isolation kit was modified to extract plasmid DNA from mammalian cells. The standardized protocol had a detection limit of -0.6 plasmids per cell in one million cells. This allowed for the detection of 45 plasmids that were maintained for 32 days in the HEK 293 cells. Sequencing of selected inserts revealed a significantly higher thymine content in comparison to the human genome. Sequences with high A/T content have been associated with Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Region (S/MAR) sequences in mammalian cells. Therefore, association with the nuclear matrix might be required for the stability of plasmids in mammalian cells.

Cell wall degrading enzymes and interaction between Trichoderma Aggressivum and Agaricus Bisporus

Agaricus bisporus is the most commonly cultivated mushroom in North America and has a great economic value. Green mould is a serious disease of A. bisporus and causes major reductions in mushroom crop production. The causative agent of green mould disease in North America was identified as Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum. Variations in the disease resistance have been shown in the different commercial mushroom strains. The purpose of this study is to continue investigations of the interactions between T. aggressivum and A. bisporus during the development of green mould disease. The main focus of the research was to study the roles of cell wall degrading enzymes in green mould disease resistance and pathogenesis. First, we tried to isolate and sequence the N-acetylglucosaminidase from A. bisporus to understand the defensive mechanism of mushroom against the disease. However, the lack of genomic and proteomic information of A. bisporus limited our efforts. Next, T. aggressivum cell wall degrading enzymes that are thought to attack Agaricus and mediate the disease development were examined. The three cell wall degrading enzymes genes, encoding endochitinase (ech42), glucanase (fJ-1,3 glucanase) and protease (prb 1), were isolated and sequenced from T. aggressivum f. aggressivum. The sequence data showed significant homology with the corresponding genes from other fungi including Trichoderma species. The transcription levels of the three T. aggressivum cell wall degrading enzymes were studied during the in vitro co-cultivation with A. bisporus using R T -qPCR. The transcription levels of the three genes were significantly upregulated compared to the solitary culture levels but were upregulated to a lesser extent in co-cultivation with a resistant strain of A. bisporus than with a sensitive strain. An Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system was developed for T. aggressivum and was used to transform three silencing plasmids to construct three new T. aggressivum phenotypes, each with a silenced cell wall degrading enzyme. The silencing efficiency was determined by RT-qPCR during the individual in vitro cocultivation of each of the new phenotypes with A. bisporus. The results showed that the expression of the three enzymes was significantly decreased during the in vitro cocultivation when compared with the wild type. The phenotypes were co-cultivated with A. bisporus on compost with monitoring the green mould disease progression. The data indicated that prbi and ech42 genes is more important in disease progression than the p- 1,3 glucanase gene. Finally, the present study emphasises the role of the three cell wall degrading enzymes in green mould disease infection and may provide a promising tool for disease management.

STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the causative agent of Hepatitis C, a serious global health problem which results in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently there is no effective treatment or vaccine against the virus. Therefore, development of a therapeutic vaccine is of paramount importance. In this project, three alternative approaches were used to control HCV including a DNA vaccine, a recombinant viral vaccine and RNA interference. The first approach was to test the effect of different promoters on the efficacy of a DNA vaccine against HCV. Plasmids encoding HCV-NS3 and E1 antigens were designed under three different promoters, adenoviral E1A, MLP, and CMV ie. The promoter effect on the antigen expression in 293 cells, as well as on the antibody level in immunized BALB/c mice, was evaluated. The results showed that the antigens were successfully expressed from all vectors. The CMV ie promoter induced the highest antigen expression and the highest antibody level. Second, the efficiency of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding HCV-NS3 was compared to that of a HCV-NS3 plasmid vaccine. The results showed that the recombinant adenovirus vaccine induced higher antibody levels as compared to the plasmid vaccine. The relationship between the immune response and miRNA was also evaluated. The levels of mir-181, mir-155, mir-21 and mir-296 were quantified in the sera of immunized animals. mir-181 and mir-21 were found to be upregulated in animals injected with adenoviral vectors. Third, two recombinant adenoviruses encoding siRNAs targeting both the helicase and protease parts of the NS3 region were tested for their ability to inhibit NS3 expression. The results showed that the siRNA against protease was more effective in silencing the HCV-NS3 gene in a HCV replicon cell line. This result confirmed the efficiency of adenovirus for siRNA delivery. These results confirmed that CMV ie is optimum promoter for immune response induction. Adenovirus was shown to be an effective delivery vector for antigens or siRNAs. In addition, miRNAs were proved to be involved in the regulation of immune response.

Étude des interactions protéiques impliquant NPM-MLF1 dans la leucémie myéloïde aiguë.

Différentes translocations génomiques sont fréquemment associées à l'apparition de leucémies myéloïdes aiguës (LMA). Ces translocations génomiques résultent de l’assemblage de deux gènes conduisant à la production d'une protéine de fusion. C'est le cas de la translocation t (3; 5) (q25.1; q34) impliquant le suppresseur tumoral NPM et l'oncogène MLF1 donnant naissance à la protéine de fusion NPM-MLF1. Généralement, les gènes impliqués dans ces translocations contrôlent la croissance cellulaire, la différenciation ou la survie cellulaire. Cependant, pour NPM-MLF1 les causes du gain ou de la perte de fonction associée à la translocation demeurent inconnues car nous ne savons pas comment cette translocation peut favoriser ou participer à l'avènement de la LMA. Le but de ce travail est d’analyser le rôle de NPM-MLF1 dans le cancer et d’examiner comment son activité contribue à la leucémie en faisant des études d’interactions protéine/protéine. En effet, l’étude de la fonction d’une protéine implique souvent de connaître ses partenaires d’interactions. Pour ce faire, la technique de double hybride dans la souche de levure AH109 a été utilisée. Tout d’abord, les ADN complémentaires (ADNc) de MLF1, NPM1 et de NPM-MLF1, MLF1-Like (une partie de MLF1 de l’acide aminé 94 à 157) normaux et mutés du domaine MTG8-Like constitué des acides aminés (a.a.) 151 à 164 de MLF1 (excepté NPM) ont été clonés dans un vecteur d'expression de levure pGBKT7. Les ADNc de GFI-1, mSin3A, PLZF, HDAC1 et HDAC3 ont été clonés dans le plasmide pGADT7 de façon à créer des protéines de fusion synthétiques avec le domaine de liaison à l'ADN et de trans-activation de la protéine GAL4. Le plasmide pGBKT7 possède un gène TRP1 et pGADT7 un gène LEU2 qui permettent la sélection des clones insérés dans la levure. Aussi, le pGBKT7 a un épitope c-myc et pGADT7 un épitope HA qui permet de voir l’expression des protéines par buvardage de type Western. Après la transformation des levures les interactions protéine/protéine ont été observées en vérifiant l’expression des gènes rapporteurs HIS3, LacZ, MEL1, ADE2 de la levure en utilisant des milieux de sélection YPD/-Leu/-Trp, YPD/-Leu/-Trp/-His, YPD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade, YPD/-Leu/-Trp/+ X-Gal, YPD/-Leu/-Trp/ + X-α-Gal. Ensuite, les interactions trouvées par double-hybride ont été vérifiées dans les cellules érythroleucémiques K562 par immuno-précipitation (IP) de protéines suivies de buvardages Westerns avec les anticorps appropriés. NPM-MLF1, MLF1, MTG8, MLF1-Like surexprimés dans les cellules K562 ont été clonés dans le plasmide pOZ-FH-N. pOZ-FH-N possède un récepteur IL-2 qui permet de sélectionner les cellules qui l’expriment ainsi qu’un tag Flag-HA qui permet de voir l’expression des protéines par buvardage-Western. Les résultats du double-hybride suggèrent une interaction faible de NPM-MLF1 avec HDAC1, HDAC3 et mSin3A ainsi qu’une interaction qui semble plus évidente entre NPM-MLF1 et PLZF, GFI-1. NPM interagit avec GFI-1 et mSin3A. Aussi, MLF1 et MLF1-Like interagissent avec HDAC1, HDAC3, GFI-1, PLZF mais pas avec mSin3A. Les IP suggèrent que NPM-MLF1 interagit avec HDAC1, HDAC3, mSin3A et PLZF. MLF1 et MLF1-Like interagissent avec HDAC1, HDAC3 et mSin3A. L’interaction de NPM-MLF1 avec GFI-1, MLF1 et MLF1-Like avec PLZF et GFI-1 n’a pas encore été vérifiée par IP. Ainsi, nos observations permettent de suggérer que NPM-MF1, MLF1 et NPM pourraient jouer un rôle dans la transcription et la régulation de l’expression de certains gènes importants dans l’hématopoïèse et une variété de processus cellulaires parce qu’ils interagissent avec différents corépresseurs. En déterminant les partenaires protéiques de MLF1, NPM et NPM-MLF1, leurs fonctions et comment NPM-MLF1 influence et modifie le fonctionnement cellulaire normal; il sera possible de renverser le processus de LMA favorisé par la t (3; 5) NPM-MLF1 par la technologie d’interférence à l’ARN.

Caractérisation phénotypique et génotypique d’isolats de Salmonella Typhimurium provenant de porcs sains ou septicémiques

Les infections à Salmonella Typhimurium constituent un problème de taille pour l’industrie porcine et la santé publique car cet animal est un réservoir pour les infections chez l’homme. De plus, on observe, chez des souches appartenant au lysotype (LT) 104, des résistances multiples aux antimicrobiens associées à des septicémies chez les porcs en engraissement, ce qui peut contribuer à la contamination des carcasses. Il faut donc contrôler l’infection au niveau du troupeau. Pour ce faire, il importe donc de mieux caractériser ces souches, comprendre la pathogénie de l’infection et identifier des facteurs de virulence. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de caractériser des isolats de S. Typhimurium provenant de porcs septicémiques et de les comparer avec ceux de porcs sains. Une banque d’isolats provenant de porcs septicémiques (ASC) et de porcs sains à l’abattoir (SSC) était constituée. Le lysotype des isolats a été identifié et ceux-ci ont été caractérisés selon le profil de résistance aux antimicrobiens, le SDS-PAGE et l’immunobuvardage et le PFGE. Chez les isolats ASC, LT 104 représentait 36.4% des isolats et chez les isolats SSC la proportion était de 51.5%. Les isolats pouvaient être résistants jusqu’à douze antimicrobiens, peu importe leur origine. Il n’a toutefois pas été possible d’associer une protéine spécifique au groupe d’isolats ASC. Parmi les souches LT 104, plusieurs groupes génétiques ont été identifiés. Les différentes étapes de la pathogénie de Salmonella ont ensuite été évaluées, dont l’adhésion et l’invasion des isolats des deux banques sur des cellules intestinales humaines. Nos résultats ont démontré que les isolats ASC avaient un pouvoir accru d’invasion comparés aux isolats SSC (P=0.003). Pour un sous-groupe d’isolats sélectionnés selon leur taux d’invasion, des tests de phagocytose, d’apoptose et d’adhésion au mucus intestinal ont été effectués en utilisant la cytométrie en flux. La survie des bactéries après la phagocytose a aussi été évaluée et la méthode MATS a été utilisée pour évaluer l'adhésion aux solvants. Les pourcentages de phagocytose chez les isolats SSC par les monocytes porcins étaient plus élevés que chez les isolats ASC à 15 minutes (P=0.02). Nous n’avons trouvé aucune différence significative pour les autres méthodes utilisées. Nous avons ensuite comparé le génome d’un isolat ASC (#36) à celui d’un isolat SSC (#1) par le SSH pour identifier des facteurs de virulence potentiels. Des clones correspondant à des gènes retrouvés sur le chromosome ainsi que sur des plasmides ont été identifiés. Ces résultats nous ont dirigés vers l’analyse des profils plasmidiques de tous les isolats. Les différents profils étaient retrouvés autant chez les isolats ASC que chez les isolats SSC. Deux profils (PL14 et PL20) étaient observés plus fréquemment chez les isolats LT 104 que chez les isolats d’autres lysotypes (P=0.01 et P=0.01, respectivement). Le séquençage d’un des plasmides de l’isolat ASC, démontrait la présence d’informations génétiques codant pour la réplication et une bêta-galactosidase-α. Il serait intéressant de préciser le rôle exact de ces gènes dans l’infection. Nos travaux suggèrent que les isolats de S. Typhimurium provenant de porcs septicémiques se distinguent par un pouvoir d’invasion accru ainsi que par des taux de phagocytose plus faibles dans les phases initiales de l’infection. Cette étude aura donc permis d’accroître les connaissances sur la pathogénie des infections à S. Typhimurium chez le porc.

Système de recombinaison Xer chez Staphylococcus aureus

Le système de recombinaison Xer est impliqué dans la monomerisation des réplicons bactériens, comme les plasmides et les chromosomes, dans une grande variété de bactéries. Ce système est un système de recombinaison site-spécifique composé de deux tyrosine recombinases, soit XerC et XerD. Ils agissent ensemble afin de convertir les chromosomes dimériques en monomères en agissant à un site spécifique près du terminus de la réplication, appelé le site dif. Les gènes Xer et leur site d’action sont identifiés dans plusieurs bactéries gram positives et gram négatives. Staphylococcus aureus représente une bactérie gram positive qui contient un système XerCD/dif. Elle est impliqué dans plusieurs maladies humaines, tels que des infections cutanées, des gastroentérites, et le syndrome de choc toxique, pour en nommer quelques unes. Bien que les gènes codant les protéines XerC et XerD ont été identifiés, il y a beaucoup d’inconnu sur leur mode d’action au site dif. Des mutations dans XerC ont été obtenues, mais aucune dans XerD, suggérant que ce gène pourrait être essentiel pour cet organisme. Les études présentées dans ce mémoire ont permis de commencer à mieux caractériser XerD de S. aureus, en séquençant le gène et en faisant des tests de liaison à l’ADN. Elles ont montré que la recombinase XerD se lie au site dif d’Eschericia coli seul et de façon coopérative avec la recombinase XerC d’E. coli. XerD de S. aureus est, aussi, efficace dans la complémentation de XerD muté d’E. coli dans la réaction de recombinaison chromosomique. Cependant, elle ne démontre pas cette même capacité de complémentation lors de la recombinaison plasmidique aux sites cer.

Rôles et régulation des enzymes antioxydantes paraoxonases au niveau intestinal et implication dans les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin

Le stress oxydant joue un rôle majeur dans le développement et l’évolution des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin. Le corps humain est doté d’une panoplie d’enzymes antioxydantes ayant pour fonction de protéger l’intégrité cellulaire. De nouvelles enzymes au fort potentiel antioxydant, les paraoxonases (PON) 1, 2 et 3, ont récemment été identifiées tout au long du tube digestif, mais leurs rôles y restent inconnus. Les cellules intestinales Caco-2/15, qui ont la capacité de se différencier et d’acquérir les caractéristiques physiologiques de l'intestin grêle, ont été utilisées dans le présent travail pour étudier la régulation des PON. Les cellules ont été traitées avec différents effecteurs physiologiques (cytokines, LPS, stress oxydant) et pharmacologiques (fibrates, thiazolidinédiones) et l’expression des leurs gènes et protéines a été évaluée. Les résultats ont mis en lumière la modulation distincte de l’expression des PON par le stress oxydant et l’inflammation. Ceci suggère que chaque PON peut jouer un rôle différent au niveau intestinal et être impliquée dans le maintien de l’homéostasie. La régulation de l’expression des PON a également été largement explorée dans un article de revue. Pour définir le rôle de PON2, celle-ci étant potentiellement la plus importante pour l’homéostasie intestinale, les cellules Caco-2/15 ont été infectées à l’aide de lentivirus contenant des ARN d’interférence, ce qui a fortement réduit l’expression de PON2. En l’absence de PON2, les cellules Caco-2/15 étaient plus susceptibles face à un stress oxydant, la réponse inflammatoire était exacerbée et la perméabilité cellulaire paraissait altérée. Toutes ces composantes sont majeures dans le développement des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin chez l’humain. De plus, des cellules Caco-2/15 de la PON2, ce qui a renforcé la force de la défense antioxydante cellulaire. Les résultats suggèrent que les PON jouent un rôle dans le maintien de l’homéostasie intestinale et pourraient être impliquées dans l’étiologie et la pathogenèse des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin.