CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN WITH 3D PRINTING IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD

The demand for consumer goods in the developing world continues to rise as populations and economies grow. As designers, manufacturers, and consumers look for ways to address this growing demand, many are considering the possibilities of 3D printing. Due to 3D printing’s flexibility and relative mobility, it is speculated that 3D printing could help to meet the growing demands of the developing world. While the merits and challenges of distributed manufacturing with 3D printing have been presented, little work has been done to determine the types of products that would be appropriate for such manufacturing. Inspired by the author’s two years of Peace Corps service in the Tanzania and the need for specialty equipment for various projects during that time, an in-depth literature search is undertaken to better understand and summarize the process and capabilities of 3D printing. Human-centered design considerations are developed to focus on the product desirability, the technical feasibility, and the financial viability of using 3D printing within Tanzania. Beginning with concerns of what Tanzanian consumers desire, many concerns later arise in regards to the feasibility of creating products that would be sufficient in strength and quality for the demands of developing world consumers. It is only after these concerns are addressed that the viability of products can be evaluated from an economic perspective. The larger impacts of a product beyond its use are vital in determining how it will affect the social, economic, and environmental well-being of a developing nation such as Tanzania. Thus technology specific criteria are necessary for assessing and quantifying the broader impacts that a 3D-printed product can have within its ecosystem, and appropriate criteria are developed for this purpose. Both sets of criteria are then demonstrated and tested while evaluating the desirability, feasibility, viability, and sustainability of printing a piece of equipment required for the author’s Peace Corps service: a set of Vernier calipers. Required for science educators throughout the country, specialty equipment such as calipers initially appear to be an ideal candidate for 3D printing, though ultimately the printing of calipers is not recommended due to current restrictions in the technology. By examining more specific challenges and opportunities of the products 3D printing can produce, it can be better determined what place 3D printing will have in manufacturing for the developing world. Furthermore, the considerations outlined in this paper could be adapted for other manufacturing technologies and regions of the world, as human centered design and sustainability will be critical in determining how to supply the developing world with the consumer goods it demands.

3D-Printing mit der PolyJet-Technologie von Objet

Objet Geometries Ltd entwickelt und produziert Rapid Prototyping Systeme und Materialien auf Basis der Polyjet-Technologie und bietet diese im internationalen Markt an. Objet ist der „Pionier“ in der Entwicklung der Polyjet-Technologie zur schnellen Erstellung von hochwertigen Modellen aus den 3D-Daten der Design- und CAx-Systeme. Die Oberflächenqualität, die schnelle Reinigung des Supportmaterials mit Hilfe eines Wasserstrahls, die Bauteilqualität hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit sowie die einfache Bedienung der Systeme zu einem hervorragenden Preis/Leistungsverhältnis zeichnen Objet als Marktführer dieser Technologie aus. Die Systeme von Objet sind insbesondere für den Anwender in Design und Engineering konzipiert und können in einer Büroumgebung betrieben werden. Die verwendeten Materialien sind für den Anwender ohne jegliche Gefahr einsetzbar und sind von einem deutschen Institut mit entsprechenden Zertifikaten dokumentiert. Die Produktlinie von Objet ermöglicht im Design und Engineering die Zeiten in der Produktentwicklung erheblich zu reduzieren. Kunden von Objet sind in Nordamerika, Europa, Asien und Australien zu finden, viele von ihnen sind bedeutende Unternehmen aus den Märkten Automobilindustrie, Elektronik/Elektrotechnik, Spielwaren, Medizin, Konsumerprodukte, Schuhindustrie, Schmuckindustrie und vielen anderen Branchen. Objet wurde 1998 gegründet und befindet sich im privaten Besitz. Das Unternehmen wird von Investoren wie der Scitex Corporation sowie von weiteren privaten Investoren, Unternehmer-Kapitalfonden and Kooperationen in USA, Japan, Europa und Israel unterstützt. Aus Wettbewerbsgründen werden Unternehmenszahlen derzeit nicht öffentlich zur Verfügung gestellt. Das Unternehmen beschäftigt zur Zeit weltweit ca. 75 Mitarbeiter und verfügt über eigene Vertriebs- und Servicecenter in den USA und Europa, sowie Vertriebspartnern in der ganzen Welt. Seit Mitte 2001 wurden über 170 Systeme weltweit vermarktet und installiert. Der Vortrag anlässlich der RapidTech wird diese noch recht „junge“ Technologie, deren Vorteile für den Anwender sowie die möglichen Applikationen an Hand von konkreten Beispielen im Detail erläutern.

Tax-Optimal Step-Up and Imperfect Loss Offset

In the field of mergers and acquisitions, German and international tax law allow for several opportunities to step up a firm's assets, i.e., to revaluate the assets at fair market values. When a step-up is performed the taxpayer recognizes a taxable gain, but also obtains tax benefits in the form of higher future depreciation allowances associated with stepping up the tax base of the assets. This tax-planning problem is well known in taxation literature and can also be applied to firm valuation in the presence of taxation. However, the known models usually assume a perfect loss offset. If this assumption is abandoned, the depreciation allowances may lose value as they become tax effective at a later point in time, or even never if there are not enough cash flows to be offset against. This aspect is especiallyrelevant if future cash flows are assumed to be uncertain. This paper shows that a step-up may be disadvantageous or a firm overvalued if these aspects are not integrated into the basic calculus. Compared to the standard approach, assets should be stepped up only in a few cases and - under specific conditions - at a later point in time. Firm values may be considerably lower under imperfect loss offset.

3D printing and its applications

Eine zunehmende Anzahl von Artikeln in Publikumszeitschriften und Journalen rückt die direkte Herstellung von Bauteilen und Figuren immer mehr in das Bewusstsein einer breiten Öffentlichkeit. Leider ergibt sich nur selten ein einigermaßen vollständiges Bild davon, wie und in welchen Lebensbereichen diese Techniken unseren Alltag verändern werden. Das liegt auch daran, dass die meisten Artikel sehr technisch geprägt sind und sich nur punktuell auf Beispiele stützen. Dieser Beitrag geht von den Bedürfnissen der Menschen aus, wie sie z.B. in der Maslow’schen Bedürfnispyramide strukturiert dargestellt sind und unterstreicht dadurch, dass 3D Printing (oder Additive Manufacturing resp. Rapid Prototyping) bereits alle Lebensbereiche erfasst hat und im Begriff ist, viele davon zu revolutionieren.

Advanced luminance control and black offset correction for multi-projector display systems

In order to display a homogeneous image using multiple projectors, differences in the projected intensities must be compensated. In this paper, we present novel approaches to combine and extend existing techniques for edge blending and luminance harmonization to achieve a detailed luminance control. Furthermore, we apply techniques for improving the contrast ratio of multi-segmented displays also to the black offset correction. We also present a simple scheme to involve the displayed context in the correction process to dynamically improve the contrast in brighter images. In addition, we present a metric to evaluate the different methods and their influence on the visual quality.

Three-dimensional printing creates models for surgical planning of aortic valve replacement after previous coronary bypass grafting.

PURPOSE Resternotomy for aortic valve replacement in patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting and an internal mammary artery graft may be a surgical problem. Thus, we are exploring the effect of using rapid prototyping techniques for surgical planning and intraoperative orientation during aortic valve replacement after previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). DESCRIPTION As a proof of concept, we studied a patient who had undergone CABG 5 years earlier. At that time the patient received a left internal mammary artery graft to the left anterior descending artery and a venous graft to the right coronary artery. Now the patient required aortic valve replacement due to symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. The left internal mammary artery bypass and the right coronary artery bypass were patent and showed good flow in the angiography. The patient was examined by 128-slice computed tomography. The image data were visualized and reconstructed. Afterwards, a replica showing the anatomic structures was fabricated using a rapid prototyping machine. EVALUATION Using data derived from 128-slice computed tomography angiography linked to proprietary software, we were able to create three-dimensional reconstructions of the vascular anatomy after the previous CABG. The models were sterilized and taken to the operating theatre for orientation during the surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS Stereolithographic replicas are helpful for choosing treatment strategies in surgical planning and for intraoperative orientation during reoperations of patients with previous CABG.