Une évaluation de la dimension de la lumière de boîtiers 0,018" provenant de quatre différents manufacturiers. Existe-t-il un standard dans l’industrie?

Introduction: The objective of this experimental research was to evaluate the slot’s vertical dimension and profile of four different 0.018″ self-ligating brackets and to identify the level of tolerance accepted by manufacturers during the fabrication process. It was then possible to calculate and compare the torque play of those brackets using the measured values and the nominal values. Material and Methods: Twenty-five 0.018″ self-ligating brackets of upper left central incisors from the following manufacturers, Speed® (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada), InOvationR® (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA), CarriereLX® (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and SmartClip® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), were evaluated using electron microscopy with 150X images. The height of each bracket was measured at every 100 microns of depth from the lingual wall at five different levels. A Student T test was then used to compare our results with the manufacturer’s stated value of 0.018″. To determine if there was a significant difference between the four manufacturers, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at the significance level of p<0.05. The torque play was then calculated using geometrical formulas. Results: On average, Speed brackets were oversized by 2.7%[MV 0.0185″ (SD:0.002)], InOvationR by 3.7% [MV 0.0187″ (SD:0.002)], CarriereLX by 3.2% [MV 0.0186″ (SD:0.002)] and SmartClipSL by 5.0% [MV 0.0189″ (SD:0.002)]. The height of all brackets was significantly higher than the nominal value of 0.018″ (p<0.001). The slot of SmartClip brackets was significantly larger than those of the other three manufacturers (p<0.001). None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls; some were convergent and others divergent. These variations can induce a torque play up to 4.5 degrees with a 0.017″x0.025″ wire and 8.0 degrees with a 0.016″x0.022″ wire. Conclusion: All studied brackets were oversized. None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls and there was no standard between manufacturers for the geometry of their slots. These variations can cause a slight increase of the torque play between the wire and the bracket compared with the nominal value.

Nouveaux complexes pinces POCOP, NHCCOP, PIMCOP et PIMIOCOP, et complexes cyclométallés de Ni(II) : synthèse, caractérisation et réactivité.

Cette thèse traite de la chimie des complexes pinces de Ni(II) ainsi que des complexes cyclométallés de Ni(II) comportant au moins un motif phosphinite. Elle se divise en trois parties. La première concerne la synthèse, la caractérisation, le mécanisme de formation et la réactivité des complexes pinces de Ni(II) à base de ligand de type POCOP 1,3-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4. De nouveaux ligands de type R-(POCOP) = κP,κC,κP-{Rn-2,6-( R'2PO)2C6H4-n}; Rn = 4-OMe, 4-Me, 4-CO2Me, 3-OMe, 3- CO2Me, 3,5-t-Bu2 ; R' = i-Pr, t-Bu ont été synthétisés suite à l'addition de chlorophosphine ClPR'2 à une solution de résorcinol ou dérivés en présence de base. La synthèse des complexes R-(POCOP)Ni(Br) s'effectue à partir du ligand correspondant en présence de base, et de {NiBr2(NCiPr)}n. Ce nouveau précurseur de nickel est synthétisé à partir de brome de nickel métallique dans l'isobutyronitrile. Il est stable sous atmosphère inerte et sa solubilité dans les solvants polaires permet d'étudier les synthèses des complexes en milieu homogène. Le mécanisme de formation des complexes portant des ligand pinces (PCsp3P) 1,3-(i- Pr2PCH2CH2)2CH2, (POCsp3OP) 1,3-(i-Pr2POCH2)2CH2, (PCsp2P) 1,3-(i- Pr2PCH2)2C6H4, Rn-(POCsp2OP) 1,3-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H4-n via nickellation du lien C-H a été investigué avec une méthode de réaction de compétition. Cette étape a été déterminée comme étant de nature électrophile. Les complexes résultants ont été complètement caractérisés. Une corrélation a notamment été effectuée entre le déplacement chimique du Cipso en spectroscopie RMN 13C et le potentiel d'oxydation Eox en voltamétrie cyclique. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse directe verte "one pot" a été mise en place. En faisant réagir à 75 °C un mélange hétérogène de II résorcinol, de chlorodiisopropylphosphine et de nickel métallique en poudre, on obtient le complexes pince (POCOP)Ni(Cl) avec des rendements allant jusqu'à 93%. La réactivité de ces complexes POCOP a été investiguée pour des réactions de fluorination et trifluorométhylation des halogénures d'alkyle. La synthèse du (POCOP)Ni(F) a lieu à partir de précurseur (POCOP)Ni(X) (X=Br, Cl), en présence d'un large excès de fluorure d'argent AgF. Ce complexe catalyse la fluorination du bromure de benzyle et peut être converti en (POCOP)Ni(CF3) en présence de réactif du Ruppert, Me3SiCF3. La réaction entre (POCOP)Ni(CF3) et le bromure de benzyle dans les solvants aromatiques mène à la conversion totale du complexe en (POCOP)Ni(Br) et à l'inattendue benzylation du solvant aromatique utilisé. La seconde partie concerne la synthèse des nouveaux complexes non symétriques à base de ligands comportant un motif imidazolo-phosphine (PIMCOP) 3-[2-(R2P)-C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3, imidazoliophosphine (PIMIOCOP) 3-[2-(R2P)-3- (CH3)-C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3] et carbène N-hétérocyclique (NHCCOP). La double déprotonation du 3-hydroxyphenyl-imidazole suivi de l'addition de deux équivalents de chlorodiphenylphosphine mène à l'obtention du ligand PIMCOP 3-[3-(CH3)- C3H2N2]-(R2PO)-C6H3. L'étape de nickellation a lieu comme dans le cas des composés (POCOP)Ni. La méthylation du motif imidazole du (PIMCOP)Ni(Br) par le triflate de méthyle MeOTf, donne le dérivé (PIMIOCOP)Ni(Br). Ce dernier est converti en (NHCCOP)Ni(Br) après l'addition de chlorure de tétraéthylamonium NEt4Cl. Les analogues i-Pr2P de ces complexes sont synthétisés en remplaçant ClPPh2 par ClPiPr2. On obtient les espèces cationiques [(PIMCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf], [(PIMIOCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf]2 et III [(NHCCOP)Ni(NCCH3)][OTf] suite à l'addition en solution dans l'acétonitrile de triflate d'argent AgOTf. Ces espèces ont été utilisés comme catalyseurs pour la synthèse d'amidine à partir de benzonitrile et de diverse amines aliphatiques. Enfin des complexes orthonickellés trans-Ni[(ĸ2-P,C-P(OC6H4)-(iPr2)( iPr2P(OC6H5))]Br à base de phosphinite ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Les ligands sont synthétisés par réaction d'un phénol et de chlorodiisopropylphosphine en présence de base. L'ajout de {NiBr2(NCiPr)}n et de triéthylamine permet l'orthométallation via une étape de nickellation C-H. Un intermédiaire trans- [NiBr2{PiPr2(OC6H5)}2] de cette réaction a été isolé. Le complexe dimère peut réagir avec des espèces électrophiles mener à l'ortho-fonctionnalisation de la phosphinite.

Novel1, 3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Acyclic Carbonyl Ylides and Related Chemistry

The thesis entitled novel 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of acyclic carbonyl ylides and related chemistry embodies the results of the investigations carried out to explore the reactivity of acyclic carbonyl ylides,generated by the reaction of dicarbomethoxy carbine and aldehydes towards dipolarophiles such as activated styrenes,1,2-and 1,4-quinones. In conclusion ,we have explored the reactivity pattern of acyclic carbonyl ylides derived from dicarbomethoxycarbene and aldehyde towards activated styrenes with a view to develop a stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives. It was also found that the ylide could be trapped by various 1,2-and 1,4-diones to form dioxolane derivatives. It is noteworthy that the cycloaddition is highly region- and stereoselective. With isatins the ylide preferentially adds to the more electrone deficient carbonyl group making it regiospecific. Hetrocyclic compounds are of pivotal importance in organic chemistry, and enormous efforts have been devoted to develop new methodologies for their synthesis. It is noteworthy in this context that, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction,otherwise called Huisgen reaction, constitutes one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of five membered heterocycles. Among the various dipoles, carbonyl ylides have received substiancial attention in recent years largely due to their utility in the synthesis of a wide range of oxygen hetrocycles, which are often found as structural subunits of many bioactive natural products.

Alkylation of phenol with methanol over mixed oxides of tin with some rare earth elements

Alkylation of phenol with methanol has been carried out over Sn-La and Sn-Sm mixed oxides of varying compositions at 623 K in a vapour phase flow reactor. It is found that the product selectivity is greatly influenced by the acid-base properties of the catalysts. Ortho-cresol formation is favoured over catalysts with weak acid sites whereas formation of 2,6-xylenol occurs in the presence of stronger acid sites. The cyclohexanol decomposition reaction and titrimetric method using Hammett indicators have been employed to elucidate the acid-base properties of the catalysts.

Sulfated titania mediated regioselective nitration of phenol in solid state

Titania, sulfated titania and chromium loaded sulfated titania were prepared by sol–gel method and characterized using different technique. Phenol is nitrated regioselectively by nitric acid using chromium loaded sulfated titania catalysts. A remarkable ortho selectivity is observed in solid state nitration to yield exclusively ortho-nitrophenol. Compared to the conventional process, phenol nitration over solid acid catalyst is a clean and environment friendly process. Catalytic activity well correlates with the Brönsted acid sites of these catalysts.

Evaluación de la exposición a solventes orgánicos en pintores de carros de la ciudad de Bogotá

Introducción. Los pintores de vehículos automotores están expuestos a solventes puros o mezclas de estos, los cuales se han asociado con efectos neurológicos y mutacarcinogénicos. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal para caracterizar las condiciones de salud y trabajo de individuos expuestos a solventes orgánicos en talleres de lámina y pintura en Bogotá. Se comparó un grupo de expuestos a solventes orgánicos con un grupo no expuestos. Se determinaron concentraciones de benceno, tolueno y xileno (BTX) en aire, se aplicó una encuesta individual y se midieron en orina, los ácidos fenil mercaptúrico, hipúrico, orto-para metilhipúrico como metabolitos de benceno, tolueno y xileno. Los resultados de las mediciones y de la encuesta se correlacionaron para establecer el panorama de exposición. Resultados: hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la población expuesta y la población no expuesta a solventes (p = 0,00) para los tres metabolitos de BTX. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre el tolueno en aire y ácido hipúrico en orina de los expuestos, (Spearman de 0,82) y entre el xileno en aire y el ácido o-metilhipúrico (Spearman de 0,76). Se encontraron valores de ácido hipúrico por encima de los límites permisibles en 11 2 trabajadores y de ácido p-metilhipúrico en 8 de ellos. No hubo valores para ácido fenilmercapturico fuera de límite. Discusión: los pintores de carros se encuentran expuestos a niveles altos de solventes orgánicos en sus sitios de trabajo y no cuentan con condiciones adecuadas de higiene y seguridad industrial para realizar sus labores.

Perfil neuropsicológico de personas adultas con VIH/SIDA

Los déficit neurológicos en el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana VIH, específicamente las alteraciones en el funcionamiento cognitivo, han estado presentes desde el inicio de su propagación y han sido una de las principales manifestaciones a lo largo de todas las etapas del virus. No obstante, gracias a los avances de la terapia antirretroviral se ha dado un aumento de la expectativa de vida de los pacientes, dándose de la misma manera un incremento en los déficits anteriormente mencionados. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir el perfil neuropsicológico de los pacientes con VIH y establecer si existen relaciones entre las funciones que se encuentren deterioradas, el tiempo de diagnóstico y la terapia antiretroviral. Para esto se llevo a cabo un estudio descriptivo de tipo exploratorio con el fin de medir las características de las funciones neuropsicológicas en un grupo de 24 pacientes pertenecientes al programa especial B24 del Hospital Universitario Mayor y Hospital de Barrios Unidos MÉDERI en Bogotá, Colombia. Para esto, se utilizó un protocolo de pruebas neuropsicológicas: Mini Mental StateExamination (MMSE), WAIS-III (sub-pruebas dígitos, letras y números, aritmética y semejanzas), Curva de aprendizaje auditivo verbal de Rey (RAVLT), WMS-III (sub-pruebas de recobro de historias y Localización), TMT A y B, Set Test de Isaacs, Figura Compleja de Rey y Test de Stroop. Dentro de los resultados se encontró que la medida de edad fue de 50 con un total de 19 hombres y 5 mujeres. Las funciones con mayor predominio de deterioro fueron la atención sostenida y alternante, la memoria declarativa, las funciones ejecutivas (específicamente en el control inhibitorio) y la velocidad de procesamiento, los pacientes presentan un rango de deterioro cognitivo leve (GDS 3). Se concluyó que el perfil de deterioro es mixto y que es necesario ampliar la muestra para obtener resultados más precisos en cuanto a las diferencias de acuerdo al tiempo de diagnóstico y la terapia antiretroviral.

Uveítis pediática no infecciosa, una experiencia de una cohorte colombiana

Resumen: •Antecedentes: La uveítis pediátrica no infecciosa tiene el potencial de desencadenar severas complicaciones visuales y su manejo farmacológico convencional está asociado a importantes efectos secundarios. 1 Infliximab (INF) y Adalimumab (ADA), son dos medicamentos biológicos disponibles para el manejo de la uveítis pediátrica refractaria. Se unen específicamente al TNFα y previenen la unión del mismo con los receptores celulares; interacción directamente implicada en el proceso inflamatorio y el subsecuente daño tisular. 2,3 •Métodos: Se realizó estudio de tipo cohorte retrospectiva mediante revisión de historias clínicas de 35 pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados con uveítis durante los años 2009-2015. Se comparó control de la inflamación ocular, tiempo de respuesta y eventos adversos en pacientes tratados con ADA o INF con dosis bajas de Metotrexate vs. Metotrexate (MTX) como única terapia. •Resultados: El 45.7% de la población estudiada correspondía al sexo femenino, cuya edad promedio de inicio de síntomas y de diagnósticos fue de 9 años. El 80% de los casos fueron uveítis idiopáticas, seguido por Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (8,5%) y AIJ (5,7%). El 91,4% presentó compromiso ocular bilateral y se documentaron 2 casos de ambliopía. El 12,9% de los pacientes que recibieron MTX como tratamiento de primera línea requirieron escalonamiento terapéutico por presentar eventos adversos (Elevación de enzimas hepáticas e intolerancia gastrointestinal (GI)). El tiempo promedio para alcanzar control de la inflamación con MTX fue 9 semanas, y para Adalimumab fue de 8,75 semanas (P: 0,90). Se comparó la capacidad de controlar la inflamación del MTX vs Anti-TNF, y no se observaron diferencias significativas (P: 0.88).

Lumbar estrecho: experiencia de 10 años en la fundación santa fé de Bogotá

El canal lumbar estrecho de tipo degenerativo, es una enfermedad que se presenta en pacientes entre la quinta y la sexta década de vida; es la causa más común de cirugía lumbar después de los 65 años. Este trabajo busca determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a la presentación de eventos adversos o re-intervención en cirugía de canal lumbar estrecho en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá en los años comprendidos entre 2003 y 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de prevalencia de tipo analítico, en donde se analizaron 249 pacientes sometidos a intervención quirúrgica por cirugía de canal lumbar estrecho.

O2 activation at bioinspired complexes: dinuclear copper systems and mononuclear non-heme iron compounds. Mechanisms and catalytic applications in oxidative transformations

L'activació d'oxigen que té lloc en els éssers vius constitueix una font d'inspiració pel desenvolupament d'alternatives als oxidants tradicionals, considerats altament tòxics i nocius. En aquesta treball s'utilitzen compostos sintètics com a models del centre actiu de proteïnes dinuclears de coure i mononuclears de ferro de tipus no-hemo que participen en l'activació d'oxigen en els éssers vius. Els sistemes dinuclears de coure mostren un centre de tipus coure(III) bis(oxo) que és capaç de dur a terme l'ortho-hidroxilació de fenols de manera similar a la reacció que catalitza la proteïna tirosinasa. Per altra banda, els sistemes de ferro desenvolupats en aquest treball actuen com a models de les dioxigenases de Rieske i poden dur a terme l'hidroxilació estereoespecífica d'alcans i l'epoxidació i cis-dihidroxilació d'olefines utilitzant peròxid d'hidrogen com a agent oxidant. Tot plegat demostra que el desenvolupament de sistemes model constitueix una bona estratègia per l'estudi dels sistemes naturals.

Bacterial iron homeostasis

Iron is essential to virtually all organisms, but poses problems of toxicity and poor solubility. Bacteria have evolved various mechanisms to counter the problems imposed by their iron dependence, allowing them to achieve effective iron homeostasis under a range of iron regimes. Highly efficient iron acquisition systems are used to scavenge iron from the environment under iron-restricted conditions. In many cases, this involves the secretion and internalisation of extracellular ferric chelators called siderophores. Ferrous iron can also be directly imported by the G protein-like transporter, FcoB. For pathogens, host-iron complexes (transferrin, lactoferrin, haem, haemoglobin) are directly used as iron sources. Bacterial iron storage proteins (ferritin, bacterioferritin) provide intracellular iron reserves for use when external supplies are restricted, and iron detoxification proteins (Dps) are employed to protect the chromosome from iron-induced free radical damage. There is evidence that bacteria control their iron requirements in response to iron availability by downregulating the expression of iron proteins during iron-restricted growth. And finally, the expression of the iron homeostatic machinery is subject to iron-dependent global control ensuring that iron acquisition, storage and consumption are geared to iron availability and that intracellular levels of free iron do not reach toxic levels. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Global iron-dependent gene regulation in Escherichia coli - A new mechanism for iron homeostasis

Organisms generally respond to iron deficiency by increasing their capacity to take up iron and by consuming intracellular iron stores. Escherichia coli, in which iron metabolism is particularly well understood, contains at least 7 iron-acquisition systems encoded by 35 iron-repressed genes. This Fe-dependent repression is mediated by a transcriptional repressor, Fur ( ferric uptake regulation), which also controls genes involved in other processes such as iron storage, the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, pathogenicity, and redox-stress resistance. Our macroarray-based global analysis of iron- and Fur-dependent gene expression in E. coli has revealed several novel Fur-repressed genes likely to specify at least three additional iron- transport pathways. Interestingly, a large group of energy metabolism genes was found to be iron and Fur induced. Many of these genes encode iron- rich respiratory complexes. This iron- and Fur-dependent regulation appears to represent a novel iron-homeostatic mechanism whereby the synthesis of many iron- containing proteins is repressed under iron- restricted conditions. This mechanism thus accounts for the low iron contents of fur mutants and explains how E. coli can modulate its iron requirements. Analysis of Fe-55-labeled E. coli proteins revealed a marked decrease in iron- protein composition for the fur mutant, and visible and EPR spectroscopy showed major reductions in cytochrome b and d levels, and in iron- sulfur cluster contents for the chelator-treated wild-type and/or fur mutant, correlating well with the array and quantitative RT-PCR data. In combination, the results provide compelling evidence for the regulation of intracellular iron consumption by the Fe2+-Fur complex.

Interaction of 2-(arylazo)phenols with rhodium. Usual coordination vs. C-H and C-C activation

Reaction of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenylazo)phenol with [Rh(PPh3)(3)Cl] in refluxing benzene in presence of triethylamine afforded a red complex in which the ligand is coordinated to rhodium as a tridentate O,N,O-donor. However, similar reaction of [Rh(PPh3)(3)Cl] with 2-(2'carboxyphenylazo)-4-methylphenol yielded two complexes, viz. a blue one and a green one. In both the complexes the ligand is coordinated as C,N,O-donor. However, in the blue complex orthometallation takes place from the ortho-carbon atom, which bears -COOH group via decarboxylation and in green one orthometallation occurs from the other ortho-carbon. Structures of all the three complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. In all the three complexes rhodium is sharing the equatorial plane with the tridentate ligand and a chloride, and the two triphenylphosphines are axially disposed. All of the complexes show intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry on these complexes shows a Rh(III)-Rh(IV) oxidation on the positive side of SCE and a reduction of the coordinated azophenolate ligand on the negative side. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rhodium assisted C-H activation of N-(2 '-hydroxyphenyl)benzaldimines. Synthesis, structure and electrochemical properties of a group of organorhodium complexes

Reaction of a group of N-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzaldimines, derived from 2-aminophenol and five para-substituted benzaldehydes (the para substituents are OCH3, CH3, H, Cl and NO2), with [Rh(PPh3)(3)Cl] in refluxing toluene in the presence of a base (NEW afforded a family of organometallic complexes of rhodium(III). The crystal structure of one complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. In these complexes the benzaldimine ligands are coordinated to the metal center, via dissociation of the phenolic proton and the phenyl proton at the ortho position of the phenyl ring in the imine fragment, as dianionic tridentate C,N,O-donors, and the two PPh3 ligands are trans. The complexes are diamagnetic (low-spin d(6), S = 0) and show intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. Cyclic voltammetry shows a Rh(III)-Rh(IV) oxidation within 0.63-0.93 V vs SCE followed by an oxidation of the coordinated benzaldimine ligand. A reduction of the coordinated benzaldimine is also observed within -0.96 to -1.04 V vs SCE. Potential of the Rh(Ill)-Rh(IV) oxidation is found to be sensitive to the nature of the para-substituent. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of a family of 2-(arylazo)phenolate complexes of ruthenium with unusual C-C coupling and N=Ncleavage

Reaction of 2-(4'-R-phenylazo)-4-methylphenols (R = OCH3, CH3, H, Cl, and NO2) with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] affords a family of five ruthenium(III) complexes, containing a 2-(arylazo)phenolate ligand forming a six-membered chelate ring and a tetradentate ligand formed from two 2-(arylazo) phenols via an unusual C-C coupling linki.ng the two ortho carbons of the phenyl rings in the arylazo fragment. A similar reaction with 2-(2'-methylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] has afforded a similar complex, in which one 2-(2'-methylphenylazo)-4-methylphenolate ligand is coordinated forming a six-membered chelate ring, and the other two ligands have undergone the C-C coupling reaction, and the coupled species is coordinated as a tetradentate ligand forming a five-membered N,O-chelate ring, a nine-membered N,N-chelate ring, and another five-membered chelate ring. Reaction of 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenol with [Ru(dmso)(4)Cl-2] has afforded a complex in which two 2-(2',6'-dimethylphenylazo)-4-methylphenols are coordinated as bidentate N,O-donors forming five- and six-membered chelate rings, while the third one has undergone cleavage across the N=N bond, and the phenolate fragment, thus generated, remains coordinated to the metal center in the iminosemiquinonate form. Structures of four selected complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The first six complexes are one-electron paramagnetic and show rhombic ESR spectra. The last complex is diamagnetic and shows characteristic H-1 NMR signals. All the complexes show intense charge-transfer transitions in the visible region and a Ru(III)-Ru(IV) oxidation on the positive side of SCE and a Ru(III)-Ru(II) reduction on the negative side.