Modulation de la stabilité de l'ARNm alphaENaC dans les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires : détermination du rôle des séquences 3' non traduites

Le transport actif de sodium par les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires est le principal mécanisme impliqué dans la régulation du niveau de liquide dans le poumon distal. Le canal épithélial sodique (ENaC) exprimé par les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires est essentiel à la résorption du liquide des poumons à la naissance ainsi que la résolution de l'œdème pulmonaire chez l'adulte. L'activité et l'expression du canal ENaC sont modulées par de nombreux stress pathophysiologiques. L'inflammation pulmonaire constitue un facteur important dans l'inhibition de l'expression du canal ENaC et pourrait favoriser la formation d'œdème pulmonaire. Nous avons précédemment démontré que différentes cytokines pro-inflammatoires, ainsi que les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibent l'expression de l'ARNm αENaC par des mécanismes de régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle. Ces résultats suggèrent que les mécanismes qui modulent la stabilité des ARNm αENaC pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la régulation du niveau d’expression du transcrit en condition inflammatoire. Le principal objectif de mes travaux était de caractériser les mécanismes de modulation de l’ARNm αENaC dans les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires lors de différents stress pathophysiologiques et déterminer si cette modulation pouvait s’expliquer en partie par une régulation de la stabilité du transcrit. Mes travaux montrent que les LPS et la cycloheximide inhibent l’expression de l’ARNm αENaC de façon similaire via l’activation des voies de signalisation des MAPK ERK1/2 et p38. Cependant, les mécanismes de modulation de l’expression de l'ARNm αENaC sont différents puisque les LPS répriment la transcription du gène, alors que la cycloheximide diminuerait la stabilité du transcrit via des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels impliquant la région 3' non traduite (3'UTR) de l'ARNm αENaC. Pour mieux étudier le rôle du 3'UTR dans ce processus, nous avons développé un modèle Tet-Off nous permettant de mesurer la demi-vie de l’ARNm αENaC indépendamment de l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de la transcription comme l'actinomycine D (Act. D). Nous avons montré que la demi-vie de l’ARNm αENaC était de 100min, un temps beaucoup plus court que celui rapporté dans la littérature. Nous avons démontré que l’Act. D a un effet stabilisateur important sur l’ARNm αENaC et qu’il ne peut être utilisé pour évaluer la stabilité du transcrit. À l’aide de différents mutants de délétion, nous avons entrepris de déterminer la nature des régions du 3’UTR impliquées dans la modulation de la stabilité du transcrit. Nous avons trouvé que le 3’UTR joue un rôle à la fois de stabilisation (région 3’UTR proximale) et de déstabilisation (région 3’UTR distale) du transcrit. Notre système nous a finalement permis de confirmer que la diminution de l’ARNm αENaC observée en présence de TNF-α s’expliquait en partie par une diminution importante de la stabilité du transcrit induite par cette cytokine. Enfin, nous avons identifié la nature des protéines pouvant se lier au 3’UTR de l’ARNm αENaC et déterminé lesquelles pouvaient moduler la stabilité du transcrit. Des trois protéines candidates trouvées, nous avons confirmé que la surexpression de DHX36 et TIAL1 diminue le niveau de transcrit par un mécanisme impliquant la stabilité du messager. Les travaux présentés ici montrent la complexité des voies de signalisation induites par différents stress sur les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires et montrent comment la stabilité de l’ARNm αENaC et en particulier, les séquences du 3’UTR jouent un rôle important dans la modulation du niveau de transcrit. Le modèle Tet-Off que nous avons développé permet d’estimer le temps de demi-vie réel de l’ARNm αENaC et montre que le 3’UTR du messager joue un rôle complexe dans la stabilisation du messager en condition de base ainsi qu’en condition pro-inflammatoire. Enfin, nous avons identifié deux protéines liant l’ARNm qui pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la modulation de la stabilité du transcrit.

The role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus structural and non-structural proteins in virus pathogenesis.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating viral disease affecting the swine industry worldwide. The etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), possesses a RNA viral genome with nine open reading frames (ORFs). The ORF1a and ORF1b replicase-associated genes encode the polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, respectively. The pp1a is processed in nine non-structural proteins (nsps): nsp1a, nsp1b, and nsp2 to nsp8. Proteolytic cleavage of pp1ab generates products nsp9 to nsp12. The proteolytic pp1a cleavage products process and cleave pp1a and pp1ab into nsp products. The nsp9 to nsp12 are involved in virus genome transcription and replication. The 30 end of the viral genome encodes four minor and three major structural proteins. The GP2a, GP3 and GP4 (encoded by ORF2a, 3 and 4), are glycosylated membrane associated minor structural proteins. The fourth minor structural protein, the E protein (encoded by ORF2b), is an unglycosylated membrane associated protein. The viral envelope contains two major structural proteins: a glycosylated major envelope protein GP5 (encoded by ORF5) and an unglycosylated membrane M protein (encoded by ORF6). The third major structural protein is the nucleocapsid N protein (encoded by ORF7). All PRRSV non-structural and structural proteins are essential for virus replication, and PRRSV infectivity is relatively intolerant to subtle changes within the structural proteins. PRRSV virulence is multigenic and resides in both the non-structural and structural viral proteins. This review discusses the molecular characteristics, biological and immunological functions of the PRRSV structural and nsps and their involvement in the virus pathogenesis.

Should a non-rival public good always be provided centrally?

This paper discusses the problem of optimal design of a jurisdiction structure from the view point of a utilitarian social planner when individuals with identical utility functions for a non-rival public good and private consumption have private information about their contributive capacities. It shows that the superiority of a centralized provision of a non-rival public good over a federal one does not always hold. Specifically, when differences in individuals’ contributive capacities are large, it is better to provide the public good in several distinct jurisdictions rather than to pool these jurisdictions into a single one. In the specific situation where individuals have logarithmic utilities, the paper provides a complete characterization of the optimal jurisdiction structure in the two-type case.

L’univers dans un point noir : esthétique et matérialité dans l’oeuvre de Jack Kirby

Notre recherche étudie les particularités esthétiques et matérialistes de l’oeuvre du bédéiste américain Jack Kirby (1917-1994) et la manière dont elles répondent d’agencements qui visent à déconstruire et reconstruire les formes sur la page. Contemporain de Will Eisner, Kirby est largement considéré comme l'auteur et dessinateur le plus influent de son époque, co-signant les premières aventures de certains des super-héros qui perdurent et qui sont aujourd’hui la manne de l’industrie hollywoodienne (Captain America, les Fantastic Four, Hulk, etc.). Son oeuvre protéiforme est composée de superpositions de textures, d’objets récupérés, de figures déviées et trouve dans son rapport à la matière les principaux axiomes qui la définissent. Cherchant dans son travail à cerner les fonctions des nombreux amoncellements de points noirs (baptisés kirby dots par la critique et l’industrie), nous nous écartons des modèles d’analyse sémiologiques pour constituer une approche écosophique de la bande dessinée. Dans cette dernière, nous avons recours à la schizo-analyse théorisée par Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari dans leur ouvrage L’Anti-OEdipe (1972) afin de cerner les conditions de la production de sens et de non-sens du point kirbyen. Pour ce faire, nous proposons de reconsidérer la BD comme une écologie séquentialisée, composée de cases sans icônes, c’est-à-dire d’un espace pris au plus près de la planche, pour soi et en soi, sans rapport de causalité fixe ou de structure prédéterminée. Nous envisageons ensuite les territorialités archaïques de la bande dessinée pour mieux définir son ontogénie, puis pour étudier les rapports machiniques et schizos qu’entretiennent entre eux les différents espaces (que nous distinguons en espaces striés et en espaces lisses) ainsi que les différents traits de la planche. Finalement, nous expliquerons en quoi le point kirbyen apparaît comme une machine abstraite, c’est-à-dire une instance capable d’auto-générer, d’auto-poïétiser, son propre mystère représentationnel.

An attempt on the calculation of relativistic potential energy curves: noble gas difluorides

Total energy SCF calculations were performed for noble gas difluorides in a relativistic procedure and compared with analogous non-relativistic calculations. The discrete variational method with numerical basis functions was used. Rather smooth potential energy curves could be obtained. The theoretical Kr - F and Xe - F bond distances were calculated to be 3.5 a.u. and 3.6 a.u. which should be compared with the experimental values of 3.54 a.u. and 3.7 a.u. Although the dissociation energies are off by a factor of about five it was found that ArF_2 may be a stable molecule. Theoretical ionization energies for the outer levels reproduce the experimental values for KrF_2 and XeF_2 to within 2 eV.

Non-relativistic and relativistic molecular calculations for the chalcogen hexafluorides: SF_6, SeF_6, TeF_6, PoF_6

Non-relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater and relativistic Dirac-Slater self-consistent orbital models are applied for the analysis of the electronic structure of the chalcogen hexafluorides: SF_6, SeF_6, TeF_6 and PoF_6. The molecular eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are generated using the discrete variational method (DVM) with numerical basis functions. The results obtained for SF_6 are compared with other ab initio calculations. Information about relativistic level shifts and spin-orbit splitting has been obtained by comparison between the non-relativistic and relativistic results.

Computing Distance Functions from Generalized Sources on Weighted Polyhedral Surfaces

We present algorithms for computing approximate distance functions and shortest paths from a generalized source (point, segment, polygonal chain or polygonal region) on a weighted non-convex polyhedral surface in which obstacles (represented by polygonal chains or polygons) are allowed. We also describe an algorithm for discretizing, by using graphics hardware capabilities, distance functions. Finally, we present algorithms for computing discrete k-order Voronoi diagrams

Estimation of age- and stage-specific Catalan breast cancer survival functions using US and Catalan survival data

During the last part of the 1990s the chance of surviving breast cancer increased. Changes in survival functions reflect a mixture of effects. Both, the introduction of adjuvant treatments and early screening with mammography played a role in the decline in mortality. Evaluating the contribution of these interventions using mathematical models requires survival functions before and after their introduction. Furthermore, required survival functions may be different by age groups and are related to disease stage at diagnosis. Sometimes detailed information is not available, as was the case for the region of Catalonia (Spain). Then one may derive the functions using information from other geographical areas. This work presents the methodology used to estimate age- and stage-specific Catalan breast cancer survival functions from scarce Catalan survival data by adapting the age- and stage-specific US functions. Methods: Cubic splines were used to smooth data and obtain continuous hazard rate functions. After, we fitted a Poisson model to derive hazard ratios. The model included time as a covariate. Then the hazard ratios were applied to US survival functions detailed by age and stage to obtain Catalan estimations. Results: We started estimating the hazard ratios for Catalonia versus the USA before and after the introduction of screening. The hazard ratios were then multiplied by the age- and stage-specific breast cancer hazard rates from the USA to obtain the Catalan hazard rates. We also compared breast cancer survival in Catalonia and the USA in two time periods, before cancer control interventions (USA 1975–79, Catalonia 1980–89) and after (USA and Catalonia 1990–2001). Survival in Catalonia in the 1980–89 period was worse than in the USA during 1975–79, but the differences disappeared in 1990–2001. Conclusion: Our results suggest that access to better treatments and quality of care contributed to large improvements in survival in Catalonia. On the other hand, we obtained detailed breast cancer survival functions that will be used for modeling the effect of screening and adjuvant treatments in Catalonia

A comparative evaluation of functions for partitioning nitrogen and amino acid intake between maintenance and growth in broilers

The results from three types of study with broilers, namely nitrogen (N) balance, bioassays and growth experiments, provided the data used herein. Sets of data on N balance and protein accretion (bioassay studies) were used to assess the ability of the monomolecular equation to describe the relationship between (i) N balance and amino acid (AA) intake and (ii) protein accretion and AA intake. The model estimated the levels of isoleucine, lysine, valine, threonine, methionine, total sulphur AAs and tryptophan resulting in zero balance to be 58, 59, 80, 96, 23, 85 and 32 mg/kg live weight (LW)/day, respectively. These estimates show good agreement with those obtained in previous studies. For the growth experiments, four models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine crude protein (CP) intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of CP intake for producing gain. They were: a straight line, two equations representing diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and one equation describing smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflexion (Gompertz). The estimates of CP requirement for maintenance and efficiency of utilization of CP intake for producing gain varied from 5.4 to 5.9 g/kg LW/day and 0.60 to 0.76, respectively, depending on the models.

A comparative evaluation of functions for the analysis of growth in male broilers

Data from six studies with male broilers fed diets covering a wide range of energy and protein were used in the current two analyses. In the first analysis, five models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine metabolizable energy intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy intake for producing gain. In addition to the straight line, two types of functional form were used. They were forms describing (i) diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and (ii) sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection (Gompertz and logistic). These models determined metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance to be in the range 437-573 kJ/kg of body weight/day depending on the model. The values determined for average net energy requirement for body weight gain varied from 7(.)9 to 11(.)2 kJ/g of body weight. These values show good agreement with previous studies. In the second analysis, three types of function were assessed as candidates for describing the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake. The functions used were: (a) monomolecular (diminishing returns behaviour), (b) Gompertz (smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection) and (c) Lopez, France and Richards (diminishing returns and sigmoidal behaviour with a variable point of inflection). The results of this analysis demonstrated that equations capable of mimicking the law of diminishing returns describe accurately the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake in broilers.

A comparative evaluation of functions for describing the relationship between live-weight gain and metabolizable energy intake in turkeys

The suitability of models specifically re-parameterized for analyzing energy balance data relating metabolizable energy intake to growth rate has recently been investigated in male broilers. In this study, the more adequate of those models was applied to growing turkeys to provide estimates of their energy needs for maintenance and growth. Three functional forms were used. They were: two equations representing diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola); and one equation describing smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflexion (Gompertz). The models estimated the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance in turkeys to be 359-415 kJ/kg of live-weight/day. The predicted values of average net energy requirement for producing 1 g of gain in live-weight, between 1 and 4 times maintenance, varied from 8.7 to 10.9 kJ. These results and those previously reported for broilers are a basis for accepting the general validity of these models.

MARCKS functions as a novel growth/tumour suppressor in cells of melanocyte origin

Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a pivotal role in modulating the growth of melanocytic cells in culture. We have shown previously that a major physiological substrate of PKC, the 80 kDa myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), can be phosphorylated in quiescent, non-tumorigenic melanocytes exposed transiently to a biologically active phorbol ester, but cannot be phosphorylated in phorbol ester-treated, syngeneic malignant melanoma cells. Despite its ubiquitous distribution, the function of MARCKS in cell growth and transformation remains to be demonstrated clearly. We report here that MARCKS mRNA and protein levels are down-regulated significantly in the spontaneously derived murine B16 melanoma cell line compared with syngeneic normal Mel-ab melanocytes. In contrast, the tumourigenic v-Ha-ras-transfonned melan-ocytic line, LTR Ras 2, showed a high basal level of MARCKS phosphorylation which was not enhanced by treatment of cells with phorbol ester. Furthermore, protein levels of MARCKS in LTR Ras 2 cells were similar to those expressed in Mel-ab melanocytes. However, in four out of six murine tumour cell lines investigated, levels of MARCKS protein were barely detectable. Transfection of B16 cells with a plasmid containing the MARCKS cDNA in the sense orientation produced two neomycin-resistant clones displaying reduced proliferative capacity and decreased anchorage-independent growth compared with control cells. In contrast, transfection with the antisense MARCKS construct produced many colonies which displayed enhanced growth and transforming potential compared with control cells. Thus, MARCKS appears to act as a novel growth suppressor in the spontaneous transformation of cells of melanocyte origin and may play a more general role in the tumour progression of other carcinomas.

Non-genomic effects of PPARgamma ligands: inhibition of GPVI-stimulated platelet activation

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-(gamma) (PPAR(gamma)) is expressed in human platelets although in the absence of genomic regulation in these cells, its functions are unclear. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the ability of PPAR(gamma) ligands to modulate collagen-stimulated platelet function and suppress activation of the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling pathway. METHODS: Washed platelets were stimulated with PPAR(gamma) ligands in the presence and absence of PPAR(gamma) antagonist GW9662 and collagen-induced aggregation was measured using optical aggregometry. Calcium levels were measured by spectrofluorimetry in Fura-2AM-loaded platelets and tyrosine phosphorylation levels of receptor-proximal components of the GPVI signaling pathway were measured using immunoblot analysis. The role of PPAR(gamma) agonists in thrombus formation was assessed using an in vitro model of thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. RESULTS: PPAR(gamma) ligands inhibited collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation that was accompanied by a reduction in intracellular calcium mobilization and P-selectin exposure. PPAR(gamma) ligands inhibited thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. The incorporation of GW9662 reversed the inhibitory actions of PPAR(gamma) agonists, implicating PPAR(gamma) in the effects observed. Furthermore, PPAR(gamma) ligands were found to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation levels of multiple components of the GPVI signaling pathway. PPAR(gamma) was found to associate with Syk and LAT after platelet activation. This association was prevented by PPAR(gamma) agonists, indicating a potential mechanism for PPAR(gamma) function in collagen-stimulated platelet activation. CONCLUSIONS: PPAR(gamma) agonists inhibit the activation of collagen-stimulation of platelet function through modulation of early GPVI signalling.

Neurofuzzy network model construction using Bézier-Bernstein polynomial functions

Neurofuzzy modelling systems combine fuzzy logic with quantitative artificial neural networks via a concept of fuzzification by using a fuzzy membership function usually based on B-splines and algebraic operators for inference, etc. The paper introduces a neurofuzzy model construction algorithm using Bezier-Bernstein polynomial functions as basis functions. The new network maintains most of the properties of the B-spline expansion based neurofuzzy system, such as the non-negativity of the basis functions, and unity of support but with the additional advantages of structural parsimony and Delaunay input space partitioning, avoiding the inherent computational problems of lattice networks. This new modelling network is based on the idea that an input vector can be mapped into barycentric co-ordinates with respect to a set of predetermined knots as vertices of a polygon (a set of tiled Delaunay triangles) over the input space. The network is expressed as the Bezier-Bernstein polynomial function of barycentric co-ordinates of the input vector. An inverse de Casteljau procedure using backpropagation is developed to obtain the input vector's barycentric co-ordinates that form the basis functions. Extension of the Bezier-Bernstein neurofuzzy algorithm to n-dimensional inputs is discussed followed by numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new data based modelling approach.

Linear-wavelet models for non-linear identification applied to a pressure plant

A nonlinear regression structure comprising a wavelet network and a linear term is proposed for system identification. The theoretical foundation of the approach is laid by proving that radial wavelets are orthogonal to linear functions. A constructive procedure for building such models is described and the approach is tested with experimental data.