Equações diferenciais ordinárias não suaves autônomas e não autônomas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Propriedades estruturais e espectroscópicas de WO3 e WO3:Eu3+

Used as catalysts even in organic and inorganic molecules, as additives on catalysts, electrochromic films on smart windows the tungsten trioxide have been largely studied on the lasts decades, but there is just a few about it's luminescence. Using as precursors nitric acid and sodium tungstate the tungsten trioxide were been prepared thru wet process then treating on thermic and hydrothermal treatments. Where been evaluated the effects of methodology, nitric acid concentration, duration and temperature of treatments. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering spectroscopy (RSS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL). Hydrated phases of tungsten trioxide were obtained through hydrothermal treatments and the non-hydrated phases occur with thermic treatments. The acid concentration has the ability to determine the major phase formed as well the temperature determine the hydratation of the product. With lower temperatures dihydrate phase were preferable formed and with the rise of temperature, the water molecules were lost up to the fractionary hydratation and then the non-hydrated phase with higher temperatures depending on the atmosphere used on the thermal treatment. Doping the system with europium ions even substituting tungsten or in the interstices of the matrix were not been successful, as well the XEOL spectroscopy intensity were null and quite low for ultraviolet and visible excitation photoluminescence because of oxygen defect levels localized into the prohibited band.

Desenvolvimento de sensores de gás a partir de óxido semicondutor nanoestruturado

The present work aims to study one-dimensional nanomaterials semiconductors grown via by phase systems Grande oxides Technological Interest for applications in gas sensors. The Used material was tin oxide (SnO2) for their functional properties, and the grow method was the Polymeric Precursors. The films grown were the nanomaterials about substrates of alumina, deposited via spin coating technique, followed by heat treatment at 300C for 1 hour and 650C for 2 hours. Later the films of Performance sensors (sensitivity, speed response, selectivity, and stability) will be in avaliated in a hermetic chamber with controlled atmosphere and temperature. The synthesized materials were its structural and morphological properties characterized in atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (not have this result with Me). We sought to investigate one influence of different conditions for obtaining films (Variation Layers number) in structural and microstructural properties of semiconductors oxides. The synthesis method proved very effective, generating films with micro definitely, uniformity of the nanoparticles and hum high level of porosity, what makes the material of a viable final paragraph applicability

Process for producing biodiesel fuel with reduced viscosity and a cloud point below thirty-two (32) degrees fahrenheit

Triglycerides are reacted in a liquid phase reaction with methanol and a homogeneous basic catalyst. The reaction yields a spatially separated two phase result with an upper located non-polar phase consisting principally of non-polar methyl esters and a lower located phase consisting principally of glycerol and residual methyl esters. The glycerol phase is passed through a strong cationic ion exchanger to remove anions, resulting in a neutral product which is flashed to remove methanol and which is reacted with isobutylene in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to produce glycerol ethers. The glycerol ethers are then added back to the upper located methyl ethyl ester phase to provide an improved biodiesel fuel.

Localização de descargas parciais em transformadores de potência por meio de sensores piezelétricos de baixo custo e sistemas inteligentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Equações diferenciais ordinárias não suaves autônomas e não autônomas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Propriedades estruturais e espectroscópicas de WO3 e WO3:Eu3+

Used as catalysts even in organic and inorganic molecules, as additives on catalysts, electrochromic films on smart windows the tungsten trioxide have been largely studied on the lasts decades, but there is just a few about it's luminescence. Using as precursors nitric acid and sodium tungstate the tungsten trioxide were been prepared thru wet process then treating on thermic and hydrothermal treatments. Where been evaluated the effects of methodology, nitric acid concentration, duration and temperature of treatments. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering spectroscopy (RSS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL). Hydrated phases of tungsten trioxide were obtained through hydrothermal treatments and the non-hydrated phases occur with thermic treatments. The acid concentration has the ability to determine the major phase formed as well the temperature determine the hydratation of the product. With lower temperatures dihydrate phase were preferable formed and with the rise of temperature, the water molecules were lost up to the fractionary hydratation and then the non-hydrated phase with higher temperatures depending on the atmosphere used on the thermal treatment. Doping the system with europium ions even substituting tungsten or in the interstices of the matrix were not been successful, as well the XEOL spectroscopy intensity were null and quite low for ultraviolet and visible excitation photoluminescence because of oxygen defect levels localized into the prohibited band.

Desenvolvimento de sensores de gás a partir de óxido semicondutor nanoestruturado

The present work aims to study one-dimensional nanomaterials semiconductors grown via by phase systems Grande oxides Technological Interest for applications in gas sensors. The Used material was tin oxide (SnO2) for their functional properties, and the grow method was the Polymeric Precursors. The films grown were the nanomaterials about substrates of alumina, deposited via spin coating technique, followed by heat treatment at 300C for 1 hour and 650C for 2 hours. Later the films of Performance sensors (sensitivity, speed response, selectivity, and stability) will be in avaliated in a hermetic chamber with controlled atmosphere and temperature. The synthesized materials were its structural and morphological properties characterized in atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (not have this result with Me). We sought to investigate one influence of different conditions for obtaining films (Variation Layers number) in structural and microstructural properties of semiconductors oxides. The synthesis method proved very effective, generating films with micro definitely, uniformity of the nanoparticles and hum high level of porosity, what makes the material of a viable final paragraph applicability

Thermodynamics of Ising model with infinite-range interactions by generalized canonical ensemble

In this work we present the idea of how generalized ensembles can be used to simplify the operational study of non-additive physical systems. As alternative of the usual methods of direct integration or mean-field theory, we show how the solution of the Ising model with infinite-range interactions is obtained by using a generalized canonical ensemble. We describe how the thermodynamical properties of this model in the presence of an external magnetic field are founded by simple parametric equations. Without impairing the usual interpretation, we obtain an identical critical behaviour as observed in traditional approaches.

Pullback exponential attractors for evolution processes in Banach spaces: properties and applications

This article is a continuation of our previous work [5], where we formulated general existence theorems for pullback exponential attractors for asymptotically compact evolution processes in Banach spaces and discussed its implications in the autonomous case. We now study properties of the attractors and use our theoretical results to prove the existence of pullback exponential attractors in two examples, where previous results do not apply.

Valutazione del rischio di incidente rilevante con contaminazione del suolo: il caso di un oleodotto.

Il presente lavoro di tesi si colloca nell’ambito della valutazione del rischio di incidente rilevante. Ai sensi della normativa europea (direttive Seveso) e del loro recepimento nella legislazione nazionale (D.Lgs. 334/99 e s.m.i.) un incidente rilevante è costituito da un evento incidentale connesso al rilascio di sostanze pericolose in grado di causare rilevanti danni all’uomo e/o all’ambiente. Ora, se da un lato esistono indici di rischio quantitativi per il bersaglio ”uomo” da tempo definiti e universalmente adottati nonché metodologie standardizzate e condivise per il loro calcolo, dall’altro non vi sono analoghi indici di rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” comunemente accettati né, conseguentemente, procedure per il loro calcolo. Mancano pertanto anche definizioni e metodologie di calcolo di indici di rischio complessivo, che tengano conto di entrambi i bersagli citati dalla normativa. Al fine di colmare questa lacuna metodologica, che di fatto non consente di dare pieno adempimento alle stesse disposizioni legislative, è stata sviluppata all’interno del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Mineraria e delle Tecnologie Ambientali dell’Università degli Studi di Bologna una ricerca che ha portato alla definizione di indici di rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” e alla messa a punto di una procedura per la loro stima. L’attenzione è stata rivolta in modo specifico al comparto ambientale del suolo e delle acque sotterranee (falda freatica) ed ai rilasci accidentali da condotte di sostanze idrocarburiche immiscibili e più leggere dell’acqua, ovvero alle sostanze cosiddette NAPL – Non Acqueous Phase Liquid, con proprietà di infiammabilità e tossicità. Nello specifico si sono definiti per il bersaglio “ambiente” un indice di rischio ambientale locale rappresentato, punto per punto lungo il percorso della condotta, dai volumi di suolo e di acqua contaminata, nonché indici di rischio ambientale sociale rappresentati da curve F/Vsuolo e F/Sacque, essendo F la frequenza con cui si hanno incidenti in grado di provocare contaminazioni di volumi di suolo e di superfici di falda uguali o superiori a Vsuolo e Sacque. Tramite i costi unitari di decontaminazione del suolo e delle acque gli indici di rischio ambientale sociale possono essere trasformati in indici di rischio ambientale sociale monetizzato, ovvero in curve F/Msuolo e F/Macque, essendo F la frequenza con cui si hanno incidenti in grado di provocare inquinamento di suolo e di acque la cui decontaminazione ha costi uguali o superiori a Msuolo ed Macque. Dalla combinazione delle curve F/Msuolo e F/Macque è possibile ottenere la curva F/Mambiente, che esprime la frequenza degli eventi incidentali in grado di causare un danno ambientale di costo uguale o superiore a Mambiente. Dalla curva di rischio sociale per l’uomo ovvero dalla curva F/Nmorti, essendo F la frequenza con cui si verificano incidenti in grado di determinare un numero di morti maggiore o uguale ad Nmorti, tramite il costo unitario della vita umana VSL (Value of a Statistical Life), è possibile ottenete la curva F/Mmorti, essendo F la frequenza con cui si verificano incidenti in grado di determinare un danno monetizzato all’uomo uguale o superiore ad Mmorti. Dalla combinazione delle curve F/Mambiente ed F/Mmorti è possibile ottenere un indice di rischio sociale complessivo F/Mtotale, essendo F la frequenza con cui si verifica un danno economico complessivo uguale o superiore ad Mtotale. La procedura ora descritta è stata implementata in un apposito software ad interfaccia GIS denominato TRAT-GIS 4.1, al fine di facilitare gli onerosi calcoli richiesti nella fase di ricomposizione degli indici di rischio. La metodologia è stata fino ad ora applicata ad alcuni semplici casi di studio fittizi di modeste dimensioni e, limitatamente al calcolo del rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente”, ad un solo caso reale comunque descritto in modo semplificato. Il presente lavoro di tesi rappresenta la sua prima applicazione ad un caso di studio reale, per il quale sono stati calcolati gli indici di rischio per l’uomo, per l’ambiente e complessivi. Tale caso di studio è costituito dalla condotta che si estende, su un tracciato di 124 km, da Porto Marghera (VE) a Mantova e che trasporta greggi petroliferi. La prima parte del lavoro di tesi è consistita nella raccolta e sistematizzazione dei dati necessari alla stima delle frequenze di accadimento e delle conseguenze per l’uomo e per l’ambiente degli eventi dannosi che dalla condotta possono avere origine. In una seconda fase si è proceduto al calcolo di tali frequenze e conseguenze. I dati reperiti hanno riguardato innanzitutto il sistema “condotta”, del quale sono stati reperiti da un lato dati costruttivi (quali il diametro, la profondità di interramento, la posizione delle valvole sezionamento) e operativi (quali la portata, il profilo di pressione, le caratteristiche del greggio), dall’altro informazioni relative alle misure di emergenza automatiche e procedurali in caso di rilascio, al fine di stimare le frequenze di accadimento ed i termini “sorgente” (ovvero le portate di rilascio) in caso di rotture accidentali per ogni punto della condotta. In considerazione delle particolarità della condotta in esame è stata sviluppata una procedura specifica per il calcolo dei termini sorgente, fortemente dipendenti dai tempi degli interventi di emergenza in caso di rilascio. Una ulteriore fase di raccolta e sistematizzazione dei dati ha riguardato le informazioni relative all’ambiente nel quale è posta la condotta. Ai fini del calcolo del rischio per il bersaglio “uomo” si sono elaborati i dati di densità abitativa nei 41 comuni attraversati dall’oleodotto. Il calcolo dell’estensione degli scenari incidentali dannosi per l’uomo è stato poi effettuato tramite il software commerciale PHAST. Allo scopo della stima del rischio per il bersaglio “ambiente” è stata invece effettuata la caratterizzazione tessiturale dei suoli sui quali corre l’oleodotto (tramite l’individuazione di 5 categorie di terreno caratterizzate da diversi parametri podologici) e la determinazione della profondità della falda freatica, al fine di poter calcolare l’estensione della contaminazione punto per punto lungo la condotta, effettuando in tal modo l’analisi delle conseguenze per gli scenari incidentali dannosi per l’ambiente. Tale calcolo è stato effettuato con il software HSSM - Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model gratuitamente distribuito da US-EPA. La ricomposizione del rischio, basata sui risultati ottenuti con i software PHAST e HSSM, ha occupato la terza ed ultima fase del lavoro di tesi; essa è stata effettuata tramite il software TRAT-GIS 4.1, ottenendo in forma sia grafica che alfanumerica gli indici di rischio precedentemente definiti. L’applicazione della procedura di valutazione del rischio al caso dell’oleodotto ha dimostrato come sia possibile un’analisi quantificata del rischio per l’uomo, per l’ambiente e complessivo anche per complessi casi reali di grandi dimensioni. Gli indici rischio ottenuti consentono infatti di individuare i punti più critici della condotta e la procedura messa a punto per il loro calcolo permette di testare l’efficacia di misure preventive e protettive adottabili per la riduzione del rischio stesso, fornendo al tempo gli elementi per un’analisi costi/benefici connessa all’implementazione di tali misure. Lo studio effettuato per la condotta esaminata ha inoltre fornito suggerimenti per introdurre in alcuni punti della metodologia delle modifiche migliorative, nonché per facilitare l’analisi tramite il software TRAT-GIS 4.1 di casi di studio di grandi dimensioni.

High resolution study of local stress inside alumina - micro mechanical analysis using laser scanning confocal microscope

The aim of this work is to measure the stress inside a hard micro object under extreme compression. To measure the internal stress, we compressed ruby spheres (a-Al2O3: Cr3+, 150 µm diameter) between two sapphire plates. Ruby fluorescence spectrum shifts to longer wavelengths under compression and can be related to the internal stress by a conversion coefficient. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to excite and collect fluorescence at desired local spots inside the ruby sphere with spatial resolution of about 1 µm3. Under static external loads, the stress distribution within the center plane of the ruby sphere was measured directly for the first time. The result agreed to Hertz’s law. The stress across the contact area showed a hemispherical profile. The measured contact radius was in accord with the calculation by Hertz’s equation. Stress-load curves showed spike-like decrease after entering non-elastic phase, indicating the formation and coalescence of microcracks, which led to relaxing of stress. In the vicinity of the contact area luminescence spectra with multiple peaks were observed. This indicated the presence of domains of different stress, which were mechanically decoupled. Repeated loading cycles were applied to study the fatigue of ruby at the contact region. Progressive fatigue was observed when the load exceeded 1 N. As long as the load did not exceed 2 N stress-load curves were still continuous and could be described by Hertz’s law with a reduced Young’s modulus. Once the load exceeded 2 N, periodical spike-like decreases of the stress could be observed, implying a “memory effect” under repeated loading cycles. Vibration loading with higher frequencies was applied by a piezo. Redistributions of intensity on the fluorescence spectra were observed and it was attributed to the repopulation of the micro domains of different elasticity. Two stages of under vibration loading were suggested. In the first stage continuous damage carried on until certain limit, by which the second stage, e.g. breakage, followed in a discontinuous manner.

Tropfenbasierte Multiphasen – Mikroreaktionstechnologie in organisch-chemischer Synthese

In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit werden neue, mikrofluidische Verfahren, zur Durchführung chemischer Reaktionen in mehrphasigen Systemen präsentiert. rnDas Einschließen von Reaktionspartnern in einzelne Segmente, deren Volumina im Bereich von Mikro- bis Femtoliter liegen und die dadurch erzeugten enormen, spezifischen Oberflächen, ermöglichen Massentransportprozesse über die Phasengrenzfläche zwischen einzelnen Segmenten, drastisch zu intensivieren. Aufgrund geringer räumlicher Ausdehnungen einzelner Kompartimente und durch vorherrschende, zirkulierende Strömungen in den einzelnen Abschnitten, sind Diffusions- und Konvektionsprozesse in diesen rasch, sodass an der Grenzfläche gebildete, reaktive Intermediate in sehr kurzen Zeitintervallen umgesetzt werden können. rnrn

Mensch, Natur-Interaktionen im Oberen Mittelrheintal - Komplexitätstheoretische Ansätze am Beispiel des Weinbaus

Kulturlandschaften als Ausdruck einer über viele Jahrhunderte währenden intensiven Interaktion zwischen Menschen und der sie umgebenden natürlichen Umwelt, sind ein traditionelles Forschungsobjekt der Geographie. Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen führen zu Veränderungen der natürlichen Umwelt, indem Menschen Landschaften kultivieren und modifizieren. Die Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen im Weinbau sind intensiv rückgekoppelt, Veränderungen der natürlichen Umwelt wirken auf die in den Kulturlandschaften lebenden und wirtschaftenden Winzer zurück und beeinflussen deren weiteres Handeln, was wiederum Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der gesamten Weinbau-Kulturlandschaft hat. Kulturlandschaft wird aus diesem Grund als ein heterogenes Wirkungsgefüge sozialer und natürlicher Elemente konzeptionalisiert, an dessen Entwicklung soziale und natürliche Elemente gleichzeitig und wechselseitig beteiligt sind. Grundlegend für die vorliegende Arbeit ist die Überzeugung, dass sich Kulturlandschaften durch Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen permanent neu organisieren und nie in einen Gleichgewichtszustand geraten, sondern sich ständig weiterentwickeln und wandeln. Die Komplexitätstheorie bietet hierfür die geeignete theoretische Grundlage. Sie richtet ihren Fokus auf die Entwicklung und den Wandel von Systemen und sucht dabei nach den Funktionsweisen von Systemzusammenhängen, um ein Verständnis für das Gesamtsystemverhalten von nicht-linearen dynamischen Systemen zu erreichen. Auf der Grundlage der Komplexitätstheorie wird ein Untersuchungsschema entwickelt, dass es ermöglich, die sozio-ökonomischen und raum-strukturellen Veränderungsprozesse in der Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung als sich wechselseitig beeinflussenden Systemzusammenhang zu erfassen. Die Rekonstruktion von Entwicklungsphasen, die Analysen von raum-strukturellen Mustern und Akteurskonstellationen sowie die Identifikation von Bifurkationspunkten in der Systemgeschichte sind dabei von übergeordneter Bedeutung. Durch die Untersuchung sowohl der physisch-räumlichen als auch der sozio-ökonomischen Dimension der Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung im Weinbau des Oberen Mittelrheintals soll ein Beitrag für die geographische Erforschung von Mensch/Natur-Interaktionen im Schnittstellenbereich von Physischer Geographie und Humangeographie geleistet werden. Die Anwendung des Untersuchungsschemas erfolgt auf den Weinbau im Oberen Mittelrheintal. Das Anbaugebiet ist seit vielen Jahrzehnten einem starken Rückgang an Weinbaubetrieben und Rebfläche unterworfen. Die rückläufigen Entwicklungen seit 1950 verliefen dabei nicht linear, sondern differenzierten das System in unterschiedliche Entwicklungspfade aus. Die Betriebsstrukturen und die Rahmenbedingungen im Weinbau veränderten sich grundlegend, was sichtbare Spuren in der Kulturlandschaft hinterließ. Dies zu rekonstruieren, zu analysieren und die zu verschiedenen Phasen der Entwicklung bedeutenden externen und internen Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren, soll dazu beitragen, ein tief greifendes Verständnis für das selbstorganisierte Systemverhalten zu generieren und darauf basierende Handlungsoptionen für zukünftige Eingriffe in die Systementwicklung aufzuzeigen

Potential and limitations of organic and fair trade cotton for improving livelihoods of smallholders: evidence from Central Asia

Cotton is a leading agricultural non-food commodity associated with soil degradation, water pollution and pesticide poisoning due to high levels of agrochemical inputs. Organic farming is often promoted as a means of addressing the economic, environmental and health risks of conventional cotton production, and it is slowly gaining ground in the global cotton market. Organic and fair trade cotton are widely seen as opportunities for smallholder farmers to improve their livelihoods thanks to higher returns, lower input costs and fewer risks. Despite an increasing number of studies comparing the profitability of organic and non-organic farming systems in developing and industrialized countries, little has been published on organic farming in Central Asia. The aim of this article is to describe the economic performance and perceived social and environmental impacts of organic cotton in southern Kyrgyzstan, drawing on a comparative field study conducted by the author in 2009. In addition to economic and environmental aspects, the study investigated farmers’ motivations toward and assessment of conversion to organic farming. Cotton yields on organic farms were found to be 10% lower, while input costs per unit were 42% lower; as a result, organic farmers’ cotton revenues were 20% higher. Due to lower input costs as well as organic and fair trade price premiums, the average gross margin from organic cotton was 27% higher. In addition to direct economic benefits, organic farmers enjoy other benefits, such as easy access to credit on favorable terms, provision of uncontaminated cottonseed cooking oil and cottonseed cake as animal feed, and marketing support as well as extension and training services provided by newly established organic service providers. The majority of organic farmers perceive improved soil quality, improved health conditions, and positively assess their initial decision to convert to organic farming. The major disadvantage of organic farming is the high manual labor input required. In the study area, where manual farm work is mainly women's work and male labor migration is widespread, women are most affected by this negative aspect of organic farming. Altogether, the results suggest that, despite the inconvenience of a higher workload, the advantages of organic farming outweigh its disadvantages and that conversion to organic farming improves the livelihoods of small-scale farmers.